Catholicism

CONTENTS......Page 6
FOREWORD......Page 49
PREFACE......Page 51
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 59
INTRODUCTION......Page 61
The Meaning of the Word......Page 63
Catholic or Roman Catholic?......Page 65
The Context of Catholicism......Page 66
The Spirit of Catholicism......Page 69
Sacramentality......Page 71
Mediation......Page 73
Communion......Page 75
Other Catholic Principles......Page 77
Summary......Page 80
Suggested Readings......Page 81
Introduction......Page 82
Method......Page 85
Old Testament Notions of Faith......Page 89
Acts of the Apostles......Page 91
The Pauline Literature......Page 92
The Johannine Literature......Page 93
Other New Testament Sources......Page 94
Early Christian Writers......Page 95
Second Council of Orange......Page 98
Thomas Aquinas......Page 100
Council of Trent......Page 101
First Vatican Council......Page 102
Second Vatican Council......Page 103
Faith: Summary Points......Page 104
Theology and Faith......Page 106
Theology and Doctrine......Page 108
The Apostles......Page 110
Universities......Page 111
Seminaries; Religious Orders......Page 113
Modernist Crisis......Page 114
Twentieth-Century Renewal......Page 115
Methods of Theology......Page 117
Theological Perspectives......Page 119
The Audiences, or Publics, of Theology......Page 120
Theology: Summary Points......Page 122
Religious Education......Page 124
Dimensions of the Question......Page 126
The Two Testaments......Page 127
Inerrancy......Page 128
Scripture and Tradition......Page 129
New Testament Origins......Page 132
Magisterium......Page 133
Liturgy and Catechisms......Page 135
Discipleship......Page 136
Summary......Page 137
Suggested Readings......Page 140
PART ONE: HUMAN EXISTENCE......Page 141
“The Signs of the Times”......Page 144
The Modern World......Page 147
A World of Change......Page 148
Science and Technology—Mobility and Communications......Page 150
Material and Educational Growth......Page 151
Ambivalence of Progress......Page 152
Religion and Change......Page 154
The Church in the Modern World......Page 159
Fundamentalism......Page 161
Summary......Page 163
Suggested Readings......Page 166
The Question: Who Are We?......Page 167
A Spectrum of Answers......Page 170
Darwin......Page 171
Lorenz......Page 174
Eiseley......Page 175
Freud......Page 176
Jung......Page 177
Fromm......Page 178
Marx......Page 179
Feminist Thought......Page 182
Philosophy......Page 183
Husserl......Page 184
Merleau-Ponty......Page 185
Kierkegaard......Page 186
Heidegger......Page 187
Sartre......Page 189
Process Philosophy......Page 190
Bergson......Page 191
Dewey......Page 192
Carnap......Page 193
Russell......Page 194
The Later Wittgenstein......Page 195
Neo-Marxism......Page 196
Gadamer......Page 197
Deconstructionism......Page 198
Philosophy of Mind......Page 199
Transcendental Thomists......Page 200
Analytic Thomists......Page 201
Bultmann......Page 203
Tillich......Page 204
Teilhard de Chardin......Page 205
Theological Positivism......Page 207
Pragmatism: Liberation Theology......Page 208
Feminist Theology......Page 209
Transcendental Thomism......Page 210
Rahner......Page 211
Lonergan......Page 213
Theologies of Human Existence: A Synthesis......Page 214
Official Teachings of the Church......Page 217
Summary......Page 220
Suggested Readings......Page 222
The Question......Page 223
The Human Person......Page 225
Old Testament......Page 226
New Testament......Page 227
Early Christian Writers......Page 230
The Medieval Period......Page 231
The Modern Period......Page 233
Theology of the Human Person: A Synthesis......Page 234
Nature and Grace......Page 236
Nature......Page 237
Old Testament......Page 240
New Testament......Page 241
Greek Fathers......Page 242
Western Fathers......Page 243
The Medieval Period: Thomas Aquinas......Page 244
The Counter-Reformation Period......Page 245
The Modern Period......Page 246
Official Church Teachings......Page 247
The Problem of Nature and Grace......Page 249
Original Sin......Page 253
Misunderstandings of the Doctrine......Page 254
New Testament......Page 255
Early Christian Writers; Augustine......Page 257
Contemporary Theologians......Page 258
Council of Trent......Page 261
Humani Generis......Page 262
Synthesis: A Theology of Human Existence......Page 263
Summary......Page 265
Suggested Readings......Page 270
PART TWO: GOD......Page 271
The Problem......Page 273
Augustine......Page 277
Aquinas......Page 278
Pascal......Page 279
Newman......Page 280
The Nineteenth-Century Debate About God and Religion......Page 281
Nietzsche......Page 282
Some Contemporary Views of the Problem......Page 283
Küng......Page 284
Lonergan......Page 286
Baum......Page 287
Berger......Page 290
Rahner......Page 292
Lash......Page 293
Official Teachings of the Church......Page 294
Conclusion......Page 296
Summary......Page 297
Suggested Readings......Page 299
Questions......Page 300
Theophanies and Oracles......Page 301
Prophecy......Page 302
Historical Literature......Page 303
Wisdom Literature......Page 304
Apocalyptic Literature......Page 305
Synoptics......Page 306
Paul......Page 307
John......Page 308
Methodological Note......Page 309
Apostolic Fathers......Page 310
Apologists......Page 311
Early Greek Writers......Page 312
Early Latin Writers......Page 313
Medieval Notions of Revelation......Page 314
The Council of Trent......Page 316
From Trent to Vatican I......Page 317
The First Vatican Council......Page 319
Modernism and Early-Twentieth-Century Catholic Thought......Page 321
The Second Vatican Council......Page 323
Post–Vatican II Teachings......Page 325
Contemporary Theological Views of Revelation......Page 326
Revelation As Objective and/or Cognitive......Page 327
Revelation As Subjective and/or Personal......Page 329
“Mediating” Views of Revelation......Page 330
Feminist Views of Revelation in the Bible......Page 332
Creation......Page 334
History......Page 338
Prophecy......Page 339
Mystery......Page 341
Synthesis: Toward a Theology of Revelation......Page 344
Special Questions: Private Revelation and the Closing of Revelation......Page 347
Summary......Page 349
Suggested Readings......Page 353
The Problem of the One and the Triune......Page 354
The Place of the Doctrine of the Triune God......Page 356
Old Testament......Page 358
New Testament......Page 360
The God of the Early Christian Writers......Page 363
The Apostolic Fathers......Page 364
The Apologists......Page 365
Third-Century Writers......Page 366
Arianism......Page 368
Council of Nicea......Page 370
The Aftermath of the Council......Page 371
The Cappadocians......Page 373
The Councils of Constantinople (381) and of Rome (382)......Page 375
Augustine......Page 376
Anselm......Page 379
Lateran Council IV......Page 381
Medieval Scholasticism......Page 383
Thomas Aquinas......Page 384
Council of Lyons II; Council of Florence......Page 386
Protestantism and the Council of Trent......Page 388
Pascal......Page 390
Kant......Page 391
Hegel......Page 392
Schleiermacher......Page 393
Kierkegaard......Page 394
Vatican I......Page 395
Twentieth-Century Understandings of God......Page 396
Second Vatican Council......Page 400
The Trinity As Absolute Mystery......Page 402
God the Father......Page 403
God the Son......Page 404
God the Holy Spirit......Page 405
Processions, Relations, Persons, and Nature......Page 406
The Trinity: A Theological Synthesis......Page 408
Summary......Page 413
Suggested Readings......Page 418
IX GOD: SPECIAL QUESTIONS......Page 419
The Concept......Page 420
Providence in the Bible......Page 421
Postbiblical Reflections and Official Teachings......Page 423
Theological Meaning......Page 424
Spectrum of Views......Page 427
Miracles in the Bible......Page 428
Biblical and Theological Criteria......Page 429
Unanswered Questions......Page 431
Teachings of the Church......Page 432
Spectrum of Views......Page 433
Evil in the Bible......Page 434
Teachings of the Church......Page 435
Theological Criteria......Page 436
Prayer......Page 438
The Problem......Page 439
Prayer in the Bible......Page 440
Theological Meaning......Page 441
God As Person......Page 443
Jesus and the Fatherhood of God......Page 444
Theological Reflection......Page 446
God-Language......Page 448
Summary......Page 451
Suggested Readings......Page 453
The Question......Page 454
Defining Religion......Page 456
Characteristics of Religion......Page 460
Criticisms of Religion......Page 463
Types of Religion......Page 465
Ancient Greece......Page 466
Mayans, Aztecs, Incas......Page 467
Hinduism......Page 468
Taoism......Page 469
Islam......Page 470
Judaism......Page 471
Christianity and the Other Religions......Page 475
Official Catholic Teaching on Religious Pluralism......Page 481
Summary......Page 485
Suggested Readings......Page 488
PART THREE: JESUS CHRIST......Page 490
The Jesus of History and the Christ of Faith......Page 493
Jesus Christ Today......Page 495
Christ and Culture......Page 500
Christ Against Culture......Page 501
The Christ of Culture......Page 502
Christ Above Culture......Page 503
Christ and Culture in Paradox......Page 504
Christ the Transformer of Culture......Page 505
Christ and Culture: A Synthesis......Page 506
Summary......Page 507
Suggested Readings......Page 508
The Jesus of History and the Christ of Faith......Page 509
Non-Christian Sources......Page 511
Stages of Development......Page 512
Layers of Tradition......Page 513
Different Cultures......Page 514
Sayings of Jesus......Page 515
Nonscholarly Conservatism......Page 516
Nonscholarly Liberalism......Page 517
Bultmannian Existentialism......Page 518
Moderate Conservatism......Page 519
Where From Here? The Question of Method......Page 522
Its Meaning and Importance......Page 524
Palestinian Community......Page 526
Hellenistic-Gentile Community......Page 527
Its Redemptive Effects......Page 529
What Happened?......Page 530
To Whom Did It Happen?......Page 531
Who Saw It Happen?......Page 533
Where Did It Happen?......Page 535
The Passion and Death......Page 537
The Historical Situation......Page 543
Life......Page 545
Proclamation of the Kingdom of God......Page 546
The Parables......Page 547
The Proverbial Sayings......Page 548
The Lord’s Prayer......Page 549
Table Fellowship and Miracles......Page 550
From Jesus to Christ......Page 551
Summary......Page 552
Suggested Readings......Page 555
Chart......Page 557
The Question......Page 558
A Historical and Theological Overview......Page 559
Before Nicea......Page 563
The Council of Nicea (325)......Page 567
The First Council of Constantinople (381)......Page 568
The Council of Ephesus (431)......Page 569
The Council of Chalcedon (451)......Page 573
The Second Council of Constantinople (553)......Page 576
The Third Council of Constantinople (681)......Page 578
Subsequent Councils......Page 579
Synthesis......Page 580
Boethius......Page 581
Anselm......Page 582
Thomas Aquinas......Page 584
Neoscholasticism......Page 586
Summary......Page 587
Suggested Readings......Page 590
Chart......Page 591
Catholic Christology Before 1950......Page 593
Why the Change?......Page 595
Contemporary Catholic Christologies......Page 596
Karl Rahner......Page 597
Hans Küng......Page 601
Walter Kasper......Page 603
Edward Schillebeeckx......Page 606
Leonardo Boff......Page 608
Jon Sobrino......Page 609
Feminist Theologians......Page 610
Anne Carr......Page 611
Elizabeth Johnson......Page 612
Teilhard de Chardin......Page 614
Christology and World Religions......Page 615
Raimundo Panikkar......Page 616
Hans Urs von Balthasar......Page 617
Protestant Christologies......Page 618
Rudolf Bultmann......Page 619
Oscar Cullmann......Page 620
Karl Barth......Page 621
Paul Tillich......Page 622
Dietrich Bonhoeffer......Page 623
Wolfhart Pannenberg......Page 625
Jürgen Moltmann......Page 627
Eberhard Jüngel......Page 628
John B. Cobb......Page 629
John Meyendorff......Page 630
John Zizioulas......Page 632
Christological Criteria......Page 634
Summary......Page 637
Suggested Readings......Page 642
XV SPECIAL QUESTIONS IN CHRISTOLOGY......Page 643
The Virginal Conception of Jesus......Page 644
Is It a Belief of the New Testament Church?......Page 645
Is the Virginal Conception Historical?......Page 646
Does the Church Officially Teach the Historicity of the Virginal Conception?......Page 648
Can New Testament Scholarship and Official Church Teaching Be Reconciled?......Page 649
What Is the Meaning of the Belief?......Page 650
The Sinlessness of Jesus......Page 651
Is It a Belief of the New Testament Church?......Page 652
Is That Belief Rooted in Historical Fact?......Page 653
Does the Church Officially Teach the Impeccability of Jesus?......Page 654
Can the New Testament Witness Be Reconciled with the Official Church’s Teaching?......Page 655
What Does the Sinlessness of Jesus Christ Mean?......Page 656
The Knowledge, or Consciousness, of Jesus......Page 657
Indications in Favor of Unlimited Knowledge......Page 658
Indications Against Unlimited Knowledge......Page 659
The Firm Convictions of Jesus About the Kingdom......Page 660
Does the Official Church Admit of Ignorance and Error in Jesus?......Page 661
Can We Reconcile the New Testament Record and the Teachings of the Church?......Page 663
The Sexuality of Jesus......Page 666
How Does the New Testament Portray the Sexuality of Jesus?......Page 667
How Has the Sexuality of Jesus Been Understood in the Tradition and Teachings of the Church?......Page 669
Can the New Testament and the Tradition and Teachings of the Church Be Reconciled?......Page 672
What Does Our Contemporary Christian Consciousness Disclose About Sexuality in General, and About Jesus’ Sexuality in Particular?......Page 673
Summary......Page 675
Suggested Readings......Page 678
PART FOUR: THE CHURCH......Page 679
From Christology to Ecclesiology......Page 681
Three Questions......Page 682
Nonscholarly Conservatism......Page 684
Nonscholarly Liberalism......Page 686
Scholarly Liberalism......Page 687
Bultmannian Existentialism......Page 688
Scholarly Conservatism......Page 689
Did Jesus Intend to Found a Church?......Page 690
Jesus Did Not “Found” the Church......Page 691
Jesus Laid the Foundations for the Church......Page 693
The Word Church......Page 694
The Coming of the Holy Spirit......Page 697
The Original Jerusalem Community......Page 698
The Church at Antioch in Syria......Page 699
The Church of Corinth......Page 700
Unity in Diversity......Page 701
Church and Kingdom of God......Page 702
Proclamation of the Word......Page 704
Baptism......Page 705
Eucharist......Page 706
Mission to All and for All......Page 708
How Did the Early Church Organize Itself for Mission?......Page 709
The Subapostolic (After 65) and Postapostolic (After 95/100) Periods......Page 712
What Is the Church of the New Testament?......Page 714
People of God......Page 715
Body of Christ......Page 717
Temple of the Holy Spirit......Page 719
Summary......Page 720
Suggested Readings......Page 723
Chart......Page 724
The Question of History......Page 725
The Church and History......Page 728
The New Testament Period......Page 730
Second and Third Centuries......Page 732
Fourth Century......Page 734
The Doctrinal Controversies of the Fourth and Fifth Centuries......Page 736
The “Barbarian Invasions” and the Germanization of the Church......Page 738
The Holy Roman Empire......Page 740
Western Monasticism......Page 741
The Gregorian Reform......Page 742
The Emergence of Canon Law and the Canonical Mentality......Page 743
The Monastic Renewal......Page 744
Theological Renewal......Page 746
The East-West Schism......Page 747
The Disintegration of Western Christian Unity and the Transition to a Wider Mission (1300-1750)......Page 749
Church and State in Conflict......Page 750
Conflicts Within the Church......Page 752
The Great Western Schism (1378–1417)......Page 753
Conciliarism......Page 755
The Reformation......Page 756
The Counter-Reformation......Page 760
Jansenism......Page 763
Gallicanism......Page 764
The Enlightenment......Page 765
The Missions......Page 766
The French Revolution (1789)......Page 767
Nineteenth-Century Renewal......Page 768
Nineteenth-Century Reaction......Page 769
The Social Question......Page 770
Modernism......Page 771
Between the Two World Wars (1918-1939)......Page 773
The Second World War and Its Aftermath (1940-1962)......Page 775
Summary......Page 776
Suggested Readings......Page 782
The Significance of Vatican II......Page 783
Twentieth-Century Catholic Theology Before Vatican II......Page 785
Textbook Theology......Page 786
Karl Rahner......Page 788
Edward Schillebeeckx......Page 789
John Courtney Murray......Page 790
Hans Küng......Page 791
Pope John XXIII......Page 792
Pope Paul VI......Page 794
The Council Documents in General......Page 795
Their Authority......Page 796
Their Relationship to the Church......Page 798
The Council Documents in Particular......Page 799
Dogmatic Constitution on the Church......Page 800
Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World......Page 802
Decree on Ecumenism......Page 803
Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy......Page 804
Declaration on Religious Freedom......Page 805
Declaration on the Relationship of the Church to Non-Christian Religions......Page 806
Decree on the Apostolate of the Laity......Page 807
Decree on Eastern Catholic Churches......Page 808
Decree on Priestly Formation......Page 809
Decree on the Appropriate Renewal of the Religious Life......Page 810
Decree on the Instruments of Social Communication......Page 811
The Ecclesiology of Vatican II......Page 813
Summary......Page 816
Suggested Readings......Page 819
XIX THE CHURCH IN CONTEMPORARY THEOLOGY AND DOCTRINE......Page 820
Ecclesiology Since Vatican II......Page 821
Karl Rahner......Page 822
Edward Schillebeeckx......Page 823
Hans Küng......Page 824
Avery Dulles......Page 826
Johannes Metz......Page 827
Gregory Baum......Page 828
Gustavo Gutiérrez......Page 829
Leonardo Boff......Page 830
Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza......Page 831
Rosemary Radford Ruether......Page 832
Hans Urs von Balthasar......Page 833
Jürgen Moltmann......Page 835
George Lindbeck......Page 836
John Zizioulas......Page 837
Ecumenical Ecclesiology......Page 838
The 1971 Synod of Bishops......Page 840
Papal Statements......Page 841
Catechism of the Catholic Church......Page 843
Bishops’ Statements......Page 844
The Nature of the Church: Toward a Definition......Page 847
Strengths......Page 848
Community......Page 849
Weaknesses......Page 850
Weaknesses......Page 851
Definition of Church......Page 853
The Mission of the Church......Page 855
Proclamation in Word and Worship......Page 857
Signification, or Witnessing......Page 859
Service: The Basis and Limits of the Church’s Involvement in the Public Forum......Page 860
The Necessity of the Church......Page 862
The Necessity of the Catholic Church......Page 863
Summary......Page 866
Suggested Readings......Page 870
XX SPECIAL QUESTIONS IN ECCLESIOLOGY......Page 871
General Philosophical and Theological Considerations......Page 872
New Testament......Page 873
Postapostolic Period to the Third Century......Page 877
Fourth to Eleventh Centuries......Page 878
The Middle Ages......Page 879
The Council of Trent to the Twentieth Century......Page 880
Ecumenical Developments......Page 881
The Church and Authority......Page 883
Papacy......Page 884
The Issue......Page 885
New Testament......Page 886
Second Century to Middle Ages......Page 887
The Middle Ages......Page 888
Post-Tridentine Developments to the Twentieth Century......Page 889
Ecumenical Statements......Page 890
The Church and Papal Primacy......Page 891
The Issue......Page 892
Postbiblical Developments......Page 893
Ecumenical Convergences......Page 895
Theological Clarifications......Page 896
The Church and Infallibility......Page 897
The Issue......Page 899
New Testament......Page 900
The Early Centuries......Page 901
The Council of Trent to the Twentieth Century......Page 902
Vatican II......Page 903
Ministeria Quædam......Page 904
Ecumenical Discussions......Page 905
The Church and Ministry......Page 906
The Issue......Page 907
Postbiblical Developments......Page 908
1960 to the Present......Page 909
Arguments in Favor......Page 912
Arguments Against......Page 913
The Church and Women......Page 914
Summary......Page 915
Suggested Readings......Page 919
PART FIVE: THE SACRAMENTS......Page 920
The Place of Sacramental Theology......Page 923
Signs, or Symbols, of Faith......Page 926
Causes of Grace......Page 928
Effects of Sacraments......Page 930
The Minister......Page 933
The Recipient......Page 934
Institution of the Sacraments......Page 936
The Number of Sacraments......Page 938
Summary......Page 939
Suggested Readings......Page 942
The Rite of Initiation......Page 943
Baptism in Transition: From Judaism to Christianity......Page 946
Baptism in the New Testament Churches......Page 947
Pelagianism and Infant Baptism......Page 949
Reformation and Contemporary Debates......Page 950
The Doctrine of Baptism......Page 952
“Baptism of Desire”......Page 953
The Rite of Baptism......Page 955
Jesus, the Church, and Baptism......Page 956
History......Page 957
The Rite of Confirmation......Page 959
Theological Reflection......Page 960
Jesus, the Church, and Confirmation......Page 961
Introduction......Page 962
Biblical Origins......Page 963
General Structure......Page 966
Congregational Participation......Page 967
Private Masses......Page 968
Eucharistic Doctrines......Page 969
Intercommunion......Page 971
Ecumenical Consensus Today......Page 973
Jesus, the Church, and the Eucharist......Page 974
Summary......Page 975
Suggested Readings......Page 978
Introduction......Page 979
Second and Third Centuries......Page 981
Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Centuries......Page 982
Eleventh to Fourteenth Centuries......Page 983
From the Middle Ages to Vatican II......Page 984
Vatican II......Page 985
The New Rite of Penance......Page 986
Contemporary Theological and Pastoral Issues......Page 987
Jesus, the Church, and Penance......Page 988
Second Century to the Middle Ages......Page 989
The Early Medieval Period......Page 990
Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries......Page 991
The New Rite of Anointing and Pastoral Care of the Sick......Page 992
Jesus, the Church, and the Anointing of the Sick......Page 994
Summary......Page 995
Suggested Readings......Page 997
Introduction......Page 998
New Testament......Page 999
Middle Ages to Vatican II......Page 1001
Vatican II......Page 1002
The New Rite of Marriage......Page 1004
Canonical Form......Page 1006
Pauline Privilege......Page 1007
Pastoral Care of the Divorced and Remarried......Page 1008
Ecumenical Reflections......Page 1009
Jesus, the Church, and Matrimony......Page 1010
Holy Order......Page 1011
Terminology......Page 1012
New Testament......Page 1013
Postapostolic Period......Page 1014
Third Through Fifth Centuries......Page 1016
Sixth Through Twelfth Centuries......Page 1017
The Reformation and the Council of Trent......Page 1018
Vatican II......Page 1019
The New Rites of Ordination......Page 1020
Ecumenical Developments......Page 1021
Contemporary Catholic Theology......Page 1024
Jesus, the Church, and Holy Order......Page 1025
Summary......Page 1026
Suggested Readings......Page 1029
PART SIX: CHRISTIAN MORALITY......Page 1030
Moral Theology/Christian Ethics......Page 1032
The Moral Message of the Old Testament......Page 1035
The Reign, or Kingdom, of God......Page 1038
The Call to Conversion and Repentance......Page 1039
The Call to Discipleship......Page 1040
The Law......Page 1041
The Commandment of Love......Page 1042
Discipleship in the World......Page 1043
Women, Marriage, and the Family......Page 1045
Reward and Punishment......Page 1046
The Moral Message of the Church of the New Testament......Page 1048
Second Through Sixth Centuries......Page 1049
Seventh Through Twelfth Centuries......Page 1051
Thirteenth Century......Page 1052
Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries......Page 1053
Sixteenth Century......Page 1055
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries......Page 1057
Nineteenth to Mid-Twentieth Century......Page 1059
Vatican II......Page 1061
Post-Vatican II Developments......Page 1062
The Ongoing Development of Catholic Social Doctrine......Page 1064
Summary......Page 1067
Suggested Readings......Page 1070
XXVI FOUNDATIONS OF CHRISTIAN MORALITY......Page 1071
Models of the Christian Moral Life......Page 1072
Conversion......Page 1074
Character......Page 1076
Virtue......Page 1078
Faith......Page 1079
Faith As Trust......Page 1080
Faith As Synthesis of Conviction, Trust, and Commitment......Page 1081
Faith Development......Page 1082
Hope......Page 1085
Charity/Love......Page 1087
Creative Freedom and Fidelity......Page 1089
Gratitude......Page 1090
Mercy and Concern for the Poor......Page 1091
Justice......Page 1092
Truthfulness......Page 1095
Stewardship......Page 1096
Temperance......Page 1097
Fortitude......Page 1099
Biblical Notions......Page 1101
Freedom and Responsibility......Page 1102
The Capacity for Sin......Page 1105
Mortal, Serious, and Venial Sins......Page 1106
Its Meaning and Grounding......Page 1108
The Thomistic Notion......Page 1109
Post—Vatican II Developments......Page 1110
Definitions and Distinctions......Page 1112
Proportionalism......Page 1114
What Conscience Is......Page 1116
Postbiblical Reflections......Page 1117
A Contemporary View......Page 1118
Conscience and Authority, Civil and Religious......Page 1119
Prudence/Discernment......Page 1122
Summary......Page 1124
Suggested Readings......Page 1128
XXVII CHRISTIAN MORALITY: SPECIAL QUESTIONS......Page 1129
An Overview......Page 1130
Official Teaching Prior to Humanae Vitæ......Page 1132
Arguments in Support of the Traditional Teaching......Page 1134
Arguments Against the Official Teaching......Page 1136
Humanae Vitæ......Page 1139
Reaction to Humanae Vitæ......Page 1140
Declaration on Certain Questions Concerning Sexual Ethics......Page 1142
Christian Values Underlying This Issue......Page 1143
The Biblical Data......Page 1144
Postbiblical Tradition......Page 1146
Contemporary Authoritative Statements......Page 1147
Homosexual Acts Are Always Sinful in Themselves......Page 1148
Homosexual Acts Are Morally Neutral......Page 1149
Homosexual Acts Are Essentially Imperfect......Page 1150
Christian Values Underlying This Issue......Page 1152
Subsidiarity and Socialization......Page 1153
Papal Teaching: Leo XIII to John Paul II......Page 1155
U.S. Catholic Bishops......Page 1158
Christian Values Underlying This Issue......Page 1160
Abortion......Page 1161
Moral Law Versus Civil Law......Page 1162
Vatican II......Page 1164
Concluding Reflections......Page 1165
Christian Values Underlying This Issue......Page 1166
Summary......Page 1167
Suggested Readings......Page 1169
PART SEVEN: CHRISTIAN SPIRITUALITY......Page 1170
What Is “Spirituality”?......Page 1173
Biblical Origins......Page 1175
Second Through Seventh Centuries......Page 1176
The Middle Ages: Eighth Through Fourteenth Centuries......Page 1179
The Postmedieval Period......Page 1182
Nineteenth Century......Page 1186
1900 to 1950......Page 1188
1950 to Vatican II......Page 1191
Vatican II......Page 1195
Post-Vatican II......Page 1196
Mysticism......Page 1203
Glossolalia: Speaking in Tongues......Page 1205
Spirituality and Spiritualities: Theological Criteria......Page 1207
Summary......Page 1210
Suggested Readings......Page 1213
Worship......Page 1214
Liturgy......Page 1215
Prayer......Page 1217
Devotions......Page 1219
Eucharist......Page 1220
The Other Sacraments......Page 1221
Liturgy of the Hours......Page 1222
Communal Prayers and Devotions......Page 1224
Private Prayers and Devotions......Page 1226
Christian Feminism and Worship......Page 1227
Summary......Page 1228
Suggested Readings......Page 1229
Introduction......Page 1230
New Testament......Page 1232
Second Century......Page 1235
Third Century to the Middle Ages......Page 1236
The Middle Ages......Page 1238
The Reformation to the Mid-Nineteenth Century......Page 1241
From the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception (1854) to the Dogma of the Assumption (1950)......Page 1243
Vatican II......Page 1246
Marialis Cultus......Page 1247
Postconciliar Theology......Page 1249
The Immaculate Conception......Page 1251
The Assumption......Page 1253
Binding Force......Page 1254
Marian Devotions: Theological Criteria......Page 1256
Mary and the Church......Page 1260
The Saints......Page 1262
Second Century to the Reformation......Page 1263
Vatican II......Page 1265
Post-Vatican II Theological Developments......Page 1266
Post-Vatican II Devotional Developments......Page 1267
The Communion of Saints......Page 1269
Summary......Page 1271
Suggested Readings......Page 1275
Eschatology......Page 1277
The Kingdom of God: The Final Destiny of Creation and Humanity......Page 1280
Old Testament......Page 1281
The Preaching of Jesus......Page 1284
Early Christianity......Page 1286
Second Century to High Middle Ages......Page 1288
High Middle Ages......Page 1290
Reformation to the Nineteenth Century......Page 1291
Realized Eschatology: The Kingdom As Past......Page 1293
Existentialist Eschatology: The Kingdom As Present......Page 1294
Feminist Interpretation......Page 1295
Karl Rahner......Page 1297
Edward Schillebeeckx......Page 1298
Hans Küng......Page 1299
Johannes Metz......Page 1300
Gustavo Gutiérrez......Page 1301
Dermot Lane......Page 1302
Reinhold Niebuhr......Page 1304
Jürgen Moltmann......Page 1305
Wolfhart Pannenberg......Page 1306
John Macquarrie......Page 1308
Norman Pittenger......Page 1309
John Meyendorff......Page 1310
Second Vatican Council......Page 1311
Evangelii Nuntiandi......Page 1312
Catechism of the Catholic Church......Page 1313
New Testament......Page 1314
Official Teachings of the Church......Page 1315
Catechism of the Catholic Church......Page 1316
Theological Reflections......Page 1317
New Testament......Page 1318
Theological Reflections......Page 1319
Official Teachings of the Church......Page 1321
Biblical Foundations......Page 1322
Postbiblical Development......Page 1323
Theological Reflections......Page 1324
A Note on Indulgences......Page 1325
New Testament......Page 1327
Official Teachings of the Church......Page 1328
Theological Reflections......Page 1329
Official Teachings of the Church......Page 1330
Theological Reflections......Page 1331
A Note on Demonology......Page 1332
The Destiny of the Unbaptized: Limbo......Page 1334
Communion of Saints......Page 1335
Summary......Page 1336
Suggested Readings......Page 1340
CONCLUSION......Page 1341
Catholicism in Context......Page 1342
General Characteristics of Catholicism......Page 1345
The Philosophical Focus of Catholicism: Christian Realism......Page 1348
The Theological Foci of Catholicism: Sacramentality, Mediation, Communion......Page 1352
Conclusion......Page 1355
Summary......Page 1356
Suggested Readings......Page 1358
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 1359
GLOSSARY......Page 1379
SEARCHABLE TERMS 1......Page 1412
SEARCHABLE TERMS 2......Page 1440
APPENDIX......Page 1466
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 1477
OTHER BOOKS BY RICHARD P. MCBRIEN......Page 1478
COPYRIGHT......Page 1479
ABOUT THE PUBLISHER......Page 1481