Catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorders

CONTENTS......Page 7
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 15
PREFACE......Page 18
SECTION I: CLASSIFICATION......Page 21
CLASSIFICATION MATTERS FOR CATATONIA AND AUTISM IN CHILDREN......Page 22
Catatonia......Page 23
Autism......Page 30
Autism and Catatonia......Page 32
A SYSTEMATIC EXAMINATION OF CATATONIA-LIKE CLINICAL PICTURES IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS......Page 40
Introduction......Page 41
Clinical Features of ASDs and Catatonia......Page 42
Manifestations of Catatonic Features in ASDs......Page 43
STUDY A: FREQUENCY OF CATATONIA-LIKE FEATURES......Page 44
STUDY B: COMPARATIVE FREQUENCY OF CATATONIA-LIKE FEATURES......Page 49
C. STUDY C: CATATONIA-LIKE DETERIORATION......Page 52
A. EFFECT OF LEVEL OF ABILITY AND AGE......Page 54
B. RELATIONSHIP OF CATATONIA-LIKE FEATURES TO CATATONIA-LIKE DETERIORATION......Page 55
D. PREVALENCE OF CATATONIA-LIKE DETERIORATION......Page 56
VI. Conclusions......Page 57
CATATONIA IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM
DISORDERS IN ADOLESCENCE AND EARLY ADULTHOOD:
A LONG-TERM PROSPECTIVE STUDY......Page 60
II. Subjects......Page 62
A. CRITERIA FOR CATATONIA IN THIS STUDY......Page 63
IV. Presentation of Cases......Page 64
V. Results......Page 68
C. PSYCHIATRIC COMPLICATION,FAMILY HISTORY, AND MEDICATION......Page 69
VI. Discussion......Page 70
VIII. Limitation of this Study......Page 72
IX. Conclusions......Page 73
ARE AUTISTIC AND CATATONIC REGRESSION RELATED?
A FEW WORKING HYPOTHESES INVOLVING GABA,
PURKINJE CELL SURVIVAL, NEUROGENESIS, AND ECT......Page 74
I. Introduction......Page 75
II. Early Autistic Regression......Page 76
III. Late Autistic Regression......Page 78
IV. Catatonic Regression in Autism......Page 79
V. Are Autistic and Catatonic Regression Related?......Page 80
VI. Theoretical Treatment Implications......Page 81
VII. History of ECT in Childhood Psychoses......Page 82
VIII. GABA in Autistic Regression......Page 84
IX. GABA in Catatonic Regression......Page 86
XI. ECS in GABA Models of Autism......Page 88
XIII. ECS and Neurogenesis......Page 90
SECTION II: ASSESSMENT......Page 100
PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN CHILDHOOD......Page 102
I. Three Vital Steps in Motor Development......Page 103
II. Human Motility: A View From Psychoanalysis......Page 107
III. Developmental Psychopathology and Motor Impairment......Page 111
THE IMPORTANCE OF CATATONIA AND STEREOTYPIES IN AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS......Page 122
I. Introduction......Page 123
II. Catatonia and ASD......Page 124
A. EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 125
C. RISK FACTORS......Page 126
D. ETIOLOGY......Page 127
E. ASSESSMENT......Page 128
III. Stereotypic Movement Disorder......Page 129
B. ETIOLOGY......Page 130
C. ASSESSMENT......Page 133
D. TREATMENT......Page 134
PRADER–WILLI SYNDROME: ATYPICAL PSYCHOSES AND MOTOR DYSFUNCTIONS......Page 138
I. Introduction......Page 139
II. Development and Behavior......Page 140
III. Psychotic Disorders......Page 141
IV. Psychomotor Symptoms......Page 146
V. Conclusions......Page 147
TOWARDS A VALID NOSOGRAPHY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF CATATONIA IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS......Page 150
I. Introduction......Page 151
II. Phenomenology of Catatonia in Young People......Page 152
III. Towards a Broader Nosography for Child, Adolescent, and Adult Catatonia......Page 154
IV. Models of Catatonia......Page 156
V. Psychopathological Model for Catatonia......Page 157
A. ADHERENCE TO DELUSIONAL IDEAS RESULTING IN CATATONIA......Page 159
B. RESISTANCE TO DELUSIONAL THINKING OR CONVICTION RESULTING IN CATATONIA......Page 160
C. HYPERANXIOUS OR HYPEREMOTIONAL STATES RESULTING IN CATATONIA......Page 161
VI. Discussion......Page 163
VII. Conclusions......Page 165
SECTION III: BIOLOGY......Page 168
IS THERE A COMMON NEURONAL BASIS FOR AUTISM
AND CATATONIA?......Page 170
I. Introduction......Page 171
II. Motor Theory of Language and Autism......Page 172
III. Are Autism and Catatonia Neurobiological Syndromes?......Page 173
IV. Catatonia as a Neurobiological Syndrome......Page 174
V. Autism as a Neurobiological Syndrome......Page 175
VI. Is There a Common Neuronal Basis for Autism and Catatonia?......Page 177
VII. Future Directions: Parallel Family-Based Studies in Autism and Catatonia......Page 179
VIII. Implications......Page 181
SHARED SUSCEPTIBILITY REGION ON CHROMOSOME 15 BETWEEN AUTISM AND CATATONIA......Page 184
I. Introduction......Page 185
III. Results......Page 186
IV. Conclusions......Page 192
SECTION IV: TREATMENT......Page 198
CURRENT TRENDS IN BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS FOR CHILDREN WITH AUTISM......Page 200
I. Current Trends in Behavioral Interventions for Children with Autism in the United States......Page 201
A. SIGN LANGUAGE AND THE PICTURE EXCHANGE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM......Page 202
A. PIVOTAL RESPONSE TRAINING......Page 204
C. SOCIAL STORIES......Page 206
IV. Self-Management......Page 209
V. Conclusions......Page 210
CASE REPORTS WITH A CHILD PSYCHIATRIC EXPLORATION OF CATATONIA, AUTISM, AND DELIRIUM......Page 214
I. Introduction......Page 215
A. CASE HISTORY 1......Page 216
B. CASE HISTORY 2......Page 218
IV. Results......Page 219
V. Discussion......Page 221
VI. Conclusion......Page 222
VII. Epicrisis......Page 223
ECT AND THE YOUTH: CATATONIA IN CONTEXT......Page 226
I. Introduction......Page 228
A. EXTENT OF THE USAGE OF ECT......Page 230
B. EFFECTIVENESS OF ECT......Page 231
D. CURRENT STATE OF AFFAIRS......Page 232
A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 233
B. CATATONIA:A DEFINITE INDICATION FOR ECT......Page 234
A. ECT OR NO ECT......Page 236
B. PREPARATION FOR ECT......Page 237
2. Second Opinions......Page 238
A. BASIC REQUIREMENTS......Page 239
C. COURSE OF ECT?......Page 240
VI. Adverse Effects of ECT......Page 241
VIII. Mortality......Page 243
A. MEDICATION......Page 244
XI. Conclusions......Page 245
XII. Conflict of Interest......Page 247
CATATONIA IN AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS:
A MEDICAL TREATMENT ALGORITHM......Page 252
I. Introduction......Page 253
II. Catatonia......Page 256
A. CATATONIA IN AUTISM......Page 257
III. Treatment Algorithm......Page 258
IV. Theory......Page 261
PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO CHRONIC CATATONIA-LIKE DETERIORATION IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS......Page 264
II. Effects of Stress......Page 266
IV. Problems with Assessing the Effects of Medical Treatments......Page 270
V. Psychological Methods of Intervention......Page 271
A. INITIAL ASSESSMENT......Page 273
B. DEALING WITH STRESS FACTORS......Page 274
D. USE OF PROMPTS AS EXTERNAL STIMULI/SIGNALS......Page 275
F. STRUCTURE AND ROUTINE......Page 276
B. EATING PROBLEMS......Page 277
D. DIFFICULTY WITH WALKING......Page 278
VIII. Implications for Services and Staffing Levels......Page 279
IX. Conclusions......Page 280
Appendix A......Page 281
SECTION V: BLUEPRINTS......Page 284
BLUEPRINTS FOR THE ASSESSMENT, TREATMENT,  AND FUTURE STUDY OF CATATONIA IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS......Page 286
I. Introduction......Page 288
A. CATATONIA-LIKE DETERIORATION......Page 289
C. SEARCH FOR CULPRIT MEDICATIONS OR OTHER SUBSTANCES......Page 291
E. ASSESSMENT OF SEVERITY INTO MILD,MODERATE, AND SEVERE......Page 292
1. Shah–Wing Approach......Page 293
2. Lorazepam Challenge Test......Page 294
5. Bilateral ECT......Page 296
C. COMMENTS......Page 297
IV. Blueprint for the Future Study of Catatonia in ASDs......Page 300
A. BLUEPRINT FOR FUTURE STUDIES IN THE CLINICAL ARENA......Page 301
B. BLUEPRINT FOR FUTURE STUDIES IN THE PRECLINICAL ARENA......Page 302
INDEX......Page 304
CONTENTS OF RECENT VOLUMES......Page 316