Causes of Exclusion

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
Introduction......Page 12
Definitions of crime......Page 13
Communities of crime and poverty......Page 15
Studies of criminality......Page 17
Causes of criminality......Page 21
Patterns of intervention......Page 22
Changes in society and their influence......Page 24
Relationships and communities......Page 26
References......Page 28
Introduction......Page 32
Research and policy......Page 34
Listening to experience: semi-structured interviews......Page 36
The presentation of the data......Page 39
References......Page 40
Introduction......Page 42
Types of dysfunctional families......Page 43
Instability in the home......Page 47
The effects of isolation......Page 49
Closely observed parents......Page 52
Violence and its effects......Page 54
References......Page 58
Introduction......Page 60
Attitudes to school......Page 61
Parents, schools and truancy......Page 64
Parental responsibility and schools......Page 66
Truancy and the social services......Page 68
References......Page 71
Introduction......Page 74
The informal aspects of school......Page 75
The culture of disruption......Page 78
The pervasiveness of bullying......Page 79
Bullies and victims......Page 85
Bullying and criminality......Page 87
Bullies, gangs and competition......Page 90
Boredom with school......Page 92
Reactions to the demands of school......Page 95
References......Page 100
Introduction......Page 104
Reactions to teachers......Page 105
The development of disengagement from school......Page 110
The imposition of discipline......Page 112
Truancy and exclusion......Page 115
The point of no return......Page 119
Alienation from school......Page 122
References......Page 125
Introduction......Page 128
Escaping the demands of school......Page 130
Types of conformity......Page 132
The attractions of esteem......Page 136
The society of gangs......Page 138
References......Page 145
Introduction......Page 148
Alternative definitions of social norms......Page 150
Regrets about the past......Page 153
The overlapping worlds of work and crime......Page 155
Visions of normality......Page 158
The realities of everyday experience......Page 161
References......Page 164
Introduction......Page 166
The perils of indifference......Page 168
Physical and psychological neglect......Page 172
The role of dialogue......Page 175
Violent emotions and violent acts......Page 180
The effects of inadequate parenting......Page 184
References......Page 186
Introduction......Page 190
The loss of self-control......Page 191
Reactions to provocation......Page 193
Knowing their limitations......Page 196
The loss of self-esteem......Page 199
References......Page 202
Introduction......Page 204
Children’s analysis of parental limitations......Page 205
The perpetuation of parental limitation......Page 208
The breakdown of relationships and their consequences......Page 214
References......Page 216
Conclusion......Page 218
References......Page 224
INDEX......Page 228