Cell and Tissue Engineering

CoverPage......Page 1
Cell and Tissue Engineering......Page 2
PREFACE......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 7
1.1. OPTIONS ON THE TABLE......Page 12
1.2. COMPLEXITY OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANS......Page 13
1.3. SIZING UP THE CHALLENGE......Page 15
1.4. TISSUE ENGINEERING......Page 17
2.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 20
2.2 BASIC FACTS......Page 22
2.3.1. Energy approach......Page 24
2.3.2. Information approach......Page 25
2.3.3. Synergy approach......Page 27
2.4.1. New considerations in mechanisms of DNA action......Page 28
2.4.2. Hydrogen bonds as a central enigma of life......Page 29
2.4.3. Synergy of classical and quantum information......Page 30
2.4.4. Violation of the synergetic DNA-protein information channel and cancer......Page 32
2.5. SUMMARY......Page 34
References......Page 35
3.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 38
3.2. POROSOME: A NEW CELLULAR STRUCTURE......Page 41
3.3. POROSOME: ISOLATION AND RECONSTITUTION......Page 45
3.4. SNARE-INDUCED MEMBRANE FUSION......Page 48
3.5. REGULATION OF SECRETORY VESICLE SWELLING: INVOLVEMENT IN EXPULSION OF VESICULAR CONTENTS......Page 50
3.6. MOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF CELL SECRETION......Page 51
References......Page 52
4.1.1 Structure of skeletal muscle......Page 55
4.1.2. What makes muscles shorten?......Page 57
4.1.3. The cross-bridge cycle......Page 58
4.1.4. Swinging lever arm and power stroke......Page 60
4.1.5. Atomic structures of actin and myosin......Page 61
4.2. BUILDING A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION......Page 62
4.2.1. What is the appropriate model to start with?......Page 63
4.2.2 Energy landscape of myosin binding to actin......Page 64
4.2.3. Extensibility of actin and myosin filaments......Page 65
4.2.4. Calcium regulation......Page 66
4.3.1. Basic concepts and definitions......Page 68
4.3.2. A probabilistic formulation of cross-bridge kinetics......Page 69
4.3.3. Rules for strain-dependent cross-bridge transition rates......Page 71
4.3.5. Probabilistic and stochastic numerical solutions......Page 73
4.4.1 Huxley’s sliding filament model in extensible filament lattice......Page 74
4.4.2. Stochastic strain dependent binding in 3D sarcomere lattice......Page 80
4.4.3. Thin filament regulation in skeletal muscle......Page 83
4.4.4. The latch regulatory scheme in smooth muscle......Page 90
References......Page 97
5.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 103
5.2. WHAT IS PRESTRESS?......Page 104
5.3. STATICS: PRESTRESS AND CELL DEFORMABILITY......Page 105
5.3.1.1. Traction Microscopy......Page 107
5.3.1.2. Magnetic Twisting Cytometry......Page 108
5.3.2. Modeling of the steady-state mechanical behavior of the CSK......Page 109
5.3.2.1. Force balance between actin microfilaments, microtubules and the ECM......Page 110
5.3.2.2. Prestress induced stiffness of the CSK......Page 112
5.4. DYNAMICS: PRESTRESS AND CELL RHEOLOGY......Page 114
5.4.1.1. Tensegrity and cytoskeletal rheology......Page 117
5.4.1.4. Activation energy......Page 119
5.4.1.5. Actin network dynamics......Page 120
5.4.1.6. Dynamics of individual polymer chains under sustained tension......Page 121
5.5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 124
References......Page 125
6.1.1. Overview of cell and tissue organization principles foradherent cells......Page 130
6.1.2. Classification of mechanical signals and biological responses......Page 131
6.1.4. Sensing substrate mechanics: Active mechanosensing......Page 132
6.2. A PRIMER ON ELASTICITY THEORY......Page 134
a) Modeling mechanical activity: The force multipole expansion......Page 136
b) Cell organization in soft materials: preference for effective stiffness......Page 137
b) Pattern formation due to elastic interactions......Page 139
c) Polarization and effective material properties......Page 140
a) The two-spring model of active mechanosensing......Page 141
b) Theoretical models for mechanotransduction at cell matrix contacts......Page 142
References and suggested readings......Page 143
7.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 146
7.2. MECHANICS PRELIMINARIES.......Page 150
7.3. THE NONLINEAR HOMOGENEOUS STRAIN FIELD OF A STRESS FIBER......Page 153
7.4. THE EQUILIBRIUM PLACEMENTS OF THE STRESSFIBERS......Page 156
7.5. GLOBALLY STABLE EQUILIBRIUM PLACEMENTS......Page 159
7.6. APPLICATIONS......Page 162
7.6. DISCUSSION......Page 163
References......Page 164
APPENDIX......Page 165
Extension of a twin spring problem......Page 166
8.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 169
8.2.1. Properties of collagens......Page 171
8.2.3. Properties of proteoglycans......Page 172
8.2.4. Interstitial cells......Page 173
8.2.6. Interaction among the tissue components......Page 174
8.3.1. Molecular, fibril and fiber elasticity......Page 175
8.3.2. Elasticity of lung collagen, alveolar wall, tissue strip and whole lung......Page 177
8.4.1. Mechanical forces, cell signaling and biomechanical propertiesof the ECM......Page 179
8.4.2. Mechanical forces in the diseased lung......Page 181
8.5. SUMMARY......Page 183
References......Page 184
9 ENZYME SIGNALING: IMPLICATIONS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING......Page 190
9.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 191
9.2. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES......Page 192
9.3.1. MMPs in diseases......Page 194
9.3.2. Types and Structure of MMPs......Page 195
9.3.3. Activation and inhibition of MMPs......Page 198
9.3.4. Pharmacological manipulations of MMPs......Page 199
9.4. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING......Page 201
References and suggested readings......Page 204
10.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 208
10.2. WHAT IS A HYDROGEL?......Page 210
10.3.1. Chemical hydrogel preparation......Page 211
10.3.2. Physical hydrogel preparation......Page 212
10.4.1. Swelling......Page 216
10.4.2. Responsive hydrogels......Page 217
10.4.3. Surface properties......Page 218
10.5. METHODS OF CHARACTERIZATION......Page 219
10.6. BIOMEDICAL / TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS......Page 220
References and suggested readings......Page 223
11.1. INTRODUCTION: WHAT ARE TISSUE-ENGINEERING BIOREACTORS?......Page 228
11.2. MASS TRANSPORT CONSIDERATIONS......Page 229
11.3.1. Engineered Bone......Page 230
11.3.2. Engineered Cartilage......Page 232
11.4. SUMMARY......Page 234
Acknowledgements......Page 235
References......Page 236
12.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 239
12.2. CHARACTERIZATION OF IN VITRO CULTIVATING CONDITIONS
......Page 242
12.2.1. Hydrodynamic environment......Page 243
12.2.2.1. Mass transport through the tissue by diffusion......Page 245
12.2.2.2. Enhancement of mass transport through the tissue by convection......Page 250
12.3.1. Correlations of hydrodynamic conditions with the tissue growth......Page 253
12.3.2. Mathematical model of GAG accumulation in engineered cartilage constructs......Page 255
12.4. CONCLUSION......Page 258
References......Page 259
13.1. THE MODELING APPROACH TO MORPHOGENESIS......Page 262
13.2. IN SILICO TISSUE ENGINEERING......Page 264
13.3. A LATTICE MODEL OF LIVING TISSUES......Page 265
13.4. MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF THE SELF-ASSEMBLY OF LIVING CELLS......Page 269
References......Page 274
INDEX......Page 284