Cephalopod Behaviour

Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Dedication
Table of contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Acknowledgements
Chapter One Introduction
	1.1 Aims and Perspective
	1.2 Classification and Phylogeny
	1.3 Evolution and Behaviour
	1.4 Studying Cephalopod Behaviour
		1.4.1 Laboratory Studies
		1.4.2 Studies at Sea
			SCUBA Diving
			Oceanographic Research Vessels
			Submersible Vehicles
			Acoustic Sensing of Squid
			Telemetry
			Recording Behaviour Visually
		1.4.3 Indirect Methods
			The Study of Beaks
			The Study of the Brain
			DNA Fingerprinting
			Anecdote
	1.5 Summary
Chapter Two Senses, Effectors and the Brain
	2.1 Sense Organs
		2.1.1 Photoreceptors
			Eyes
			Polarisation Vision
			Colour blindness
			Photosensitive Vesicles
		2.1.2 Mechanoreceptors
			Statocysts
			‘Hearing’
			Lateral Line Analogue
			Neck Proprioceptive Hair Cells
			Touch and Pressure Receptors
		2.1.3 Chemoreceptors
		2.1.4 Other Possible Senses
	2.2 Effectors
		2.2.1 Muscles
		2.2.2 Chromatophore Organs
		2.2.3 Iridophores and Leucophores
		2.2.4 Photophores
		2.2.5 Ink Sac
		2.2.6 Suckers
		2.2.7 The Buccal Mass: Beak, Radula and the Salivary System
		2.2.8 Adhesive Devices
	2.3 The Brain
	2.4 Summary and Future Research Directions
Chapter Three Body Patterning and Colour Change
	3.1 The Organisation of Body Patterns
		3.1.1 Elements
		3.1.2 Units
		3.1.3 Components
		3.1.4 Body Patterns
		3.1.5 The Patterning Hierarchy
		3.1.6 Spectral Characteristics of Cephalopod Skin
	3.2 Control of Body Patterning
		3.2.1 The Chromatophore Motor System in the Brain
		3.2.2 Visual Perception and Camouflage
	3.3 The Significance of Neural Control: Polyphenism and Speed
	3.4 Body Patterns and Behaviour
		3.4.1 How Body Patterns Are Used Behaviourally
		3.4.2 Ecological and Social Correlates of Body Patterning
	3.5 Summary and Future Research Directions
Chapter Four Feeding and Foraging
	4.1 Morphological Adaptations for Feeding
	4.2 Detecting and Recognising Prey
	4.3 Capturing Prey
		4.3.1 Visual Attack Sequences
		4.3.2 Tactile Feeding
	4.4 Modes of Hunting
		4.4.1 Ambushing
		4.4.2 Luring
		4.4.3 Stalking
		4.4.4 Pursuit
		4.4.5 Speculative Hunting
		4.4.6 Hunting in Disguise
		4.4.7 Cooperative Hunting?
	4.5 Foraging Strategies
	4.6 Prey Types and the Ontogeny of Feeding
		4.6.1 Paralarval Feeding
		4.6.2 Diet Changes During Ontogeny
	4.7 Cannibalism
	4.8 Summary and Future Research Directions
Chapter Five Defence
	5.1 Primary Defence: Camouflage
		5.1.1 Crypsis
			Background matching
			Disruptive patterning
			Distractive markings
			Countershading, Concealment of the Shadow, and Transparency
			Dynamic Night Camouflage
			Motion Camouflage
		5.1.2 Masquerade
		5.1.3 Mimicry
		5.1.4 How Many Camouflage Patterns Are There?
		5.1.5 Rarity Through Rapid Neural Polyphenism
		5.1.6 Cryptic Behaviour and Vigilance
	5.2 Secondary Defences
		5.2.1 ‘Wait and See’ Assessment
		5.2.2 Flight
		5.2.3 Deimatic Behaviour
		5.2.4 Protean Behaviour
		5.2.5 Other Defences
			Inking
			Deflective Marks
			Defensive Postures and Autotomy
			Retaliation?
			Schooling
	5.3 Some Defence Sequences
		5.3.1 Young Cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, in the Field
		5.3.2 Sepia officinalis in Laboratory Experiments
		5.3.3 Squid, Sepioteuthis sepioidea, in the Field
		5.3.4 Squid, Loligo pealeii, in Laboratory Experiments
		5.3.5 Influence of Injury on Squid Defence Tactics
		5.3.6 Octopus vulgaris in the Field
	5.4 Predators of Cephalopods
	5.5 Summary and Future Research Directions
Chapter Six Reproductive Behaviour
	6.1 Anatomy, Sexual Dimorphism and Reproductive Physiology
	6.2 Agonistic, Courtship and Mating Behaviour in Cuttlefish and Other Sepioids
		6.2.1 Sepia apama
		6.2.2 Sepia officinalis
		6.2.3 Sepia latimanus
		6.2.4 Small Sepioids: Pygmy, Bobtail and Bottletail
	6.3 Agonistic, Courtship and Mating Behaviour in Squid
		6.3.1 Sepioteuthis sepioidea
		6.3.2 Sepioteuthis australis
		6.3.3 Loligo pealeii
		6.3.4 Other Loligo and Doryteuthis Squid
		6.3.5 Oceanic and Deep-Sea Cephalopods
	6.4 Agonistic, Courtship and Mating Behaviour in Octopuses
		6.4.1 Octopus vulgaris and Octopus cyanea
		6.4.2 Abdopus aculeatus
		6.4.3 Sexual Cannibalism
		6.4.4 Reproductive Behaviour in Other Octopods
	6.5 Fertilisation, Egg Deposition, Egg Care and Parental Death
	6.6 Reproductive Strategies
		6.6.1 Mating Systems
		6.6.2 Intrasexual Selection: Male Fighting Tactics
		6.6.3 Intersexual Selection: Female Choice, Male Ornamentation and Sexual Mimicry
		6.6.4 Postcopulatory Sexual Selection: Sperm Competition and Cryptic Female Choice
		6.6.5 Semelparity, Iteroparity and Reproductive Success
	6.7 Summary and Future Research Directions
Chapter Seven Communication
	7.1 Signals and Displays
		7.1.1 Definitions and Concepts
		7.1.2 Signalling Behaviour in Cephalopods
	7.2 Communication Modalities in Cephalopods
	7.3 Visual Signalling in Cephalopods
		7.3.1 The Nature and Uses of Visual Signals
		7.3.2 Advantages of Signalling with Chromatophores or Reflectors
		7.3.3 Limitations of Visual Signalling
		7.3.4 Language?
	7.4 Summary and Future Research Directions
Chapter Eight The Development of Behaviour, Learning and Cognition
	8.1 Development
		8.1.1 Development of the Escape Response in Squid
		8.1.2 Development of Body Patterning
		8.1.3 Development of Prey  Capture in Sepia officinalis
	8.2 Learning
		8.2.1 Habituation and Sensitisation
		8.2.2 Associative Learning
		8.2.3 Spatial Learning
		8.2.4 Social Learning
		8.2.5 Short- and Long-Term Memories
		8.2.6 Changes in Learning Capacity with Age
	8.3 Cognition
		8.3.1 Perceptual Processes in Visual Learning
		8.3.2 Tool Use, Play and Exploration
	8.4 Individual Differences in Behaviour: ‘Personalities’
	8.5 Summary and Future Research Directions
Chapter Nine Ecological Aspects of Behaviour
	9.1 Life Cycles
	9.2 Shoaling and Social Organisation
		9.2.1 Octopuses and Cuttlefish
		9.2.2 Squid
	9.3 Interspecific Associations
	9.4 Competition for Resources
	9.5 Dispersal and Horizontal Migration
		9.5.1 Paralarval Dispersal
		9.5.2 Migration Patterns
	9.6 Vertical Migration and Activity Patterns
	9.7 Life in the Deep Sea
		9.7.1 Light Organs and Bioluminescence
		9.7.2 Large Squid and the Giant Squid, Architeuthis
	9.8 Food Webs and Community Structure
	9.9 Summary and Future Research Directions
Chapter Ten Nautilus
	10.1 Major Body Features
	10.2 Behaviour and Ecology
	10.3 Reproduction and Growth
	10.4 The Development of Behaviour and Learning
	10.5 Summary and Future Research Directions
Chapter Eleven Synthesis: Brains, Behaviour and the Future
References
	Scientific Names
Index of Organisms
Subject Index