Chalcogenide Glasses for Infrared Optics

Contents......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Introduction......Page 16
1.1 Solids......Page 22
1.2 Beginning of Transmission of Light—An Electronic Transition......Page 23
1.3 Long-Wavelength Cutoff......Page 26
1.4 Extrinsic Loss within the Band, Impurities, Scatter, and Quality......Page 31
1.5 Optical Constants and Dispersion due to Strong Absorption......Page 33
References......Page 35
2.1 Historical Development......Page 38
2.2 The Periodic Table and Glass Formation......Page 42
2.3 Evaluating Possible Glass Forming Systems......Page 50
2.4 Qualitative Evaluation of Compositions for Development......Page 56
2.5.1 Softening Points and Hardness......Page 61
2.5.3 Density......Page 62
2.5.4 Molar Refraction......Page 63
2.5.6 Physical Strength......Page 68
2.6.1 Composition Location in the Glass Forming Diagram......Page 69
2.6.2 Molecular Vibrations of Constituent Atoms......Page 71
2.6.3 Mass Spectrometric Investigation of Bonding in the Glasses......Page 76
2.6.4 X-ray Radial Distribution Analysis of Chalcogenide Glasses......Page 78
2.6.5 Conclusions from the TI Exploratory Programs of 1962 to 1965......Page 80
2.7 Chalcogenide Glasses Containing Transition Elements......Page 81
2.8 Discussion of Results......Page 87
References......Page 90
3.1 Reactants......Page 92
3.2 Compounding Methods......Page 94
3.3 Compounding with Reactant Purification......Page 95
3.4 Open Casting Methods......Page 98
3.5 Purification, Compounding, Casting—One Closed Operation......Page 105
3.6 Summary......Page 107
References......Page 108
4.1 Thermal Expansion, Glass Transition Temperature, and Softening Point......Page 110
4.2 Transmission, Precise Refractive Index, and Thermal Change in Refractive Index......Page 115
4.3.1 Hardness......Page 129
4.3.2 Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio......Page 130
4.3.3 Rupture Modulus......Page 131
4.3.4 Thermal Conductivity......Page 133
4.3.5 Electrical Resistance......Page 134
4.5 Final Production Procedure......Page 135
References......Page 139
5.1 Lens Blank Preparation......Page 140
5.2 Generation of Spherical Surfaces......Page 142
5.3 Polishing......Page 143
5.4 Testing......Page 144
5.5 Antireflection Coatings......Page 147
Reference......Page 150
6.1 Optical Designs......Page 152
6.2 Diamond Turning......Page 153
6.4 Precision Molding......Page 154
6.5 Volume Production......Page 167
6.6 Problem of Refractive Index Change When Pressure Molding......Page 169
References......Page 172
7.1 AMI as Supplier of Chalcogenide Glasses for IR Fibers......Page 174
7.2 AMI Fiber Drawing Process......Page 179
7.3 Chemical Applications of AMI IR Fiber......Page 189
7.3.1 Fiber Summary......Page 194
7.4 Extrusion of Chalcogenide Glasses......Page 195
References......Page 199
8.1 The Stacked Ribbon Method......Page 202
8.2 IR Imaging Bundles of 1-m Length......Page 205
8.3 Goals of the Navy SBIR 10-m IR Imaging Bundle Program......Page 212
8.4.1 The 1-m C2 Imaging Bundles......Page 213
8.4.3 AMI Production of High-Purity Arsenic Trisulfide Glass......Page 215
8.4.4 The 50 Percent Transmission Goal......Page 217
8.4.5 Formation of Bundles on the 10-m Drum......Page 220
8.4.6 Optical Evaluation of 10-m Imaging Bundles......Page 225
8.5 Summary......Page 230
References......Page 231
9.1 Cadmium Telluride......Page 232
9.2 Previous Work at TI......Page 233
9.2.1 Conclusions Concerning This Effort......Page 235
9.3 AMI DARPA-Funded Large Plate Process......Page 236
9.3.1 Conclusions......Page 242
9.4 Vacuum Float Zoned Silicon Detector Material......Page 243
9.5 Silicon as an Infrared Optical Material......Page 246
9.6 Single-Crystal Silicon Fibers......Page 249
9.7 Gallium Arsenide as an Infrared Optical Material......Page 251
9.8 Production of GaAs at AMI......Page 252
9.9 Horizontal Bridgman Production of GaAs Plates at AMI......Page 254
References......Page 264
10.2 Infrared Applications to Materials......Page 266
10.3 Optical Interference and Film Thickness......Page 268
10.4 The Infrared Scan Technique for Epitaxial Film Thickness......Page 269
10.5 Elliptical Polarization of Light on Reflection......Page 273
10.6 Measuring the Elliptical Polarization Angles ψ and Δ......Page 276
10.8 Infrared Ellipsometry......Page 280
10.9 The TI Automatic Ellipsometer System......Page 285
10.10 Summary......Page 290
References......Page 291
A......Page 292
C......Page 293
F......Page 294
I......Page 295
L......Page 296
O......Page 297
S......Page 298
T......Page 299
Z......Page 300