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دانلود کتاب Cash Crops: Genetic Diversity, Erosion, Conservation and Utilization
دانلود کتاب محصولات نقدی: تنوع ژنتیکی، فرسایش، حفاظت و استفاده
مشخصات کتاب
Cash Crops: Genetic Diversity, Erosion, Conservation and Utilization
ویرایش: نویسندگان: P.M. Priyadarshan, S. Mohan Jain سری: ISBN (شابک) : 3030749258, 9783030749255 ناشر: Springer سال نشر: 2021 تعداد صفحات: 636 [620] زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 19 Mb
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توجه داشته باشید کتاب محصولات نقدی: تنوع ژنتیکی، فرسایش، حفاظت و استفاده نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب محصولات نقدی: تنوع ژنتیکی، فرسایش، حفاظت و استفاده
محصولات نقدی برای سود پولی و نه لزوماً برای امرار معاش
کشت و فروخته می‌شوند. آنها عبارتند از قهوه، چای، نارگیل،
پنبه، جوت، بادام زمینی، کرچک، دانه کتان، کاکائو، لاستیک،
کاساوا، سویا، سیب زمینی شیرین، سیب زمینی، گندم، ذرت و تف. در
حالی که برخی از این محصولات برای تحقق پتانسیل عملکرد بهبود
یافته اند، پرورش بسیاری از آنها هنوز در مراحل اولیه است.
محصولاتی که تحت اصلاح نژادی شدید قرار گرفتند،
در نهایت به دلیل کشت گسترده با چند گونه بهبود یافته، بسیاری
از تنوع خود را از دست دادند و تنوع در گونه های کمتر پرورش
یافته باید حفظ شود. طی سال‌های گذشته، محققان و سیاست‌گذاران
به طور فزاینده‌ای از تأثیر کوتاه‌مدت و بلندمدت عوامل اقلیمی
بر پیامدهای اقتصادی، امنیت غذایی، اجتماعی و سیاسی آگاه
شده‌اند. تنوع ژنتیکی، طبیعی و القایی، برای نسل‌های آینده
بسیار مورد نیاز است تا تولید مواد غذایی را با محصولات اقلیمی
مقاوم‌تر حفظ کنند. در مقابل، یکنواختی محصول تولید شده در
مزارع مزرعه به شکل ارقام بهبود یافته از نظر ژنتیکی در برابر
تنش‌های زیستی و غیرزیستی آسیب‌پذیر است. بنابراین، پرداختن به
مسئله سازش بین به حداکثر رساندن عملکرد محصول تحت مجموعه ای از
شرایط معین و به حداقل رساندن خطر شکست محصول در هنگام تغییر
شرایط ضروری و چالش برانگیز است. محصولات نقدی در مجموعه ای از
شرایط آب و هوایی رشد می کنند. بسیاری از فقرای جهان هنوز در
مناطق روستایی زندگی می کنند. بسیاری از آنها کشاورزان امرار
معاش هستند و مزارع بسیار کوچکی را با استفاده از نهاده های
کشاورزی بسیار کمی برای دستیابی به خروجی های قابل فروش اداره
می کنند. حفظ تنوع این محصولات و پرداختن به همه مسائل مربوط به
فرهنگ زراعی از طریق ابزارهای مدرن بیوتکنولوژی و ژنومیک یک
چالش واقعی است. ما بر این باوریم که تمرکز این کتاب این است که
با ارائه دانش لازم، هر چند غیرمستقیم از طریق دانشگاهیان، نیاز
برآورده نشده این جوامع و سایر جوامع پرورش دهنده را برای
مدیریت خطرات ناشی از اصلاح محصولات نقدی از طریق مدیریت تنوع
ژنتیکی، برطرف کند.
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
Cash crops are grown and sold for monetary gain and not
necessarily for sustenance. They include coffee, tea,
coconut, cotton, jute, groundnut, castor, linseed, cocoa,
rubber, cassava, soybean, sweet potato, potato, wheat, corn
and teff. While some of these crops have been improved
for realizing yield potential, breeding of many of them is
still in infancy. Crops that underwent rigorous
breeding have eventually lost much of the diversity due to
extensive cultivation with a few improved varieties and the
diversity in less bred species is to be conserved. Over the
past years, scholars and policy makers have become
increasingly aware of the short and long-run impact of
climatic factors on economic, food security, social and
political outcomes . Genetic diversity, natural and induced,
is much needed for the future generations to sustain food
production with more climate resilient crops. In
contrast, crop uniformity produced across the farm fields in
the form of improved varieties is genetically vulnerable to
biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus, it is essential and
challenging to address the issue of compromising between
maximizing crop yield under a given set of conditions and
minimizing the risk of crop failure when conditions change.
Cash crops are grown in an array of climatic conditions. Many
of the world’s poor still live in rural areas. Many are
subsistence farmers, operating very small farms using very
little agricultural inputs for achieving marketable outputs.
Conserving the diversity of these crops and addressing
all issues of crop culture through modern tools of
biotechnology and genomics is a real challenge. We believe
the focus of this book is to fill an unmet need of this and
other grower communities by providing the necessary
knowledge, albeit indirectly via the academics, to manage the
risks of cash crops breeding through managing genetic
diversity.
فهرست مطالب
Preface Contents About the Editors Cash Crops: An Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Genetic Diversity Utilization and Exchange of Germplasm Molecular Tools and Genome Editing CGIAR Gene Banks Cacao Coffee Sugar Cane Rubber 3 Future Perspectives References Part I: Beverages Cacao 1 Origin and Botany 2 History and Modern Cultivation 3 Genetic Diversity of Cacao Wild Relatives of Cacao 4 Conservation of Wild Cacao and Landraces 5 Crop Improvement: Overview of Traits of Importance to Breeders 6 Climate Resilience 7 Disease and Pest Resistance 8 Bean Quality 9 Traditional Breeding Approaches 10 Genomic Resources 11 Modern Breeding Approaches Association Mapping Genomic Selection 12 Phenotyping Approaches 13 Conclusions and Prospects References Coffee: Genetic Diversity, Erosion, Conservation, and Utilization 1 Introduction: Origin and Spread of Coffee 2 Genetic Diversity 3 In Situ Conservation 4 Ex Situ Collections 5 Major Pests and Diseases Coffee Berry Borer: Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) Coffee Leaf Miner: Leucoptera spp. Coffee White Stem Borer: Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat Coffee Leaf Rust: Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley and Broome Coffee Berry Disease: Colletotrichum kahawae Bridge and Waller 6 Genetics of Coffee Quality 7 Breeding Approaches 8 Impacts of Climate Change 9 Future Prospects and Conclusions References Part II: Industrial Crops Origin, Genetic Diversity, Conservation, and Traditional and Molecular Breeding Approaches in Sugarcane 1 Origin of Sugarcane 2 Genetic Diversity 3 Ex Situ and In Situ Germplasm Collections of the Saccharum Group 4 Wild Cane Saccharum spontaneum for Biotic and Abiotic Resilience 5 Traditional Breeding Approach 6 Biotechnology Tools Omic Approaches and Databases Molecular Markers for Disease Resistance Genetic Diversity Studies Genetic Maps, QTL Mapping, and GWAS Analysis New Breeding Techniques Transgenic Sugarcane Genome Editing In Vitro Multiplication 7 Conclusions and Prospects References Genic Conservation and Genetic Improvement of Hevea brasiliensis 1 Introduction 2 Introduction of Rubber to South East Asia 3 Narrow Genetic Base 4 Addition of New Amazonian Germplasm 5 Nuclear vs. Cytoplasmic Genetic Diversity Potentiality of Organelle Genome 6 Perspectives for New Germplasm 7 Genic Diversity and Clone Development 8 Molecular Advances in Hevea Research Saturated Genetic Linkage Mapping and QTLs Transcriptome Studies by High-Throughput Sequencing 9 Genome Sequencing 10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Breeding and Biotechnology of Jute 1 Introduction 2 Origin of Cultivated Corchorus Species 3 Germplasm Diversity in Cultivated and Wild Relatives 4 Application of Molecular Markers 5 Transcriptomics of Jute 6 Retention of Diversity in Land Races 7 Disease and Insect Pest Resistance 8 End-Use Quality and Nutritional Quality Nutritional Quality 9 Conventional Breeding Approaches 10 Jute Fibre at Commercial Level 11 Conclusions and Future Outlook References Part III: Oil Seeds Conservation and Utilization of Genetic Diversity in Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) 1 Introduction 2 Origin 3 Diversity 4 Germplasm Collection and Conservation Complementary Conservation Strategies Embryo Culture Cryopreservation Tissue Culture 5 Crop Improvement Traditional Breeding Approaches Selection Hybridization Breeding for Specific Traits Drought Tolerance and Climate Resilience Studies Cold Tolerance Insect Resistance Eriophyid Mite (Aceria guerroronis Keifer) Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) Coconut Scale Insect Disease Resistance Root (Wilt) Disease Lethal Yellowing Phytophthoral Diseases Stem Bleeding Leaf Spot and Leaf Blight Nut Water Quality Novel Traits 6 Genomic Resources Molecular Markers Biochemical Markers DNA-Based Markers Linkage Mapping and Identification of QTLs Multiomics Approaches (Genomics and Transcriptomics) Discovery of Gene(s) Coconut Genome Transcriptome Analysis Transformation Studies 7 Conclusion and Perspectives References Oil Palm 1 Origin of the Oil Palm 2 Diversity of the Oil Palm The African Oil Palm The American Oil Palm The Interspecific Hybrids 3 Genetic Diversity and Conservation of Genetic Resources 4 Ex Situ and In Situ Collections 5 Improvement and Climate Resilience 6 Disease Resistance 7 Nutritional Quality 8 Traditional Breeding Approaches 9 Genomic Resources 10 Somaclonal Variation 11 Modern Breeding Approaches Micropropagation Marker-Assisted Selection Genome-Wide Association Mapping Genomic Selection 12 Phenotyping Approaches Including High-Throughput Phenotyping 13 Avenues for Future Research References Genetic Resources of Brassicas 1 Introduction 2 Taxonomy Tribe Brassiceae Brassica coenospecies 3 Origin of Crop Brassica Species B. nigra Brassica oleracea Brassica rapa Brassica carinata Brassica juncea Brassica napus Origin of the Word Brassica, Mustard, and Sarson 4 Landraces of Brassica and Their Conservation 5 Ex Situ Conservation of Brassica Genetic Resources Ex Situ Conservation of Brassica Globally Collection and Conservation of Brassica Genetic Resource in India 6 In Situ Conservation of Brassica Species 7 Wild Species of Brassica and Allied Genera as a Source of Agronomic Traits 8 Crop Improvement in Rapeseed-Mustard: Indian Perspective Varietal Development in Rapeseed-Mustard Hybrid Development in Rapeseed-Mustard 9 Quality Improvement of Rapeseed-Mustard in India 10 Conclusion and Prospects References Part IV: Pulses Genetic Resources of Groundnut 1 Introduction 2 Nutritional Qualities Carbohydrates Oil and Fatty Acids Protein and Amino Acids Minerals Bioactive or Functional Compounds Sterols Tocopherols and Other Vitamins Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity Anti-nutritional Compounds Allergens Phytic Acid Other Antinutrients 3 Systematics, Centres of Origin and Diversity 4 Species Diversity Centres of Diversity Gene Pools Karyology Molecular Variability 5 Ex Situ and In Situ Collections of Germplasm 6 Core and Mini-core Collections 7 Crop Improvement Targeted Traits Resistance/Tolerance to Stress Drought Quality Attributes 8 Genomics Genomic Resources Developed Genomics-Assisted Breeding 9 Conclusions References Lentil Gene Pool for Breeding 1 Introduction 2 Origin 3 Diversity of Wild Relatives and Progenitors 4 Genetic Diversity in Landraces and Their Conservation 5 Ex Situ and In Situ Collections of the Species 6 Crop Improvement and Climate Resilience and Herbicide Resistance Lentil Adaptation to Abiotic Constraints Parasitic and Nonparasitic Weeds and Herbicide Tolerance 7 Disease Resistance and Insect Pest Resistance 8 End Use and Nutritional Quality Nutritional Value of Lentil Nutritional Elements of Lentil Anti-nourishing Agents of Lentil Protein and Starch Inhibitors 9 Classical Breeding Approaches Key Issues in Classical Lentil Breeding The Optimum Plant Density in Single-Plant Selection Conventional Methods for Multiple Trait Breeding 10 Induced Genetic Diversity Induction of Genetic Variability Induction of New Genetic Variation Through Wide Hybridization Mutation Breeding Chemical Mutagenesis Radiation Induction of Genetic Variability Through In Vitro Culture Techniques 11 Genomic Resources 12 Modern Breeding Approaches 13 Phenotyping Approaches Including High-Throughput Phenotyping 14 Conclusions and Future Prospects References Part V: Fruits and Nuts Date Palm Genetic Resources for Breeding 1 Introduction 2 Date Palm Husbandry 3 Conservation of Genetic Diversity In Situ Conservation Ex Situ Conservation Date Palm Field Gene Bank In Vitro Conservation of Date Palm Preservation by Slow Growth Cryopreservation Date Palm DNA Banking GIS in Date Palm Conservation Allelic Richness via GIS–Molecular Combined Approach: Wild Date Palm in South-Central Coastal Bangladesh as a Case Study 4 Breeding of Date Palm Utilization of Genetic Variation Varietal Characterization of Date Palm Gene-Based Characterization Sex Determination of Date Palm Advancements in Biotechnologies Organogenesis Somatic Embryogenesis Haploid Breeding of Date Palm Protoplast Culture of Date Palm Cryopreservation 5 Conclusions and Prospects References Genetic Diversity for Breeding Tomato 1 Origin 2 Economic Value 3 Systematics and Diversity 4 Genetic Diversity in Landraces and Heirloom Varieties 5 In Situ and Ex Situ Collections 6 Genomic Resources and Application of Molecular Markers 7 Breeding Strategies Heterosis Breeding Induced Genetic Diversity Modern Breeding Methods 8 Conclusions and Prospects References Genetic Diversity of Cashew 1 Origin and Domestication 2 Diversity, Wild Relatives and Progenitors 3 Genetic Diversity in Landraces 4 Ex Situ and In Situ Collections 5 Climate Resilience and Herbicide Resistance 6 Disease and Pest Resistance 7 End-Use Quality and Nutritional Quality 8 Traditional Breeding Approaches 9 Genomic Resources Molecular Markers Genome Sequencing 10 Induced Genetic Diversity (Mutation Breeding, Soma Clonal Variation, Etc) 11 Modern Breeding Approaches: Marker-Assisted Selection, Genome-Wide Association Mapping and Genomic Selection 12 Phenotyping Approaches Including High-Throughput Phenotyping 13 Conclusions and Perspectives References Part VI: Spices Genetic Resources of Small Cardamom 1 Introduction 2 History and Trade 3 Origin and Distribution 4 Climatic Conditions 5 Diversity, Including Crop Wild Relatives and Progenitors Var. Malabar Var. Mysore Var. Vazhukka Other Varieties The Sri Lankan Wild Cardamom (E. ensal (Gaertn) Abeyw) Allied Species and Their Occurrence 6 Released Varieties Including Selections and Hybrids Genetic Diversity in Landraces 7 Genetic Resources of Cardamom and Its Conservation Cardamom Germplasm In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation in Cardamom In Vitro Conservation Cryo-Conservation Collection and Cataloguing of Germplasm Data 8 Studies on Genetic Variability 9 Plant Propagation and Cultivation Practices 10 Traditional Breeding Selection Selection for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance Hybridization Polyploidy Mutation Breeding 11 Biotechnological Approaches Micropropagation 12 Modern Breeding Approaches Genetic Transformation Molecular Marker Studies 13 Conclusions and Future Prospects References Index
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