Cengage Advantage Books: American Passages: A History of the United States

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 30
About the Authors......Page 32
The First Americans......Page 34
Native American Societies Before Contact......Page 35
Peoples of the Eastern Woodlands......Page 37
Beginning of European Overseas Expansion......Page 40
Portugal Explores the West African Coast, 1424–1450......Page 41
West African Cultures......Page 43
Columbus Sails West, 1492–1493......Page 45
Spanish and Portuguese “Spheres,” 1493–1529......Page 46
An Expanding World......Page 47
Spanish Invasion, 1519–1538......Page 48
Exploration of Florida and the American Southwest, 1528–1542......Page 49
Demographic Catastrophe and Cultural Exchange......Page 50
Religion......Page 51
Spanish Mercantilism......Page 52
Forced Labor Systems......Page 53
Protestant Northern Europeans Challenge Catholic Spain......Page 54
The Protestant Reformation, 1517–1598......Page 55
French Huguenots and English Sea Dogs......Page 56
2 COLONIZATION OF NORTH AMERICA, 1590–1675......Page 60
Settlement of New Mexico......Page 61
Spanish Missions in New Mexico and Florida......Page 63
English Context of Colonization......Page 64
Jamestown......Page 65
The Struggle for Virginia......Page 66
Tobacco Boom......Page 67
Africans in Early Virginia......Page 68
The Colony Expands......Page 69
New France......Page 70
New Netherland......Page 72
English Calvinists......Page 74
The Plymouth Colony......Page 75
Massachusetts Bay......Page 76
New England Society......Page 77
Connecticut and New Haven......Page 79
Exiles to Rhode Island......Page 80
The Proprietary Colony of Maryland......Page 81
The Impact of the English Civil War......Page 82
Navigation Acts......Page 83
New York and New Jersey......Page 84
3 CRISIS AND CHANGE, 1675–1720......Page 88
Decline of New England Orthodoxy......Page 89
King Philip’s War, 1675–1676......Page 91
War in the Chesapeake......Page 93
The Pueblo Revolt, 1680–1693......Page 94
Plans for Pennsylvania......Page 96
A Diverse Society......Page 98
Dominion of New England......Page 99
Revolutions of 1689......Page 100
Witchcraft in New England......Page 101
Wars and Rivalry for North America......Page 102
Louisiana and Texas......Page 104
Adopting Slavery......Page 105
The Slave Trade......Page 106
Systems of Slavery in British North America......Page 108
Resistance and Rebellion......Page 109
Northern Economies......Page 110
Life in the Seaports......Page 111
Plantation Economies in the Chesapeake and South Carolina......Page 112
4 THE EXPANSION OF COLONIAL BRITISH AMERICA, 1720–1763......Page 117
Education in the British Colonies......Page 119
The Growth of Science......Page 121
Changes in Medical Practice......Page 122
The Great Awakening......Page 123
Religious Diversity Before the Great Awakening......Page 124
Revivalism Takes Fire......Page 125
The Awakening’s Impact......Page 126
German and Scots-Irish Immigrants......Page 127
The Founding of Georgia......Page 128
The Growth of the African American Population......Page 129
Native American Worlds in the Mid-Eighteenth Century......Page 132
The Southern Frontier......Page 133
The Seven Years’ War, 1756–1763......Page 134
The Indians Renew War in the Ohio Valley, 1763–1765......Page 137
The Economy......Page 138
Politics......Page 141
5 WARS FOR INDEPENDENCE, 1764–1783......Page 145
Florida and Louisiana......Page 147
The Sugar and Currency Acts of 1764......Page 148
The Stamp Act, 1765......Page 149
Protest Widens in the Lower South......Page 150
The Townshend Revenue Act, 1767......Page 151
Crisis in Boston......Page 153
The Gaspée Incident, 1772......Page 154
The First Continental Congress, 1774......Page 155
Lexington and Concord......Page 156
The Second Continental Congress......Page 158
“An Open and Avowed Rebellion”......Page 159
Taking Sides......Page 160
Independence and Confederation, 1776......Page 162
Invasions of New York......Page 165
Alliance with France, 1778......Page 167
The Wartime Economy......Page 168
The War Moves West and South......Page 169
The Frontier War......Page 170
The Southern Campaigns......Page 171
The Peace Settlement, 1783......Page 174
6 TOWARD A MORE PERFECT UNION, 1783–1788......Page 177
Republican Politics......Page 178
The Question of Abolishing Slavery......Page 180
Military Demobilization......Page 183
Economic Troubles......Page 185
Foreign Affairs......Page 186
The Northwest Ordinances of 1785 and 1787......Page 189
Creditors Versus Debtors......Page 190
Farmers Demand Reform......Page 191
Shays’s Rebellion, 1786–1787......Page 192
The Philadelphia Convention......Page 193
The Great Compromise......Page 194
The Executive, Slavery, and Commerce......Page 196
Ratification, 1787–1788......Page 198
The New Government, 1789–1790......Page 204
George Washington Becomes President......Page 205
The Bill of Rights......Page 206
The First Census, 1790......Page 208
Opposing Visions of America......Page 209
Hamilton Versus Jefferson......Page 210
Funding the National Debt......Page 211
The National Bank......Page 212
Technology and Manufacturing......Page 213
Kentucky and Tennessee......Page 215
The Ohio Country......Page 217
The Spanish Frontier......Page 218
Neutrality......Page 221
The Jay Treaty, 1795......Page 222
Washington Retires......Page 223
“Quasi-War” with France......Page 224
The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798......Page 225
The Republican Opposition Grows, 1798–1799......Page 226
Religion in American Society......Page 230
The Second Great Awakening......Page 231
Growth of Sects......Page 232
Revivalism Among Native Americans......Page 233
Free Blacks in the North......Page 235
Jefferson’s Republic......Page 238
The Election of 1800......Page 239
Jefferson’s “Revolution”......Page 240
The Judiciary......Page 242
Domestic Politics......Page 243
The Bargain with Napoleon, 1803......Page 244
The Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804–1806......Page 245
Spies and Infiltrators......Page 246
A Perilous Neutrality......Page 247
The Embargo of 1807......Page 248
The Election of 1808......Page 249
Heading for War......Page 250
The War of 1812 Begins......Page 251
Victories and Losses, 1813–1814......Page 253
Battle of New Orleans, 1815......Page 255
New Borders......Page 258
Native Peoples......Page 259
The Spanish in Florida......Page 260
Banks, Corporations, and Law......Page 263
Steamboats......Page 264
The Creation of the Cotton South......Page 266
Farm and Factory in the Northeast......Page 267
Consequences of Expansion......Page 270
The Missouri Compromise, 1820......Page 271
The Reinvention of Politics, 1824–1828......Page 274
The Election of 1824......Page 275
The Adams Twilight......Page 276
Birth of the Democrats......Page 277
Andrew Jackson Takes Charge......Page 281
The People’s President......Page 282
Jackson and the Spoils System......Page 283
Struggles over Slavery......Page 284
The Tariff of Abominations, Nullification, and States’ Rights, 1828–1833......Page 285
Free Blacks and African American Abolitionism......Page 286
The Crisis of Slavery in Virginia, 1831–1832......Page 287
Taking Sides......Page 288
The Bank War, 1832–1834......Page 289
Jackson and the American Indians......Page 291
Conflict with Mexico......Page 294
Revivalism......Page 296
The Birth of Mormonism......Page 297
Women at Home and Beyond......Page 298
An Eruption of Reform Movements......Page 299
Abolitionism......Page 300
Panic and Depression......Page 306
The Charles River Bridge Case, 1837......Page 308
Railroads......Page 309
African Americans and the South......Page 310
Plantations and Farms......Page 312
The Politics of the White South......Page 314
Public Schools......Page 315
The Washingtonians......Page 316
Abolitionism Strengthened and Challenged......Page 317
Transcendentalism, Romanticism, and the American Landscape......Page 319
Emergence of a Popular Culture......Page 322
The Election of 1840......Page 323
Tyler, Webster, and Diplomacy......Page 324
The “Wests”......Page 326
Manifest Destiny......Page 328
Politics in Turmoil, 1844–1845......Page 329
The United States at War......Page 333
The Consequences of War......Page 335
War and Politics: The Election of 1848......Page 338
Rails, Sails, and Steam......Page 339
The Gold Rush......Page 340
The Mormon Migration......Page 342
The High Tide of Immigration......Page 343
Women’s Rights......Page 344
Popular Culture and High Culture......Page 346
Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman......Page 347
Slavery and a New Crisis in Politics......Page 348
The Crisis of 1850......Page 349
African Americans and the White North......Page 351
The Know-Nothings......Page 353
A Hunger for Expansion......Page 354
Kansas-Nebraska Lets Loose the Storm, 1854......Page 355
The White South Fortifies Itself......Page 359
Bleeding Kansas, 1855–1856......Page 363
The Republicans Challenge the South: The Election of 1856......Page 365
Dred Scott, 1857......Page 367
Financial Panic and Spiritual Revival, 1857......Page 368
The Agony of Kansas......Page 370
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858......Page 371
John Brown and Harpers Ferry, 1859......Page 372
The Election of 1860......Page 373
The South Debates Independence......Page 375
Lincoln Becomes President......Page 377
The Decision at Fort Sumter, April 12–14, 1861......Page 378
Lincoln Calls for Troops, April 15, 1861......Page 381
The States Divide......Page 382
The Numbers......Page 384
The Strategies......Page 385
The First Conflicts......Page 386
Mobilization......Page 387
The First Battle, July 21, 1861......Page 388
McClellan Assumes Control......Page 391
Paying for War......Page 392
The Confederate Home Front......Page 393
Navies......Page 394
Diplomacy and the Trent Affair, November 8, 1861–January 1, 1862......Page 395
The Rivers of the West......Page 396
The Monitor and the Virginia, March 9, 1862......Page 398
The Battle of Shiloh, April 6–7, 1862......Page 399
The Capture of New Orleans, April 18–May 1, 1862......Page 400
The Seven Days’ Battles, June 25–July 1, 1862......Page 401
Slavery Under Attack......Page 402
The Battles of Second Manassas and Antietam, August 29–30 and September 17, 1862......Page 405
Stalemate......Page 407
Life in the Field......Page 410
The Problems of the Confederate Government......Page 412
The Northern Home Front......Page 413
African American Soldiers......Page 414
Vicksburg and Chancellorsville, November 2, 1862–July 4, 1863, and May 1–5, 1863......Page 415
The Battle of Gettysburg, July 1–3, 1863......Page 417
The New York City Draft Riots, July 13–16, 1863......Page 418
The Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863......Page 419
The Winter of Discontent: 1863–1864......Page 420
Politics North and South......Page 421
Union Resolve......Page 422
The Northern Election of 1864......Page 424
The March to the Sea, November 15– December 21, 1864......Page 425
Appomattox and Assassination, April 9 and April 14, 1865......Page 426
The Costs and Consequences of the War......Page 428
Emancipation and the South......Page 430
Black Mobilization......Page 431
Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson, 1865–1867......Page 434
Andrew Johnson......Page 436
Johnson and the Radicals......Page 437
The Reconstruction Act of 1867......Page 438
Reconstruction Begins......Page 439
The Election of 1868......Page 441
The First Grant Administration, 1869–1873......Page 442
A Troubled Administration......Page 443
The Rise of the Klan......Page 444
Breaking the Power of the Klan......Page 445
Farmers and Railroads......Page 446
The Peace Policy......Page 447
Pressures on the Indians......Page 448
Women in the 1870s......Page 449
The Rise of Voluntary Associations......Page 450
Women at Work......Page 452
The 1872 Election......Page 453
A Surge of Scandals......Page 454
The Plight of the Unemployed......Page 455
The Failure of Reconstruction, 1875–1876......Page 456
The Resurgence of the Democrats......Page 457
Marking the Centennial......Page 459
The Race for the White House......Page 460
Railroads and a “Locomotive People”......Page 465
Creating the Railroad Network......Page 466
Organizing the Railroad Business......Page 468
Regulating the Railroads......Page 469
The Interstate Commerce Act......Page 470
John D. Rockefeller and the Emergence of Trusts......Page 471
Andrew Carnegie and Steel......Page 472
The Pace of Invention......Page 473
The New Work Force......Page 474
The Knights of Labor......Page 476
The American Federation of Labor......Page 477
Social Darwinism......Page 478
The Changing West......Page 479
The Mining and Cattle Frontier......Page 480
Farming on the Great Plains......Page 482
The Industrial South......Page 484
Problems of Southern Agriculture......Page 485
Segregation......Page 486
Life and Culture During the 1880s......Page 487
Arts and Leisure in the 1880s......Page 488
Political America, 1877–1887......Page 489
The New Urban Society......Page 493
The Structure of the City......Page 495
The New Immigration......Page 497
The Urban Political Machine......Page 498
The Diminishing Rights of Minority Groups......Page 500
The Spread of Segregation......Page 501
A Victorian Society......Page 502
The Rules of Life......Page 503
A Sporting Nation......Page 504
Voices of Protest and Reform......Page 505
Looking Outward: Foreign Policy Early in the 1890s......Page 506
New Departures in Foreign Policy......Page 507
The Rise of the Farmers’ Alliance......Page 510
The Presidential Election of 1892......Page 514
The Panic of 1893 and Its Effects......Page 518
The Results of Hard Times......Page 520
1894: A Significant Election......Page 521
The Pain of Hard Times......Page 522
Reshaping the Economy......Page 523
The Reform Campaigns......Page 525
Substantive Due Process and Its Critics......Page 526
Pragmatism and Realism......Page 527
African Americans and Segregation......Page 528
The Cuban Crisis, 1895–1896......Page 530
Bryan and the Cross of Gold......Page 531
Spain and Cuba......Page 534
The Sinking of the Maine: February 15, 1898......Page 535
The Spanish–American War, 1898......Page 536
The 1900 Election and a New Century......Page 542
The United States at the Start of the Twentieth Century......Page 546
A Longer Life Span......Page 547
Changes in the Family......Page 548
Women at Work......Page 549
A Nation of Consumers......Page 550
Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency......Page 551
Controlling the Trusts......Page 552
Race Relations in the Roosevelt Era......Page 553
Roosevelt and Foreign Policy......Page 556
Currents of Reform......Page 558
Women and the Progressive Reform......Page 560
Reform in the Cities......Page 561
Reform in the States......Page 562
Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency: The Second Term......Page 564
The Expansion of Regulation......Page 565
The Gentleman’s Agreement......Page 566
Roosevelt’s Domestic Policies......Page 567
The 1908 Presidential Election......Page 570
Taft’s Conservative Presidency......Page 572
The Battle over Conservation......Page 574
Roosevelt’s Return......Page 575
Woman Suffrage......Page 576
Prohibition......Page 577
Restriction of Immigration......Page 578
Saving the Children......Page 579
New Rules for the Workplace......Page 580
Varieties of Labor Protest......Page 581
Republican Discord and Democratic Opportunity......Page 582
The 1912 Contenders......Page 584
Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom......Page 586
Tariff Reform......Page 587
The Federal Reserve System......Page 588
Social and Cultural Change During the Wilson Years......Page 589
Automobiles for a Mass Market......Page 590
The Growing Use of Electricity......Page 591
Artistic and Social Ferment......Page 592
Americans at Play......Page 593
Motion Pictures and the Vaudeville Stage......Page 594
Woodrow Wilson and the World......Page 595
The Mexican Involvement and Its Consequences......Page 596
World War I......Page 597
The War and American Public Opinion......Page 601
The Lusitania Crisis......Page 603
The United States and Its World Role......Page 604
The Great Migration......Page 605
The Rise of the Movies......Page 606
Shifting Attitudes Toward Sex......Page 607
Closing the Door for Immigrants......Page 608
The 1916 Presidential Election......Page 610
The Outbreak of Hostilities......Page 612
A Nation at War......Page 614
Managing the Wartime Economy......Page 616
Black Americans in the War......Page 617
Civil Liberties in Wartime......Page 618
The Limits of Dissent......Page 619
Wilson’s Peace Program......Page 620
The 1918 Elections......Page 621
The Shadow of Bolshevism......Page 622
Wilson and the Treaty of Versailles......Page 623
The Defeat of the League......Page 624
The Struggles of Labor......Page 625
The Reaction Against Strikes......Page 626
Harding and “Normalcy”......Page 627
A More Urban Nation......Page 630
The Sacco-Vanzetti Case......Page 631
The Ku Klux Klan......Page 633
The Rise of Black Militance......Page 634
Dry America: The First Phase......Page 635
Harding as President......Page 636
The Car Culture......Page 637
Movies in the Silent Era......Page 639
Advertising America......Page 640
Those Left Behind......Page 641
Labor in Retreat......Page 642
The Discordant Democrats......Page 643
The Harlem Renaissance......Page 644
The Sound of Jazz......Page 645
The Fundamentalist Movement......Page 646
Prohibition in Retreat......Page 648
Big-Time Sports......Page 649
New Roles for Women......Page 650
The New Woman......Page 651
Coolidge’s Foreign Policy......Page 652
Lucky Lindy and Retiring Cal......Page 653
The Stock Market Crash of October 1929......Page 657
Causes of the Crash......Page 659
Brother, Can You Spare a Dime: The Great Depression......Page 662
The Depression Takes Hold......Page 663
Hoover’s Programs to Fight the Depression......Page 665
Everyday Life During the Depression......Page 666
A Darkening World......Page 669
A Challenge to the League of Nations......Page 671
A Political Opportunity for the Democrats......Page 672
The Economy in Distress......Page 674
The Bonus March......Page 675
Roosevelt’s Campaign......Page 676
Hoover Defeated......Page 677
Taking Charge......Page 681
The Bank Crisis......Page 682
Extending Relief......Page 683
Conservation, Regional Planning, and Public Power......Page 685
Trouble on the Land......Page 686
Tenants and Landowners......Page 687
Centralized Economic Planning......Page 689
New Deal Diplomacy, 1933–1934......Page 691
The Good Neighbor......Page 692
“Every Man a King”......Page 693
The Radio Priest and the Pension Doctor......Page 694
Jobs, Jobs, Jobs......Page 695
Social Security......Page 696
“Class Warfare”......Page 697
Hitler and Mussolini......Page 698
The Neutrality Acts......Page 699
The 1936 Election......Page 700
African Americans and the New Deal......Page 701
The Big Screen......Page 703
The Radio Age......Page 704
The Second Term, 1937–1940......Page 705
Union Struggles......Page 706
Fascist Advances......Page 707
The Rising Nazi Menace......Page 708
An End to Reform......Page 709
Blitzkrieg......Page 712
A Third Term for FDR......Page 713
The Road to Pearl Harbor......Page 716
Early Defeats......Page 718
War Production......Page 719
Making Do......Page 720
Women and the War Effort......Page 721
The “Double V” Campaign......Page 722
Internment of Japanese Americans, 1942–1945......Page 726
North Africa, Stalingrad, and the Second Front, 1942–1943......Page 728
Facing the Holocaust......Page 730
The Pacific War, 1942–1945......Page 732
Closing in on Japan......Page 734
The Yalta Accords......Page 736
Truman in Charge......Page 737
The Atomic Bombs, August 1945......Page 738
The Veterans Return......Page 742
Lurching Toward Prosperity......Page 744
The Postwar American Family......Page 745
Suburbia......Page 748
The Soviet Threat......Page 749
The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan......Page 750
The Cold War at Home......Page 752
The Domestic Agenda......Page 753
Breaking the Color Line......Page 754
Man of the People......Page 755
The Fall of China and the Creation of NATO, 1949......Page 758
War in Korea, 1950–1953......Page 759
McCarthyism and the Election of 1952......Page 760
The Rise of Joe McCarthy......Page 761
“I Like Ike”......Page 762
28 THE EISENHOWER YEARS, 1953–1960......Page 767
A Truce in Korea......Page 768
The Hunt for “Subversives”......Page 769
Brinksmanship and Covert Action......Page 771
Brown v. Board of Education......Page 773
The Montgomery Bus Boycott......Page 775
The Magic Box......Page 777
The Quiz Show Scandals......Page 779
A New Kind of Music......Page 780
The Rise of Elvis......Page 781
The Beat Generation......Page 782
Interstate Highways......Page 783
Hungary and Suez......Page 785
Sputnik and Its Aftermath......Page 786
End of an Era......Page 788
The Election of 1960......Page 789
Idealism and Caution......Page 794
The Bay of Pigs......Page 795
The Freedom Riders......Page 797
The Battle for Ole Miss......Page 798
The Missiles of October......Page 799
Trouble in Vietnam......Page 800
The Rights Revolution: Early Steps......Page 801
From Birmingham to Washington......Page 802
Feminist Stirrings......Page 803
Dallas......Page 804
LBJ......Page 805
Tax Cuts and Civil Rights......Page 806
Landslide in 1964......Page 807
Declaring War on Poverty......Page 809
Health Care and Immigration Reform......Page 810
Point of No Return......Page 811
Early Protests......Page 812
Voting Rights......Page 813
Black Power......Page 814
The Counterculture......Page 818
The Tet Offensive......Page 820
A Violent Spring......Page 821
The Chicago Convention......Page 824
Nixon’s the One......Page 825
The Miracles of 1969......Page 828
Vietnamization......Page 830
Confrontation at Home......Page 831
My Lai and the Pentagon Papers......Page 832
Activism, Rights, and Reform......Page 833
Expanding Women’s Rights......Page 834
Minority Power......Page 835
Black Capitalism and Civil Rights......Page 836
The Burger Court......Page 837
New Directions at Home and Abroad......Page 838
Protecting the Environment......Page 839
A New World Order......Page 840
The China Opening......Page 841
Détente......Page 842
The Landslide of 1972......Page 843
Exit from Vietnam......Page 844
Watergate and the Abuse of Power......Page 845
OPEC and the Oil Embargo......Page 847
The Watergate Legacy......Page 848
The Fall of South Vietnam......Page 849
The Election of 1976......Page 851
Civil Rights in a New Era......Page 853
Economic Blues......Page 854
The Persian Gulf......Page 856
Death in the Desert......Page 857
The Reagan Revolution......Page 861
Reagan in Office......Page 863
Carrying Out the Reagan Agenda......Page 864
Deregulation......Page 865
Reagan and Foreign Policy......Page 866
Rivalry with the Soviet Union......Page 867
The Challenge of AIDS......Page 868
The American Family in the 1980s......Page 869
The Religious Right......Page 870
The 1984 Presidential Election......Page 871
Toward Better Relations with the Soviet Union......Page 872
The Iran-Contra Affair......Page 873
The 1988 Presidential Election......Page 875
The Reagan Legacy......Page 876
Bush’s Domestic Policy......Page 877
Foreign Policy Successes, 1989–1990......Page 878
Iraq and Kuwait......Page 879
War in the Persian Gulf......Page 880
An Angry Nation......Page 882
The 1992 Election Campaign......Page 883
The Difficult Opening of the Clinton Presidency......Page 884
The Failure of Health Care Reform......Page 885
Clinton’s Political Troubles......Page 886
The Republican Revolution: 1994......Page 887
Race, Ethnicity, and Culture Wars in the 1990s......Page 891
The Culture Wars......Page 892
The Republicans in Power......Page 895
The Republicans Falter......Page 896
Clinton Out Duels the Republican Congress......Page 897
Welfare and Other Reforms in Congress......Page 898
Clinton Wins a Second Term, 1996–1997......Page 899
An Ambitious Foreign Policy......Page 900
The Rise of the Internet......Page 901
The Monica Lewinsky Scandal......Page 902
Clinton Impeached and Acquitted......Page 903
The Disputed Presidential Election of 2000: Bush Versus Gore......Page 904
The Presidency of George W. Bush......Page 905
September 11, 2001, and After......Page 906
The Dilemma of Iraq......Page 907
The Erosion of the Bush Presidency, 2005–2008......Page 908
A Society in Crisis......Page 910
The Immigration Debate......Page 911
The Persistence of Native American Activism......Page 912
Economic Troubles in the New Century......Page 913
The Climate Change Crisis......Page 914
The 2006 Election and After......Page 915
APPENDIX A......Page 918
APPENDIX B......Page 921
INDEX......Page 938