Cases and Concepts in Comparative Politics: An Integrated Approach (First Edition)

CASES AND CONCEPTS IN COMPARATIVE POLITICS
	TITLE PAGE
	COPYRIGHT
	BRIEF CONTENTS
	CONTENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
PREFACE
WORLD IN COMPARISON
MAP OF THE WORLD
1.
INTRODUCTION
	What Is Comparative Politics?
		The Comparative Method
		Can We Make a Science of Comparative Politics?
	A Guiding Concept: Political Institutions
	A Guiding Ideal: Reconciling Freedom and Equality
	INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: CAN WE MAKE A SCIENCE OF POLITICS?
	In Sum: Looking Ahead and Thinking Carefully
2.
STATES
	Defining the State
	COMPARING REGIME CHANGE IN FRANCE, SOUTH AFRICA, AND RUSSIA
	The Origins of Political Organization
	The Rise of the Modern State
	COMPARING THE CONSOLIDATION OF STATES
	Comparing State Power
		Legitimacy
		Centralization or Decentralization
	CENTRALIZATION AND DECENTRALIZATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM,
THE UNITED STATES, AND INDIA
		Power, Autonomy, and Capacity
	INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: WHY HAS PAKISTAN SLID TOWARD STATE FAILURE?
	In Sum: Studying States
3.
NATIONS AND SOCIETY
	Ethnic Identity
	RACE IN BRAZIL AND SOUTH AFRICA
	National Identity
	Citizenship and Patriotism
	Ethnic Identity, National Identity, and Citizenship: Origins and
Persistence
		Ethnic and National Conflict
	Political Attitudes and Political Ideology
		Political Attitudes
		Political Ideology
	WHY HAS THE UNITED STATES RESISTED SOCIAL DEMOCRACY?
	Religion, Fundamentalism, and the Crisis of Identity
	Political Culture
	INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: HOW HAS INDIA HELD TOGETHER?
	In Sum: Society and Politics
4.
POLITICAL ECONOMY
	The Components of Political Economy
		Markets and Property
		Public Goods
	OIL AS A PUBLIC GOOD IN NIGERIA, RUSSIA, IRAN, MEXICO
		Social Expenditures: Who Benefits?
		Taxation
		Money, Inflation, and Economic Growth
		Regulation
		Trade
	Political-Economic Systems
		Liberalism
		Social Democracy
		Communism
		Mercantilism
	THE TRADE-OFFS OF MERCANTILISM IN JAPAN AND CHINA
	Political-Economic Systems and the State: Comparing
Outcomes
		Measuring Wealth
		Measuring Inequality and Poverty
		Human Development Index (HDI)
	POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN THE SOVIET UNION AND RUSSIA
		Happiness
	The Rise and Fall of Liberalism?
	INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: WHY HAVE POVERTY AND INEQUALITY DECLINED IN
LATIN AMERICA?
	In Sum: A New Economic Era?
5.
POLITICAL VIOLENCE
	What Is Political Violence?
	Why Political Violence?
		Institutional Explanations
		Ideational Explanations
		Individual Explanations
	Comparing Explanations of Political Violence
	Forms of Political Violence
		Revolution
	CAUSES OF REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA AND CHINA
		Terrorism
	Terrorism and Revolution: Means and Ends
	Political Violence and Religion
	TERRORISM OR HATE CRIME? POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN AMERICA
	Countering Political Violence
	INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: WHY DID THE ARAB SPRING OF 2011 OCCUR?
	In Sum: Meeting the Challenge of Political Violence
6.
DEMOCRATIC REGIMES
	Defining Democracy
	Origins of Democracy
	Contemporary Democratization
		Modernization and Democratization
		Elites and Democratization
		Society and Democratization
		International Relations and Democratization
		Culture and Democratization
	Institutions of the Democratic State
		Executives: Head of State and Head of Government
		Legislatures: Unicameral and Bicameral
		Judiciaries and Judicial Review
	Models of Democracy: Parliamentary, Presidential,
and Semi-Presidential Systems
		Parliamentary Systems
		Presidential Systems
		Semi-Presidential Systems
	Parliamentary, Presidential, and Semi-Presidential Systems:
Benefits and Drawbacks
	PRESIDENTIALISM IN BRAZIL: A BLESSING OR A CURSE?
	Political Parties
	Electoral Systems
	DO ELECTORAL SYSTEMS MATTER? THE UNITED KINGDOM, UKIP, AND THE SNP
	Referendum and Initiative
	REFERENDA IN FRANCE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
	INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: WHAT EXPLAINS DEMOCRATIZATION IN ASIA?
	Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
	In Sum: Future Challenges to Democracy
7.
DEVELOPED DEMOCRACIES
	Defining Developed Democracy
	MEXICO’S TRANSITION TO A MIDDLE-CLASS SOCIETY
	Freedom and Equality in Developed Democracies
	Contemporary Challenges for Developed Democracies
	Political Institutions: Sovereignty Transformed?
		The European Union: Integration, Expansion, and Resistance
		Devolution and Democracy
	Societal Institutions: New Identities in Formation?
		Postmodern Values and Organization
		Diversity, Identity, and the Challenge to Postmodern Values
	Economic Institutions: A New Market?
		Postindustrialism
		Maintaining the Welfare State
	DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN GERMANY, JAPAN, AND THE UNITED STATES
	INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: WHAT EXPLAINS THE GREEK ECONOMIC CRISIS?
	In Sum: Developed Democracies in Transition
UNITED KINGDOM
	Why Study This Case?
	Historical Development of the State
		Early Development
		Emergence of the Modern British State
		Empire and Industrialization
		Gradual Democratization
		Postwar Politics, National Identity, and State
Sovereignty
	Political Regime
		Political Institutions
		The Branches of Government
		The Electoral System
		Local Government
	Political Conflict and Competition
		The Party System
		Elections
		Civil Society
	Society
		Class Identity
		Ethnic and National Identity
		Ideology and Political Culture
	Political Economy
	Current Issues in the United Kingdom
		Scotland’s Bid for Independence
		Brexit
UNITED STATES
	Why Study This Case?
	Historical Development of the State
		America and the Arrival of the European Colonizers
		The Revolution and the Birth of a New State
		Consolidation of a Democratic Republic and Debate over the Role
of the State
		The Move West and Expansion of the State
		Civil War and the Threat to Unity
		The Progressive Era and the Growth of State Power
		The Great Depression and the New Deal
		The Civil Rights Movement
	Political Regime
		Political Institutions
		The Branches of Government
		The Electoral System
		Local Government
	Political Conflict and Competition
		The Party System
		Elections
		Civil Society
	Society
		Ethnic and National Identity
		Ideology and Political Culture
	Political Economy
	Current Issues in the United States
		Immigration, Cultural Diversity, and U.S. National Identity
		A Dysfunctional Democracy? Political Polarization in the United States
FRANCE
	Why Study This Case?
	Historical Development of the State
		Absolutism and the Consolidation of the Modern French State
		The French Revolution, Destruction of the Aristocracy, and Extension
of State Power
		The Return to Absolutism in Postrevolutionary France
		Democratization and the Weak Regimes of the Third and
Fourth Republics
		The Recovery of State Power and Democratic Stability under
the Fifth Republic
	Political Regime
		Political Institutions
		The Branches of Government
		The Electoral System
		Referenda
		Local Government
	Political Conflict and Competition
		The Party System and Elections
		Civil Society
	Society
		Ethnic and National Identity
		Ideology and Political Culture
	Political Economy
	Current Issues in France
		Challenges to French National Identity and the Rise
of the Nationalist Right
		The Future of the French Welfare State
GERMANY
	Why Study This Case?
	Historical Development of the State
		The Absence of a Strong Central State during the Holy Roman Empire,
800–1806
		Unification of the German State, the Rise of Prussia, and the Second Reich,
1806–1918
		Political Polarization and the Breakdown of Democracy during the Weimar
Republic, 1919–33
		Fascist Totalitarianism under the Third Reich, 1933–45
		Foreign Occupation and the Division of the German State, 1945–49
		Reunification of the German State, 1990–Present
	Political Regime
		Political Institutions
		The Branches of Government
		The Electoral System
		Local Government
	Political Conflict and Competition
		The Party System
		Elections
		Civil Society
	Society
		Ethnic and National Identity
		Ideology and Political Culture
	Political Economy
	Current Issues in Germany
		The Politics of Germany’s Energy Future
		Germany’s Immigration Dilemma
JAPAN
	Why Study This Case?
	Historical Development of the State
		Premodern Japan: Adapting Chinese Institutions
		Tokugawa Shogunate: Centralized Feudalism
		Meiji Restoration: Revolution from Above
		The Militarist Era: Imperial Expansion and Defeat
		U.S. Occupation: Reinventing Japan
	Political Regime
		Political Institutions
		The Branches of Government
		The Electoral System
		Local Government
		Other Institutions
	Political Conflict and Competition
		The Party System and Elections
		Civil Society
	Society
		Ethnic and National Identity
		Ideology and Political Culture
	Political Economy
	Current Issues in Japan
		3/11: Japan’s Triple Tragedy
		Territorial Tempests
8.
NONDEMOCRATIC REGIMES
	Defining Nondemocratic Rule
	Totalitarianism and Nondemocratic Rule
	TOTALITARIANISM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
	Origins and Sources of Nondemocratic Rule
		Modernization and Nondemocratic Rule
		Elites and Nondemocratic Rule
		Society and Nondemocratic Rule
		International Relations and Nondemocratic Rule
		Culture and Nondemocratic Rule
	Nondemocratic Regimes and Political Control
		Coercion and Surveillance
		Co-optation: Corporatism and Clientelism
		Personality Cults
	Models of Nondemocratic Rule
		Personal and Monarchical Rule
		Military Rule
	BACK TO THE BARRACKS? MILITARY RULE IN BRAZIL AND NIGERIA
		One-Party Rule
		Theocracy
	IRANIAN THEOCRACY: TOTALITARIAN, AUTHORITARIAN, OR ILLIBERAL?
		Illiberal Regimes
	In Sum: Retreat or Retrenchment for Nondemocratic Regimes?
	INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: WHAT EXPLAINS THE DIFFERENT PATHS OF ZIMBABWE
AND SOUTH AFRICA?
9.
COMMUNISM AND POSTCOMMUNISM
	Communism, Equality, and the Nature of Human Relations
	Revolution and the “Triumph” of Communism
	Putting Communism into Practice
	Communist Political Economy
	Societal Institutions under Communism
	The Collapse of Communism
	The Transformation of Political Institutions
		Reorganizing the State and Constructing a Democratic Regime
		Evaluating Political Transitions
	GERMAN UNIFICATION AND THE LEGACIES OF DIVISION
	The Transformation of Economic Institutions
		Privatization and Marketization
		Evaluating Economic Transitions
	The Transformation of Societal Institutions
		Changing Identities
		Evaluating Societal Transitions
	COMMUNISM AND DEMOCRACY IN INDIA
	INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: WHY DID REFORM FAIL IN THE SOVIET UNION BUT SUCCEED IN CHINA?
	In Sum: The Legacy of Communism
RUSSIA
	Why Study This Case?
	Historical Development of the State
		Religion, Foreign Invasion, and the Emergence of a Russian State
		The Seeds of Revolution
		The Russian Revolution under Lenin
		Stalinism, Terror, and the Totalitarian State
		Stability and Stagnation after Stalin
		The Failure of Reform and the Collapse of the Soviet State
	Political Regime
		Political Institutions
		The Branches of Government
		The Electoral System
		Local Government
	Political Conflict and Competition
		The Party System and Elections
		Civil Society
	Society
		Ethnic and National Identity
		Ideology and Political Culture
	Political Economy
	Current Issues in Russia
		Russia and Central Asia: A New “Silk Road” or the Old “Great Game\"?
		Russia’s Demographic Future
CHINA
	Why Study This Case?
	Historical Development of the State
		Centralization and Dynastic Rule
		Foreign Imperialism
		The Erosion of Central Authority: Civil War and Foreign Invasion
		Establishment and Consolidation of a Communist Regime
		Experimentation and Chaos under Mao
		Reform and Opening after Mao
	Political Regime
		Political Institutions
		Communist Party Institutions and Organs
		The Branches of Government
		Local Government
		Other Institutions
	Political Conflict and Competition
		The Party System
		Civil Society
	Society
		Ethnic and National Identity
		Ideology and Political Culture
	Political Economy
		State Capitalism and Foreign Investment
		China’s Growth Model Brings Challenges
	Current Issues in China
		Can Polluted China Go Green?
		China’s Developmental Model and the Problem of Corruption
10.
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
	Freedom and Equality in the Developing World
	Imperialism and Colonialism
	Institutions of Imperialism
		Exporting the State
		Social Identities
		Dependent Development
	The Challenges of Post-Imperialism
		Building State Capacity and Autonomy
	COUNTING THE COSTS OF CORRUPTION
		Creating Nations and Citizens
		Generating Economic Growth
	INEQUALITY, STATES, AND MARKETS IN SOUTH AFRICA
	Puzzles and Prospects for Democracy and Development
		Making a More Effective State
		Developing Political Engagement
		Promoting Economic Prosperity
	INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: WHY DID ASIA INDUSTRIALIZE FASTER THAN
LATIN AMERICA?
	In Sum: The Challenges of Development
INDIA
	Why Study This Case?
	Historical Development of the State
		Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam
		British Colonialism
		The Independence Movement
		Independence
		A Nehru Dynasty
		Coalition Governments
	Political Regime
		Political Institutions
		The Branches of Government
		The Electoral System
		Local Government
	Political Conflict and Competition
		The Party System
		Elections
		Civil Society
	Society
		Ethnic and National Identity
		Ideology and Political Culture
	Political Economy
	Current Issues in India
		The Politics of Rape
		Anti-Graft Campaign and the Common Man Party
IRAN
	Why Study This Case?
	Historical Development of the State
		The Persian Legacy and the Islamic Empire
		Dynastic Rule and the Adoption of Shiism
		Failed Reforms and the Erosion of Sovereignty
		Consolidation of Power under the Pahlavi Dynasty
		The Nationalist Challenge under Mosaddeq and the U.S. Response
		Authoritarianism and Modernization during the White Revolution
		Opposition to the Shah and the Iranian Revolution
		The Consolidation of an Islamic Republic
	Political Regime
		Political Institutions
		The Branches of Government
		The Electoral System
		Local Government
		Other Institutions
	Political Conflict and Competition
		The Challenges of Political Reform
		Civil Society
	Society
		Ethnic and National Identity
		Ideology and Political Culture
	Political Economy
	Current Issues in Iran
		The Nuclear Program
		Alcohol and Drugs in the Islamic Republic
MEXICO
	Why Study This Case?
	Historical Development of the State
		Independence and Instability: The Search for Order
		The Porfiriato: Economic Liberalism and Political Authoritarianism
		The Revolution
		Stability Achieved: The PRI in Power, 1929–2000
		The Slow Erosion of PRI Power, 1980–2000
	Political Regime
		Political Institutions
		The Branches of Government
		The Electoral System
		Local Government
	Political Conflict and Competition
		The Party System
		Elections
		Civil Society
	Society
		Ethnic and National Identity
		Ideology and Political Culture
	Political Economy
		Dimensions of the Economy
		Economic Crises in the Twilight of PRI Authoritarianism
		NAFTA and Globalization
		Economic Policies and Issues
		The Battle over Oil
	Current Issues in Mexico
		Mexico’s Drug War: Can the Mexican State Contain Organized Crime?
		Migration
BRAZIL
	Why Study This Case?
	Historical Development of the State
		The Reluctant Colony
		The Gold and Diamond Boom and the Rise of Brazil
		The Peaceful Creation of an Independent Brazilian State
		Republicanism and the Continuation of Oligarchic Democracy
		Getúlio Vargas and the New State
		The Democratic Experiment: Mass Politics in the Second Republic
		Breakdown of Democracy and Militarization of the State
		Gradual Democratization and the Military’s Return to Barracks
	Political Regime
		Political Institutions
		The Branches of Government
		The Electoral System
		Local Government
		Other Institutions
	Political Conflict and Competition
		The Party System and Elections
		Civil Society
	Society
		Ethnic and National Identity
		Ideology and Political Culture
	Political Economy
	Current Issues in Brazil
		Economic Inequality and Crime
		Political Corruption
SOUTH AFRICA
	Why Study This Case?
	Historical Development of the State
		Dutch Rule
		Boer Migration
		Defeat of the Afrikaners in the Boer Wars
		The Renaissance of Afrikaner Power
		The Apartheid Era
		The Building of Apartheid and the Struggle against It
		Transition to Democracy
	Political Regime
		Political Institutions
		The Branches of Government
		The Electoral System
		Local Government
	Political Conflict and Competition
		The Party System and Elections
		Civil Society
	Society
		Racism in the Rainbow Nation
		Ethnic and National Identity
		Education as a Source of Inequality
		Ideology and Political Culture
	Political Economy
	Current Issues In South Africa
		Crime and Corruption
		The Devastation of HIV/AIDS
NIGERIA
	Why Study This Case?
	Historical Development of the State
		Islam and the Nigerian North
		European Imperialism
		Independence, Conflict, and Civil War
		The Military Era
	Political Regime
		Political Institutions
		The Branches of Government
		The Electoral System
		Local Government
		Other Institutions
	Political Conflict and Competition
		The Party System
		Elections
		Civil Society
	Society
		Ethnic and National Identity
		Ideology and Political Culture
	Political Economy
	Current Issues in Nigeria
		Boko Haram
		Oil and the Niger Delta
11.
GLOBALIZATION AND THE FUTURE OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS
	What Is Globalization?
	Institutions and Globalization
	Political Globalization
	Economic Globalization
	NAFTA, THE TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP, AND THE FUTURE OF FREE TRADE
	Societal Globalization
	Taking Stock of Globalization
		Is Globalization New?
		Is Globalization Exaggerated?
	GLOBALIZATION AND THE FUTURE OF IRAN
	INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: DID GLOBALIZATION CAUSE ECONOMIC RECESSION?
		Is Globalization Inevitable?
	In Sum: The Future of Freedom and Equality
NOTES
GLOSSARY/INDEX
WEB LINKS
FURTHER READINGS
CREDITS