Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 6: Stem Cells: Their Heterogeneity, Niche and Regenerative Potential (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1212)

Preface
Contents
Addressing Variability and Heterogeneity of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes
	1 Introduction
	2 Intrinsic and Acquired Variation in Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines
		2.1 Genetic and Epigenetic Abnormalities
		2.2 Contribution of Source Cells to iPSC Properties
	3 The Dynamic Transcriptional State of Pluripotent Stem Cells
	4 Extrinsic Influences on Pluripotency and Differentiation
	5 The Diverse Nature of Cardiac Differentiations from Pluripotent Stem Cells
		5.1 Heterogeneous Cell Populations Resulting from Cardiac Differentiation
		5.2 The Quest for Pure Cardiomyocyte Populations
		5.3 Phenotypic Variability of Cardiomyocytes
	6 Looking Ahead: Approaches to Improve Consistency and Reproducibility
		6.1 Improving and Validating the Starting Material
		6.2 Prioritizing Robust Study Designs and Cellular Manufacturing
	7 Final Remarks: Strategically Matching Approach to Application
	References
Direct Lineage Reprogramming in the CNS
	1 Introduction
	2 Direct Reprogramming to a Neural Cell Fate
		2.1 Overview
		2.2 Target Cell Type
			2.2.1 Neurons
			2.2.2 Oligodendrocytes
			2.2.3 Astrocytes
			2.2.4 Stem/Progenitor Cells
			2.2.5 Cell Heterogeneity
		2.3 Starting Cell Type
			2.3.1 Developmental Closeness
			2.3.2 Cellular Heterogeneity
		2.4 Direct Reprogramming: Readouts
			2.4.1 Characterization of Target Cells
			2.4.2 Functional Outcomes
			2.4.3 Application of New Technologies
	3 Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine: Quality Control Based on Evaluation of Lipid Composition
	1 Introduction
		1.1 iPSCs and Regenerative Medicine
		1.2 Clinical Applications
		1.3 Creation of Artificial Organs
		1.4 Application of Regenerative Medicine Techniques
	2 Quality Control
	3 iPSCs and Lipids
	4 Evaluation of Lipids
	5 Conclusions
	References
Decellularized Adipose Tissue: Biochemical Composition, in vivo Analysis and Potential Clinical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Adipose Tissue Decellularization and Physicochemical Manipulation
	3 Biochemical Composition of DAT
	4 Mechanical Properties of DAT
	5 Applications of DAT
		5.1 Modified DAT Forms for in vivo Applications
			5.1.1 Powder
			5.1.2 Injectable Liquid
			5.1.3 Foam
			5.1.4 Scaffold Sheet
			5.1.5 Bio-ink
		5.2 In vivo Applications
			5.2.1 Adipose Tissue Engineering
			5.2.2 Wound Healing
			5.2.3 Breast Reconstruction
			5.2.4 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
			5.2.5 Nerve Repair
			5.2.6 Bone Regeneration
		5.3 3-Dimensional Cell Culture
			5.3.1 In Vitro Cancer Research
	6 Conclusions
	References
Decellularization Concept in Regenerative Medicine
	1 Introduction
	2 Concept of Decellularization
	3 Decelllularization Methods
		3.1 Chemical and Enzymatic Methods
		3.2 Mechanical Methods
		3.3 Decellularization by Programmed Cell Death
	4 Pros and Cons of Decellularization
	5 Recellularization
	6 Stem Cells Deliver an Innovative Aspect to Decellularized Scaffold-Related Tissue Engineering
	7 Regenerative Medicine
	8 Recent Research on Decellularized Tissue in Regenerative Medicine
		8.1 Heart
		8.2 Liver
		8.3 Pancreas
		8.4 Trachea
		8.5 Lung
		8.6 Bone
		8.7 Kidney
	9 Workbench to Bedside Interpretation of Repopulated Decellularized Scaffolds
	10 Conclusion
	References
Synovium-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and their Promise for Cartilage Regeneration
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic Studies
		2.1 In-Vitro Studies
		2.2 In-Vivo Animal Studies
	3 Clinical Studies
	4 Synovium-Derived MSCs - What Lies Ahead?
	References
Skin Stem Cells, Their Niche and Tissue Engineering Approach for Skin Regeneration
	1 Introduction
	2 Embryology of the Skin
	3 Skin Stem Cells and Their Niche
		3.1 Interfollicular Epidermis (IFE)
		3.2 Pilosebaceous Unit
		3.3 Hair Follicle
			3.3.1 Hair Follicle Embryogenesis and Hair Cycle in Adults
			3.3.2 Bulge
			3.3.3 Isthmus, Infundibulum
		3.4 Sweat Gland
		3.5 Sebaceous Gland
	4 Regulation of Stem Cell Behavior in the Skin and Signalling Pathways
		4.1 Shh Signalling
		4.2 Wnt Signalling
		4.3 Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signalling
		4.4 Notch Signaling
	5 Skin Tissue Regeneration
		5.1 Advantages of Intelligent Matrices
	6 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Neurological Regulation of the Bone Marrow Niche
	1 Introduction
	2 Adrenergic Regulation of the Hematopoietic Bone Marrow Niche
	3 Opioids
	4 Endocannabinoids
		4.1 Endocannabinoids and Hematopoietic Stem Cells
		4.2 Endocannabinoids and Mesenchymal Stem Cells
		4.3 The Role of Endocannabinoids in the Brain-Bone-Blood Triad
	5 Neuropeptides
		5.1 Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
			5.1.1 NPY and Mesenchymal Stem Cells
			5.1.2 NPY and Hematopoietic Stem Cells
		5.2 Tachykinins
			5.2.1 Substance P
			5.2.2 Neurokinin A
			5.2.3 Hemokinin-1
			5.2.4 Effect of NK Receptor Signaling on Hematopoiesis
	6 Neurotrophins and Neuropoietic Cytokines
	7 Conclusions
	References
Homeobox Genes and Homeodomain Proteins: New Insights into Cardiac Development, Degeneration and Regeneration
	1 Introduction
	2 Development of the Human Heart
	3 Homeobox Genes
	4 Homeobox Genes in Mouse Heart Development and Human Disease
	5 ANTP Class of Homeobox Genes
	6 Hox Gene Families of HOXL Subclass
	7 Nk4 Gene Family of NKL Subclass
	8 HHEX Gene Family of NKL Subclass
	9 PRD and PRD-Like Homeobox Class
	10 Shox Gene Family of PRD Class
	11 HOPX Gene Family of PRD Class
	12 Goosecoid Gene Family of PRD Class
	13 Pitx Gene Family of PRD-Like Class
	14 TALE Homeobox Superclass
	15 Meis Genes Family of Meis Class
	16 Irx Gene Family of IRX Class
	17 Zeb Gene Family of ZF Class
	18 LIM Homeobox Class
	19 Isl Gene Family of LIM Homeobox Class
	20 PROS Homeobox Class
	21 PROX Gene Family of PROS Homeobox Class
	22 Role of Homeobox Genes in Cardiomyogenesis
	23 Concluding Remarks
	References
Generation of Human Stem Cell-Derived Pancreatic Organoids (POs) for Regenerative Medicine
	1 Introduction
	2 The Relevance of 3D Structure
	3 Microencapsulation
		3.1 Nanotopographies as Drivers of Cell Differentiation
		3.2 Immunomodulation
		3.3 Encapsulated Xenografts
	4 Macroencapsulation
		4.1 Differentiation of Macroencapsulated Cells
		4.2 Macroencapsulation and Immunoprotection
		4.3 Drug-Charged Devices/Scaffolds
		4.4 Vascularization-Enhanced Macroencapsulation
		4.5 Removal/Retrievability
		4.6 ECM-Enriched Macroencapsulation
		4.7 Silk Fibroin-Based Macroencapsulation
	5 Oxygenated Devices
		5.1 Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) as Oxygen Carriers in POs
		5.2 Generation of Hypoxia-Resistant Islets
		5.3 Mathematical Models
	6 Vascular Improvement in Transplants
	7 Natural Extracellular Matrices as Biological Scaffolds
	8 CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Technology to Enhance Insulin-Producing Cell Function
	9 3D Bioreactor Systems to Produce and Maintain Insulin-Producing Cells
		9.1 3D Bioreactors Used for Insulin-Producing Cell Cultures
	10 In-vitro Expansion of β-Cells from Adult Human Pancreatic and Hepatic Tissues
		10.1 Pancreatic Islet-Derived Stem Cells
		10.2 Human Pancreatic Ductal-Cells (PANC-1) and Non-endocrine Pancreatic Cells
		10.3 Biliary Tree-Derived Islet Progenitors
		10.4 Hepatic Stem Cell Derived Islet-Like Structures
	11 Clinical Trials
	12 Conclusions
	References
Index