Catalyst Characterization Science. Surface and Solid State Chemistry

Title Page
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Half Title Page
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Copyright
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ACS Symposium Series......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 6
PdftkEmptyString......Page 0
PREFACE......Page 7
1 Arsenic Poisoning of Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts......Page 8
Experimental......Page 9
Results and Discussions......Page 11
Literature Cited......Page 19
2 A Pilot Plant Reactor-Surface Analysis System for Catalyst Studies......Page 21
Description of Apparatus......Page 22
Study of Methanol Synthesis Catalyst......Page 27
Discussion......Page 30
Literature Cited......Page 31
3 Correlation Between Spectroscopic Measurements and Catalytic Behavior of Selective Oxidation Catalysts......Page 32
In - Situ Raman Experiments......Page 33
Redox Processes and Solid State Transformations in Bismuth Molybdates......Page 34
Catalytic Behavior and Phase Composition of Bismuth-Iron Molybdates......Page 35
Identification of Functionally Discrete Oxide Ions in Bi2MoO6......Page 39
Literature Cited......Page 42
4 Application of Surface Analysis Techniques in the Study of Catalyst Systems......Page 43
Experimental......Page 44
1) Off-Axis Reaction Cell......Page 46
2) Silicon Anode X-Ray Source......Page 48
3) Application of XPS Using Silicon Anode X-Ray Source, Scanning Auger Microprobe, and Reaction Facility in a Copper/Aluminum Catalyst System......Page 52
Literature Cited......Page 62
5 Valence State of Rhenium in Reduced Bimetallic Catalysts With and Without Alkali Metals......Page 63
Experimental......Page 64
Results and Discussion......Page 65
Literature Cited......Page 71
6 Frequency Response Chemisorption Studies of Carbon Monoxide Hydrogenation Catalysts......Page 73
Background......Page 74
Experimental......Page 75
Results and Discussion......Page 76
Literature Cited......Page 84
7 Spectroscopy of Metal-Titanium Dioxide Systems......Page 85
Results......Page 86
Discussion......Page 89
Literature Cited......Page 91
8 Isotopic Tracers in Catalysis: Aromatics from n-Paraffins over Te-NaX Zeolite......Page 93
Results......Page 94
Discussion......Page 97
Acknowledgments......Page 100
Literature Cited......Page 102
9 Titanium Dioxide Single-Crystal and Powder Surfaces in the Presence and Absence of Platinum An Auger Electron Spectroscopic and Electron-Stimulated Desorption Study......Page 103
Results......Page 104
Discussion......Page 109
Literature Cited......Page 113
10 Clusters: Molecular Surfaces......Page 116
Literature Cited......Page 127
11 Iron Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts: Surface Synthesis at High Pressure......Page 129
Experimental......Page 130
Results......Page 132
Literature Cited......Page 137
12 Low-Energy Ion-Scattering Spectroscopy: Applications to Catalysts......Page 138
Qualitative Aspect of LEISS......Page 139
Quantitative Aspects of LEISS......Page 140
Applications to Catalysts......Page 142
Literature Cited......Page 148
13 X-ray Photoelectron and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Characterization of Cobalt Catalysts Reduction and Sulfidation Behavior......Page 149
Experimental......Page 150
Results and Discussion......Page 151
Literature Cited......Page 156
14 Studies of the Kinetics and Mechanisms of Ammonia Synthesis and Hydrodesulfurization on Metal Single-Crystal Surfaces......Page 158
Experimental......Page 159
Ammonia Synthesis......Page 160
The Hydrodesulfurization of Thiophene......Page 162
Conclusions......Page 166
Literature Cited......Page 168
15 Oxygen Interactions and Reactions on Palladium(100): Coadsorption Studies with C2H4, H2O, and CH3OH......Page 169
ETHYLENE ADSORPTION AND REACTION......Page 170
REACTIONS OF H2O AND OH......Page 174
METHANOL REACTIONS......Page 176
Discussion......Page 179
Literature Cited......Page 180
16 Surface Reactions on Clean Platinum and Rhodium at Low and High Pressures......Page 181
NO and NH3 Decomposition......Page 183
The NO + CO Reaction on Pt......Page 185
Summary......Page 187
Literature Cited......Page 188
17 Hydrocarbon Synthesis and Rearrangement over Clean and Chemically Modified Surfaces......Page 189
Discussion......Page 190
Kinetics of Structure Insensitive Reactions Over Clean Single Crystal Surfaces......Page 192
Kinetics Over Chemically Modified Single Crystal Surfaces......Page 194
Literature Cited......Page 201
Carbon Monoxide Adsorption on the Sulfur Modified Ni(100) Surface......Page 203
Hydrogen Sulfide Adsorption and Decomposition on the Clean and S-Covered Pt (lll) Surface......Page 204
Sequential Dehydrogenation of Methanethiol on the Pt (lll) Surface......Page 206
Ethylene Adsorption and Decomposition on Pt (lll) Surface......Page 210
Literature Cited......Page 212
19 Selective Epoxidation of Ethylene Catalyzed by Silver Mechanistic Details Revealed by Single-Crystal Studies......Page 214
Experimental......Page 215
Results and Discussion......Page 216
Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism......Page 218
The Role of Chlorine Promoters......Page 220
Mechanism......Page 223
Literature Cited......Page 224
20 Surface Structure and Reaction Dynamics in Catalysis......Page 226
Experimental......Page 227
Results......Page 228
Discussion......Page 236
Conclusions......Page 239
Literature Cited......Page 240
21 Laser-Induced Thermal Desorption with Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometric Detection......Page 242
Laser-Induced Temperature Jumps and Molecular Desorption......Page 243
FTMS and Laser Desorption Results......Page 247
Acknowledgments......Page 253
Literature Cited......Page 255
22 Structure of Bimetallic Catalysts Application of Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Studies......Page 256
Analysis of EXAFS Data......Page 257
Ruthenium-Copper and Osmium-Copper Clusters......Page 258
Rhodium-Copper Clusters......Page 264
Platinum-Iridium Clusters......Page 265
Iridium-Rhodium Clusters......Page 267
Literature Cited......Page 268
23 Surface Chemistry and Catalysis on Some Platinum-Bimetallic Catalysts......Page 270
Results......Page 271
Discussion......Page 280
Literature Cited......Page 281
24 Determination of the Atomic and Electronic Structure of Platinum Catalysts by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy......Page 283
Experimental Methods......Page 284
EXAFS Data Analysis......Page 285
Analysis of XANES Data......Page 288
Literature Cited......Page 295
25 The Effect of Support-Metal Precursor Interactions on the Surface Composition of Supported Bimetallic Clusters......Page 297
Experimental Procedures......Page 298
Results......Page 299
Discussion......Page 303
Conclusions......Page 306
Literature Cited......Page 307
26 Surface Characterization and Methanation Activity of Catalysts Derived from Binary and Ternary Intermetallics......Page 308
Physico-Chemical Characterization......Page 309
Surface and Bulk Characterization of Binary Alloys (NixSiy and NixThy)......Page 310
Correlation Between Surface Structure and CO Conversion Activity......Page 315
Literature Cited......Page 319
27 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopic Studies of Adsorption and Reaction at Metal Surfaces Correlations with Other Surface-Sensitive Techniques......Page 320
Experimental......Page 322
Literature Cited......Page 329
28 Electron Microscopy and Diffraction Techniques for the Study of Small Particles......Page 331
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)......Page 332
Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)......Page 333
Microanalysis......Page 334
Scanning reflection electron microscopy (SREM)......Page 336
Microdiffraction in a STEM instrument......Page 337
Statistical information from single crystal patterns......Page 339
Literature Cited......Page 341
29 Atomic Imaging of Particle Surfaces......Page 343
Results......Page 344
Geometric Effects......Page 347
Acknowledgments......Page 350
Literature Cited......Page 351
30 Microanalysis of a Copper-Zinc Oxide Methanol Synthesis Catalyst Precursor......Page 353
Results......Page 354
Discussion......Page 358
Literature Cited......Page 362
31 Characterization of Catalysts by Analytical Electron Microscopy......Page 363
Analytical Electron Microscopy Techniques......Page 364
Specimen Preparation......Page 366
Digital Imaging Using X-ray Signals......Page 367
Results and Discussion......Page 368
Acknowledgments......Page 372
Literature Cited......Page 374
32 Multitechnique Characterization of Supported Metals......Page 376
Experimental......Page 377
Results and discussion......Page 378
Conclusion......Page 385
Literature Cited......Page 386
33 Diffraction from Supported Metal Catalysts......Page 387
Results.......Page 389
Acknowledgments......Page 391
Literature Cited......Page 392
34 Vibrational Analysis of Adsorbed Molecules......Page 393
Principles of the Vibrational Analysis......Page 394
Electronic Structure Calculations......Page 398
Comparison Between Theory and Experiment......Page 402
Literature Cited......Page 404
35 IR Spectroscopic Characterization of Adsorbed Species and Processes on Surfaces......Page 405
Experimental Methods......Page 406
Experimental Results......Page 408
Literature Cited......Page 421
36 Computerized IR Studies of Cobalt-Molybdenum-Aluminum Oxide Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts......Page 423
Results......Page 424
Discussion......Page 431
Conclusions......Page 433
Literature Cited......Page 435
37 Fourier Transform IR Studies of Surface Adsorbates and Surface-Mediated Reactions......Page 436
Experimental Section......Page 437
Results and Discussion:......Page 440
Conclusion......Page 448
Literature Cited......Page 449
38 IR Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Silica and Aluminum Oxide......Page 450
Background......Page 451
Experimental......Page 452
Results......Page 453
Discussion......Page 460
Conclusion......Page 462
Literature Cited......Page 463
39 Carbon Monoxide Oxidation on Platinum: Coverage Dependence of the Product Internal Energy......Page 465
Literature Cited......Page 470
40 The Role of Intercalates in Heterogeneous Catalysis......Page 472
Experimental......Page 475
Results......Page 476
Literature Cited......Page 483
41 Dynamics of Benzene in X-Type Zeolites......Page 485
Results & Discussion......Page 486
Literature Cited......Page 497
42 Magnetic and Mössbauer Characterization of Iron-Zeolite and Iron and/or Ruthenium on Doped-Carbon Catalysts......Page 498
Background Information on the Principles of Magnetism and Mössbauer Spectroscopy......Page 499
The Fe and Fe-Co/Zeolite Systems......Page 504
Fe on Boron-Doped Carbons......Page 507
Fe and Fe2Ru on Carbons Using Fe3(CO)12 and Fe2Ru(CO)12......Page 513
Literature Cited......Page 516
Supplementary Literature Cited......Page 517
Theory......Page 518
Experimental......Page 522
Results/Discussion......Page 523
Summary......Page 528
Literature Cited......Page 532
44 In Situ Spectroscopic Studies of Oxygen Electrocatalysis Involving Transition Metal Macrocycles......Page 534
UV-Visible Reflectance Spectroscopy......Page 536
Mössbauer Effect Spectroscopy (MES)......Page 538
Acknowledgments......Page 544
Literature Cited......Page 548
45 IR Spectroscopy as an In Situ Probe for Molecular Structure in Electrocatalytic and Related Reaction......Page 549
Cell design......Page 550
Information accessible......Page 551
Hydrogen adsorption......Page 552
Electrocatalytic oxidations......Page 555
Bonding and interactions in adsorbed CO layers......Page 558
Molecular Adsorption......Page 561
Literature Cited......Page 563
46 Surface Spectroscopy of Platinum-Cadmium Sulfide-Perfluorosulfonate Polymer Systems......Page 565
Results and Discussion......Page 566
Literature Cited......Page 572
47 New Catalysts and New Electrolytes for Acid Fuel Cells......Page 574
New Catalysts......Page 575
Surface Chemistry of Pt − Ti Alloys......Page 576
Characterization of TiO2 Promoted Pt Catalysts......Page 577
Current Status of New Catalysts......Page 578
Literature Cited......Page 579
48 Carbonaceous Surfaces: Modification, Characterization, and Uses for Electrocatalysis......Page 581
Experimental......Page 582
Results And Discussion......Page 584
Literature Cited......Page 593
Author Index......Page 595
A......Page 597
Β......Page 598
C......Page 599
D......Page 601
Ε......Page 602
G......Page 603
H......Page 604
I......Page 605
M......Page 606
Ρ......Page 608
R......Page 610
S......Page 611
Τ......Page 613
V......Page 614
Ζ......Page 615