Caves: Processes, Development and Management

Caves: Processes, Development and Management......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface and Acknowledgements......Page 11
What is a Cave?......Page 15
Where are the Deepest and Longest Caves?......Page 19
Caves as Geomorphic Systems......Page 21
Now the Details…......Page 25
Basic Concepts in Karst Drainage Systems......Page 28
Karst Aquifers......Page 29
Porosity and Permeability of Karatic Rocks......Page 30
Defining the Catchment of a Cave......Page 33
Hydraulics of Groundwater Flow in Karst......Page 34
Diffuse flow......Page 36
Conduit flow (turbulent and laminar cases)......Page 37
Flow nets in karst drainage systems......Page 41
The Role of Salinity......Page 42
Evolution of the Karst Drainage System......Page 45
Water tracing techniques......Page 46
Spring hydrograph analysis......Page 52
Spring chemograph analysis......Page 56
Storage and transfers in the karst system......Page 58
The role of extreme events......Page 61
Karst Hydrology of the Mammoth Cave Plateau, Kentucky......Page 65
Limestone......Page 73
Sandstone......Page 81
The solution of limestone in meteoric waters......Page 82
Soil and vegetation in the limestone solution process......Page 85
The zoning of solution in the unsaturated zone......Page 87
Limestone solution in seawater......Page 89
Solution of silicates in meteoric waters......Page 91
Role of lithology......Page 93
Role of joints, fractures and faults......Page 94
Cave breakdown and evaporite weathering......Page 101
Formation of caves in plan......Page 102
Formation of caves in length and depth......Page 104
Caves formed by hydrothermal waters......Page 111
Caves formed in gypsum......Page 114
The formation of lava tubes......Page 115
Weathering caves and pseudokarst......Page 116
Origin of Caves: an Overview......Page 118
Geological Control and the World\'s Longest Cave......Page 120
Carbonates......Page 129
Controls over carbonate mineralogy......Page 135
Cave deposits formed by carbonate minerals......Page 137
Evaporites......Page 142
Phosphates and nitrates......Page 145
Oxides, silicates and hydroxides......Page 147
Cave Formations of the Nullarbor Plain, Australia......Page 148
Clastic Sediment Types......Page 157
Gravity-fall processes......Page 158
Waterlain clastic sediments......Page 161
Stratigraphy and its Interpretation......Page 169
Sediment Transport and Particle Size......Page 170
Provenance Studies......Page 174
Caves and Flood History in the Kimberleys, Australia......Page 175
The Importance of Dating Cave Deposits......Page 181
Dating Techniques and the Quaternary Timescale......Page 182
Palaeomagnetism......Page 183
Radiocarbon......Page 186
Uranium series......Page 188
Trapped electron methods: ESR, TL and OSL......Page 193
Timing the Ice Ages......Page 199
Introduction......Page 202
Basic Principles and Tests for Reliability......Page 203
The Last Glacial-lnterglacial Temperature Record......Page 205
Carbon Isotopes and Environmental Change......Page 212
Stalagmite Fluorescence and Sunspot Cycles......Page 213
Life Zones within Caves......Page 217
The Cave as a Habitat......Page 219
Classification of Cave Life and its Function......Page 227
Adaptations and Modifications to Life in Darkness......Page 228
Origin and Dispersal of Cave-Dwelling Animals......Page 230
Threats to Cave Fauna......Page 234
Conservation of Biological Diversity in Caves......Page 237
The Impact of Cavers on Cave Fauna......Page 241
Unravelling the Secrets of the Carrai Bat Cave......Page 244
History of Cave Use and Exploitation......Page 251
Impacts of Visitors and Infrastructure on Tourist Caves......Page 254
Impacts of recreational caving on caves......Page 259
The Radon Risk in Caves......Page 261
Cave Carrying Capacity and Alternative Management Concepts......Page 264
Cave Classification and its Applications......Page 267
Cave Interpretation and its Use in Management......Page 270
Management of the Glow-Worm Cave, Waitomo, New Zealand......Page 274
Basic Concepts in Karst Management......Page 282
Defining Karst Catchments......Page 283
Vegetation and Caves......Page 285
Accelerated Soil Loss in Karst......Page 286
Agricultural Impacts......Page 290
Fire Management in Karst......Page 294
Guidelines for Karst Management......Page 296
Conservation Issues in Karst......Page 299
Rehabilitation and Restoration of Caves......Page 300
International Cooperation and Liaison......Page 302
Restoring a Limestone Ecosystem in Tasmania\'s World Heritage Area......Page 304
Electronic Media Sources......Page 314
Glossary of Cave and Karst Terminology......Page 316
Index......Page 329