Cardiovascular physiology

Front Cover......Page 1
Series Page......Page 3
Cardiovascular\nPhysiology......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Preface\n......Page 7
Contents\n......Page 8
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM......Page 14
BLOOD......Page 18
CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIALS CONSIST OF SEVERAL PHASES......Page 24
CONDUCTION IN CARDIAC FIBERS DEPENDS ON LOCAL CIRCUIT CURRENTS......Page 38
CARDIAC EXCITABILITY DEPENDS ON THE ACTIVATION AND INACTIVATION OF SPECIFIC CURRENTS......Page 40
THE HEART GENERATES ITS OWN PACEMAKING ACTIVITY......Page 44
AN IMPULSE CAN TRAVEL AROUND A REENTRY LOOP......Page 54
AFTERDEPOLARIZATIONS LEAD TO TRIGGERED ACTIVITY......Page 55
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY DISPLAYS THE SPREAD OF CARDIAC EXCITATION......Page 57
DYSRHYTHMIAS OCCUR FREQUENTLY AND CONSTITUTE IMPORTANT CLINICAL PROBLEMS......Page 60
THE GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES OF THE HEART ARE UNIQUELY DESIGNED FOR OPTIMAL FUNCTION......Page 68
THE FORCE OF CARDIAC CONTRACTION IS DETERMINED BY EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING AND THE INITIAL SARCOMERE LENGTH OF THE MYOCAR.........Page 76
THE SEQUENTIAL CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION OF THE ATRIA AND VENTRICLES CONSTITUTE THE CARDIAC CYCLE......Page 82
THE PRESSURE-VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS IN THE INTACT HEART......Page 88
THE FICK PRINCIPLE IS USED TO DETERMINE CARDIAC OUTPUT......Page 92
HEART RATE IS CONTROLLED MAINLY BY THE AUTONOMIC NERVES......Page 104
MYOCARDIAL PERFORMANCE IS REGULATED BY INTRINSIC MECHANISMS......Page 115
MYOCARDIAL PERFORMANCE IS REGULATED BY NERVOUS AND HUMORAL FACTORS......Page 123
VELOCITY OF THE BLOODSTREAM DEPENDS ON BLOOD FLOW AND VASCULAR AREA......Page 132
BLOOD FLOW DEPENDS ON THE PRESSURE GRADIENT......Page 133
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRESSURE AND FLOW DEPENDS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONDUITS......Page 135
RESISTANCE TO FLOW......Page 138
FLOW MAY BE LAMINAR OR TURBULENT......Page 140
SHEAR STRESS ON THE VESSEL WALL......Page 141
RHEOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF BLOOD......Page 142
THE HYDRAULIC FILTER CONVERTS PULSATILE FLOW TO STEADY FLOW......Page 148
ARTERIAL ELASTICITY COMPENSATES FOR THE INTERMITTENT FLOW DELIVERED BY THE HEART......Page 150
THE ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE IS DETERMINED BY PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS......Page 153
THE PRESSURE CURVES CHANGE IN ARTERIES AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES FROM THE HEART......Page 160
BLOOD PRESSURE IS MEASURED BY A SPHYGMOMANOMETER IN HUMAN PATIENTS......Page 161
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY......Page 166
THE ENDOTHELIUM PLAYS AN ACTIVE ROLE IN REGULATING THE MICROCIRCULATION......Page 169
THE ENDOTHELIUM IS AT THE CENTER OF FLOW-INITIATED MECHANOTRANSDUCTION......Page 170
THE ENDOTHELIUM PLAYS A PASSIVE ROLE IN TRANSCAPILLARY EXCHANGE......Page 171
THE LYMPHATICS RETURN THE FLUID AND SOLUTES THAT ESCAPE THROUGH THE ENDOTHELIUM TO THE CIRCULATING BLOOD......Page 180
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART AND LARGE BLOOD VESSELS......Page 184
CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION OF ARTERIOLAR VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE REGULATE PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW......Page 185
INTRINSIC CONTROL OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW......Page 192
EXTRINSIC CONTROL OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW IS MEDIATED MAINLY BY THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 196
BALANCE BETWEEN EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC FACTORS IN REGULATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW......Page 204
FACTORS CONTROLLING CARDIAC OUTPUT......Page 208
THE CARDIAC FUNCTION CURVE RELATES CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE (PRELOAD) TO CARDIAC OUTPUT......Page 209
THE VASCULAR FUNCTION CURVE RELATES CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE TO CARDIAC OUTPUT......Page 213
THE HEART AND VASCULATURE ARE COUPLED FUNCTIONALLY......Page 220
THE RIGHT VENTRICLE REGULATES NOT ONLY PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW BUT ALSO CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE......Page 224
HEART RATE HAS AMBIVALENT EFFECTS ON CARDIAC OUTPUT......Page 227
ANCILLARY FACTORS AFFECT THE VENOUS SYSTEM AND CARDIAC OUTPUT......Page 229
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE CORONARY VESSELS......Page 236
CORONARY BLOOD FLOW IS REGULATED BY PHYSICAL, NEURAL, AND METABOLIC FACTORS......Page 238
DIMINISHED CORONARY BLOOD FLOW IMPAIRS CARDIAC FUNCTION......Page 243
ENERGY SUBSTRATE METABOLISM DURING ISCHEMIA......Page 244
CORONARY COLLATERAL VESSELS DEVELOP IN RESPONSE TO IMPAIRMENT OF CORONARY BLOOD FLOW......Page 246
CUTANEOUS CIRCULATION......Page 250
SKELETAL MUSCLE CIRCULATION......Page 253
CEREBRAL CIRCULATION......Page 256
THE PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CIRCULATIONS ARE IN SERIES WITH EACH OTHER......Page 258
THE RENAL CIRCULATION AFFECTS THE CARDIAC OUTPUT......Page 263
THE SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION PROVIDES BLOOD FLOW TO THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, LIVER, SPLEEN, AND PANCREAS......Page 267
FETAL CIRCULATION......Page 270
13 - INTERPLAY OF CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL FACTORS THAT CONTROL THE CIRCULATION......Page 276
EXERCISE......Page 277
HEMORRHAGE......Page 282
CASE 5-1......Page 292
CASE 9-1......Page 293
CASE 13-2......Page 294
Index\n......Page 296