Cardiovascular imaging

Volume 1
	Front cover
	Half title page
	Cardiovascular Imaging
	Copyright page
	Dedication
	Contributors
	Preface
	Table of contents
	PART ONE: An Introduction to the Heart
		Chapter 1: Embryologic Basis and Segmental Approach to Imaging of Congenital Heart Disease
			CARDIAC EMBRYOLOGY
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 2: Cardiac Anatomy
			NORMAL ANATOMY
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 3: Coronary Anatomy
			CORONARY ARTERIES
			NORMAL CORONARY ARTERY ANATOMY
			NORMAL VARIANTS OF CORONARY ARTERIAL ANATOMY
			CORONARY ARTERY SEGMENTAL ANATOMY
			CORONARY VENOUS ANATOMY
			CONCLUSION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 4: Physiology of the Heart
			CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
			MYOCARDIAL AND VALVULAR FUNCTION
			ATHEROSCLEROTIC CORONARY DISEASE
			MYOCARDIAL DISEASE
			PHYSIOLOGY OF DIASTOLE
			PERICARDIAL DISEASE
			VALVULAR DYSFUNCTION
			CONCLUSION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
	PART TWO: Cardiac Imaging Techniques
		Chapter 5: Radiology of the Heart:
			INTRODUCTION
			NORMAL AND ABNORMAL CARDIAC BORDERS
			MEASURING CARDIAC SIZE
			PERICARDIUM
			NORMAL PULMONARY VASCULATURE
			CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE (CHD) IN THE ADULT
			ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE
			ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
			COMPLICATIONS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
			THE CARDIOMYOPATHIES
			INTENSIVE CARE IMAGING
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 6: Echocardiography
			INTRODUCTION
			DESCRIPTION OF TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			ENDOCARDITIS
			CARDIOMYOPATHIES
			PERICARDIAL DISEASES
			CARDIAC MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC ILLNESSES
			TUMORS AND MASSES
			DISEASES OF THE AORTA
			TISSUE DOPPLER AND STRAIN IMAGING
			SUGGESTED READING
			REFERENCES
		TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
		TECHNIQUE
		TECHNIQUE DESCRIPTION
		ANGIOGRAPHIC VIEWS
		PITFALLS AND SOLUTIONS
		IMAGE INTERPRETATION
		SUGGESTED READING
		REFERENCES
		Chapter 8: Physics of Cardiac Computed Tomography
			CARDIAC IMAGING REQUIREMENTS
			IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR OPTIMIZED TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
			TECHNICAL PRINCIPLES OF CARDIAC IMAGE ACQUISITION
			NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN CARDIAC CT IMAGING
			SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 9: Clinical Techniques of Cardiac Computed Tomography
			PATIENT PREPARATION
			SCANNING TECHNIQUE
			POSTPROCEDURAL CONSIDERATIONS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 10: Radiation Dose Reduction Strategies in Cardiac Computed Tomography
			TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			TECHNIQUE TO REDUCE X-RAY TUBE CURRENT
			TECHNIQUE TO REDUCE TUBE VOLTAGE
			TECHNIQUE TO SHORTEN SCAN LENGTH
			TECHNIQUE TO INCREASE BEAM PITCH (FOR HELICAL SCANNING)
			TECHNIQUE TO INCREASE BEAM FILTRATION
			TECHNIQUE TO INCREASE RECONSTRUCTED SLICE THICKNESS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 11: Contrast Agents and Medications in Cardiac Computed Tomography
			TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			TECHNIQUES
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 12: Image Postprocessing in Cardiac Computed Tomography
			TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			TECHNIQUE
			CONCLUSION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 13: Methods for Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
			TEMPORAL RESOLUTION AND SPATIAL RESOLUTION
			APPLICATION-SPECIFIC CARDIAC MRI METHODS
			ACCELERATED CARDIAC MRI
			Suggested Readings
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 14: Clinical Techniques of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Morphology, Perfusion, and Viability
			TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: MOTION COMPENSATION
			TECHNIQUES
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 15: Clinical Techniques of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging:
			DETERMINING GLOBAL MEASURES OF CARDIAC FUNCTION
			RESTING REGIONAL WALL MOTION ABNORMALITIES
			RIGHT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION
			DIASTOLIC FUNCTION
			DYNAMIC LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION USING DOBUTAMINE
			DYNAMIC LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION USING EXERCISE
			SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
			SUGGESTED READING
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 16: Clinical Techniques of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging:
			IMAGE ACQUISITION TECHNIQUES
			TECHNIQUE FOR ASSESSING QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MYOCARDIAL MOTION
			IMAGE INTERPRETATION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 17: Magnetic Resonance Evaluation of Blood Flow
			DESCRIPTION OF TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			TECHNIQUES
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 18: Contrast Agents in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			INTRODUCTION
			NEPHROGENIC SYSTEMIC FIBROSIS (NSF)
			CLASSIFICATION OF MR CONTRAST AGENTS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 19: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Safety
			GENERAL CONCERNS
			CARDIAC DEVICES AND Magnetic Resonance Imaging INFORMATION
			MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CONTRAST AGENTS
			SEDATION
			ACOUSTIC NOISE AND HEARING PROTECTION
			STRESS TESTING AND SAFETY IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
			FUTURE ISSUES
			CONCLUSION
			Acknowledgment
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			References
		Chapter 20: Physics and Instrumentation of Cardiac Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
			PHYSICS AND SPECT IMAGING
			INSTRUMENTATION AND SPECT IMAGING
			CONCLUSION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 21: Clinical Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Cardiac Protocols
			TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			STRESS PROTOCOLS
			BASIC IMAGE INTERPRETATION
			SUGGESTED READING
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 22: Radiopharmaceutical Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging Agents
			DESCRIPTION OF TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			SUGGESTED READING
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 23: Physics and Instrumentation of Cardiac Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
			SCANNER PHYSICS
			TRACER KINETICS
			PROTOCOLS
			DOSIMETRY
			QUALITY CONTROL
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 24: Clinical Techniques of Positron Emission Tomography and PET/CT
			RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
			ASSESSMENT OF MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION
			ASSESSMENT OF MYOCARDIAL VIABILITY
			CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 25: Radiopharmaceuticals and Radiation Dose Considerations in Cardiac Positron Emission Tomography and PET/CT
			PET RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
			IONIZING RADIATION IN PET/CT
			PET/CT
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 26: Pharmacologic Stress Agents
			VASODILATOR AGENTS
			INOTROPIC AGENTS
			UTILITY IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
			DOBUTAMINE: SPECT IMAGING VERSUS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
			EXERCISE VERSUS PHARMACOLOGIC STRESS
			CONCLUSION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			References
	PART THREE: Cardiac Interventions
		Chapter 27: Congenital Percutaneous Interventions
			ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT
			PATENT FORAMEN OVALE
			PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
			COARCTATION OF THE AORTA
			PULMONARY ARTERY STENOSIS
			PULMONARY INSUFFICIENCY
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 28: Congenital Cardiac Surgery
			SURGERY FOR ACYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART LESIONS WITH A SHUNT
			SURGERY FOR ACYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART LESIONS WITHOUT A SHUNT
			SURGERY FOR CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART LESIONS WITH INCREASED PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW
			SURGERY FOR CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART LESIONS WITH DECREASED PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 29: Percutaneous Catheter-Based Treatment of Coronary and Valvular Heart Disease
			PROCEDURE
			STENT ERA
			CATHETER-BASED MANAGEMENT OF VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 30: Surgery for Acquired Cardiac Disease
			SURGERY FOR CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
			SURGERY FOR AORTIC VALVULAR DISEASE
			SURGERY FOR MITRAL VALVULAR DISEASE
			INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
			SURGERY FOR CARDIAC MYXOMA
			SURGERY FOR THE ASCENDING THORACIC AORTA
			DISORDERS OF THE PERICARDIUM
			SUGGESTED READING
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 31: Imaging of Atrial Fibrillation Intervention
			DEFINITION
			PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND PULMONARY VEINS
			MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
			CLINICAL TREATMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
			REPORTING: INFORMATION FOR REFERRING PHYSICIANS
			ACKNOWLEDGMENT
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
	PART FOUR: Coronary Artery Imaging
		Chapter 32: Coronary Calcium Assessment
			IMPORTANCE OF CALCIUM IN IDENTIFYING CORONARY HEART DISEASE
			PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			IMAGING OF CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM
			RADIATION DOSAGE
			CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF CORONARY CALCIUM IMAGING
			IMPORTANCE OF CORONARY CALCIUM IN SPECIALIZED POPULATIONS
			CALCIUM SCORE PROGRESSION
			EFFECT OF STATIN THERAPY ON CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM PROGRESSION
			Suggested Reading
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 33: Congenital Coronary Anomalies
			DEFINITION
			PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
			IMAGING TECHNIQUE AND FINDINGS
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			CONCLUSION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 34: Indications and Patient Selection in Obstructive Coronary Disease
			OVERVIEW OF EVIDENCE AND TRENDS
			SEGMENT-BASED AND PATIENT-BASED ANALYSIS
			EMERGING APPLICATIONS
			CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROCEDURE-RELATED RISKS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 35: Interpretation and Reporting in Obstructive Coronary Disease
			DESCRIPTION OF TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			TECHNIQUES
			SUGGESTED READING
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 36: Coronary Artery Aneurysms
			DEFINITION
			PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT OPTIONS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 37: Imaging of Coronary Revascularization:
			NONINVASIVE EVALUATION OF CORONARY STENTS
			CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS ASSESSMENT
			SUGGESTED READING
			REFERENCES
	PART Five: Congenital Heart Disease
		Chapter 38: Coarctation of the Aorta
			MANIFESTATIONS
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 39: Vascular Rings and Slings
			MANIFESTATIONS
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 40: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Aorta and Left Ventricular Function in Inherited and Congenital Aortic Disease
			MARFAN SYNDROME
			BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE DISEASE
			COARCTATION OF THE AORTA
			TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
			TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES
			IMAGING TECHNIQUE AND FINDINGS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		SECTION ONE: Acyanotic Heart Disease with Increased Vascularity
			Chapter 41: Atrial Septal Defect
				PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
				ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
				MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
				DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
				SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
				INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN
				SUGGESTED READINGS
				REFERENCES
			Chapter 42: Ventricular Septal Defect
				PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
				ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
				MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
				DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
				SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
				INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN
				SUGGESTED READINGS
				REFERENCES
			Chapter 43: Patent Ductus Arteriosus
				MECHANISM OF PHYSIOLOGIC CLOSURE
				PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
				ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
				MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
				DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
				SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
				SUMMARY
				REFERENCES
		SECTION TWO: Cyanotic Heart Disease with Increased Vascularity
			Chapter 44: Transposition of the Great Arteries
				MANIFESTATIONS
				DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
				SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
				IMAGING INDICATIONS AND REPORTING
				SUGGESTED READINGS
				REFERENCES
			Chapter 45: Truncus Arteriosus
				DEFINITION
				CLASSIFICATIONS
				EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS
				ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
				MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
				TREATMENT OPTIONS
				IMAGING INDICATIONS AND REPORTING
				SUGGESTED READINGS
				REFERENCES
			Chapter 46: Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections and Drainage
				PARTIAL ANOMALOUS PULMONARY VENOUS CONNECTION
				SINUS VENOSUS DEFECT
				COR TRIATRIATUM
				TOTAL ANOMALOUS PULMONARY VENOUS CONNECTION
				SUGGESTED READINGs
				REFERENCES
			Chapter 47: Tetralogy of Fallot
				DEFINITION
				PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
				ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
				MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
				DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
				TREATMENT OPTIONS
				INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN
				SUGGESTED READINGS
				REFERENCES
			Chapter 48: Ebstein Anomaly
				EVALUATING THE CYANOTIC PATIENT
				EBSTEIN ANOMALY
				REFERENCES
			Chapter 49: Complex Congenital Heart Disease
				TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES
				TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
				TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS
				SINGLE VENTRICLE
				LEVO-TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES
				DOUBLE-OUTLET RIGHT VENTRICLE
				DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
				SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
				REFERENCES
			Chapter 50: Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Postoperative Evaluation of the Patient with Congenital Heart Disease
				POSTOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
				CLINICAL PRESENTATION
				IMAGING INDICATIONS AND ALGORITHMS
				IMAGING TECHNIQUE AND FINDINGS
				SUGGESTED READINGS
				REFERENCES
	PART SIX: Ischemic Heart Disease
		Chapter 51: Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease
			DEFINITION
			PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT OPTIONS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 52: Acute Coronary Syndrome
			DEFINITION
			PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT OPTIONS
			INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 53: Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomographic Imaging of Myocardial Perfusion
			MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
			COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
			INDICATIONS
			CONTRAINDICATIONS
			TECHNIQUE DESCRIPTION
			PITFALLS AND SOLUTIONS
			IMAGE INTERPRETATION
			REPORTING
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 54: Nuclear Medicine Imaging of Myocardial Perfusion
			MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING WITH SPECT
			MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING WITH PET
			PITFALLS AND SOLUTIONS
			FUTURE DIRECTIONS
			CONCLUSION
			Suggested Readings
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 55: Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomographic Imaging of Myocardial Function
			INDICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE EVALUATION OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
			ASSESSMENT OF CARDIAC FUNCTION
			EVALUATION OF CARDIAC FUNCTION DURING STRESS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 56: Nuclear Medicine Imaging of Ventricular Function
			LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT FROM GATED MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING
			PITFALLS AND SOLUTIONS
			TECHNIQUES
			CONCLUSION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 57: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Myocardial Viability
			VIABILITY DEFINITIONS
			MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ASSESSMENT OF MYOCARDIAL VIABILITY
			COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR ASSESSMENT OF MYOCARDIAL VIABILITY
			LIMITATIONS
			Suggested Readings
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 58: Nuclear Medicine Imaging of Myocardial Viability
			DEFINITION OF MYOCARDIAL VIABILITY
			NUCLEAR IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR IDENTIFYING MYOCARDIAL VIABILITY
			TECHNIQUE DESCRIPTIONS
			CONCLUSION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			References
		Chapter 59: Postoperative Imaging of Ischemic Cardiac Disease
			PREVALENCE, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND BACKGROUND
			POSTOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
			CLINICAL PRESENTATION
			IMAGING INDICATIONS AND ALGORITHM
			IMAGING TECHNIQUE AND FINDINGS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
	PART SEVEN: Valvular Heart Disease
		Chapter 60: Aortic and Mitral Valvular Disease
			AORTIC STENOSIS
			AORTIC REGURGITATION
			MITRAL STENOSIS
			MITRAL REGURGITATION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 61: Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valvular Disease
			TRICUSPID REGURGITATION
			PULMONARY STENOSIS
			PULMONARY REGURGITATION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
	PART EIGHT: Cardiomyopathies and Other Myocardial Diseases
		Chapter 62: Dilated Cardiomyopathy
			DEFINITION
			PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT OPTIONS
			INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 63: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
			CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS
			EOSINOPHILIC ENDOMYOCARDIAL DISEASE
			SIDEROTIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
			CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS
			ADDITIONAL CAUSES OF RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT OPTIONS
			INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 64: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
			PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
			SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 65: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
			DEFINITION
			PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT OPTIONS
			FUTURE DIRECTIONS
			INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 66: Myocarditis
			Suggested Readings
			References
	PART Nine: Tumors and Masses
		Chapter 67: Cardiac Tumors
			BENIGN CARDIAC TUMORS
			MALIGNANT CARDIAC TUMORS
			SUMMARY
			Suggested Readings
			References
	PART TEN: Pericardial Disease
		Chapter 68: Pericardial Effusion
			DEFINITION
			PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT OPTIONS
			INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN
			Suggested Reading
			References
		Chapter 69: Acute Pericarditis
			DEFINITION
			PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT OPTIONS
			INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN
			Suggested Reading
			References
		Chapter 70: Constrictive Pericarditis
			DEFINITION
			PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			TREATMENT OPTIONS
			INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN
			Suggested Readings
			References
Volume 2
	Front cover
	Half title page
	Cardiovascular Imaging
	Copyright page
	Dedication
	Contributors
	Preface
	Table of contents
	PART ELEVEN: Vascular Anatomy and Circulation/Arterial Anatomy
		Chapter 71: Arterial Anatomy of the Thorax
			THORACIC AORTA
			CAROTIDS: COMMON, EXTERNAL, AND INTERNAL
			CHEST WALL ARTERIES
			BRONCHIAL ARTERIES
			PULMONARY ARTERIES
			SUMMARY
			Suggested Reading
			References
		Chapter 72: Arterial Anatomy of the Abdomen
			NORMAL ANATOMY
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 73: Arterial Anatomy of the Pelvis and Lower Extremities
			NORMAL ANATOMY OF THE PELVIS
			NORMAL ANATOMY OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 74: Arterial Anatomy of the Upper Extremities
			NORMAL ANATOMY OF THE SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
			NORMAL ANATOMY OF THE BRACHIAL ARTERY
			NORMAL ANATOMY OF THE RADIAL AND ULNAR ARTERIES
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 75: Venous Anatomy of the Thorax
			NORMAL ANATOMY
			THE VENAE CAVAE
			VEINS THAT DRAIN THE UPPER EXTREMITIES AND HEAD INTO THE CHEST
			VEINS THAT DRAIN THE CHEST WALL
			THE AZYGOS AND HEMIAZYGOS SYSTEMS
			THE PULMONARY VEINS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 76: Venous Anatomy of the Abdomen and Pelvis
			ABDOMEN: PORTAL VENOUS CIRCULATION
			ABDOMEN: SYSTEMIC VENOUS CIRCULATION
			PELVIS: SYSTEMIC VENOUS CIRCULATION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 77: Venous Anatomy of the Extremities
			UPPER EXTREMITY
			LOWER EXTREMITY
			Suggested Readings
			REFERENCES
	PART TWELVE: Noninvasive Vascular Imaging Techniques
		Chapter 78: Vascular Ultrasonography:
			DESCRIPTION OF TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			TECHNIQUE OF DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY
			Suggested Readings
			References
		Chapter 79: Physics of Computed Tomography
			FUNDAMENTALS OF X-RAY PHYSICS
			IMPORTANT PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
			STEP-AND-SHOOT VERSUS HELICAL
			MULTISLICE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 80: Computed Tomographic Angiography:
			TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			TECHNIQUES
			CONCLUSION
			SUGGESTED READING
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 81: Magnetic Resonance Angiography:
			DATA ACQUISITION AND IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION
			TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			TECHNIQUES
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 82: Magnetic Resonance Angiography:
			DESCRIPTION OF TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			TIME OF FLIGHT MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY
			PHASE CONTRAST MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY
			THREE-DIMENSIONAL STEADY-STATE FREE PRECESSION MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY
			TIME RESOLVED MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY
			THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONTRAST-ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY
			Suggested Readings
			References
		Chapter 83: Basic Three-Dimensional Postprocessing in Computed Tomographic and Magnetic Resonance Angiography
			MULTIPLANAR REFORMATION
			MAXIMUM INTENSITY PROJECTION
			VOLUME RENDERING
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 84: Advanced Three-Dimensional Postprocessing in Computed Tomographic and Magnetic Resonance Angiography
			INTRODUCTION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 85: Nuclear Medicine:
			TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			GASTROINTESTINAL BLEED LOCALIZATION SCAN
			MECKEL DIVERTICULUM SCAN
			BRAIN PERFUSION TOMOGRAPHY
			Suggested Readings
			References
	PART Thirteen: Catheter Angiography and Interventions
		Chapter 86: Percutaneous Vascular Interventions
			EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS
			PERCUTANEOUS ARTERIOGRAPHY
			ANGIOPLASTY
			REVASCULARIZATION WITH STENTS AND STENT GRAFTS
			THROMBOLYSIS
			ATHERECTOMY
			EMBOLIZATION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 87: Vascular Surgery
			CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY
			CAROTID-SUBCLAVIAN BYPASS
			THORACOABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM REPAIR
			THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSM HYBRID PROCEDURES
			ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM REPAIR
			ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM HYBRID PROCEDURES
			AORTOBIFEMORAL BYPASS
			LOWER EXTREMITY BYPASS
			AORTOILIAC AND LOWER EXTREMITY OCCLUSIVE DISEASE HYBRID PROCEDURES
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
	PART FOURTEEN: Atherosclerosis
		Chapter 88: Noninvasive Imaging of Atherosclerosis
			ATHEROSCLEROSIS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
	PART FIFTEEN: The Carotid Arteries
		Chapter 89: Carotid Artery Disease
			CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 90: Ultrasound Evaluation of the Carotid Arteries
			TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT OF PLAQUE
			WAVEFORM ANALYSIS OF THE CAROTID ARTERIES
			THE VERTEBRAL ARTERY
			CONCLUSION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 91: Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomographic Angiography of the Extracranial Carotid Arteries
			MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY
			CAROTID COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
	PART SIXTEEN: The Thoracic Vessels
		Chapter 92: Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms
			THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSM
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 93: Acute Aortic Syndrome
			AORTIC DISSECTION
			INTRAMURAL HEMATOMA
			PENETRATING ATHEROSCLEROTIC ULCER
			RUPTURED AORTIC ANEURYSM
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 94: Thoracic Aortic Trauma
			THORACIC AORTIC TRAUMA
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 95: Thoracic Aortitis
			TAKAYASU ARTERITIS
			GIANT CELL ARTERITIS
			SYPHILITIC AORTITIS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 96: Subclavian Steal Syndrome
			DEFINITION
			PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 97: Acute Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease
			MANIFESTATIONS
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
			CONCLUSION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 98: Chronic Pulmonary Embolism
			CHRONIC PULMONARY EMBOLISM
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 99: Pulmonary Hypertension
			PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
			IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
			PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION RELATED TO RISK FACTORS OR ASSOCIATED WITH CONDITIONS
			PULMONARY VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE AND/OR PULMONARY CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMATOSIS
			PULMONARY CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMATOSIS
			PULMONARY HYPERTENSION WITH LEFT HEART DISEASE (PULMONARY VENOUS HYPERTENSION)
			PULMONARY HYPERTENSION CAUSED BY LUNG DISEASES AND/OR HYPOXIA
			CHRONIC THROMBOEMBOLIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
			NONTHROMBOTIC EMBOLIZATION
			PULMONARY HYPERTENSION WITH UNCLEAR MULTIFACTORIAL MECHANISMS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 100: Pulmonary Edema
			HYDROSTATIC PULMONARY EDEMA
			PERMEABILITY EDEMA WITH DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR DAMAGE
			Permeability Pulmonary Edema without Diffuse Alveolar Damage
			Mixed Edema
			NEUROGENIC PULMONARY EDEMA
			RE-EXPANSION PULMONARY EDEMA
			HIGH-ALTITUDE PULMONARY EDEMA
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 101: Pulmonary Hemorrhage and Vasculitis
			DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR HEMORRHAGE
			VASCULITIS
			WEGENER’S GRANULOMATOSIS
			MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS
			BEHÇET SYNDROME
			TAKAYASU ARTERITIS
			CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME
			GIANT CELL ARTERITIS
			CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES AND SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
			NECROTIZING SARCOID GRANULOMATOSIS
			IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY HEMOSIDEROSIS
			GOODPASTURE SYNDROME
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
	PART SEVENTEEN: The Abdominal Vessels
		Chapter 102: The Abdominal Aorta
			INTRODUCTION
			TECHNIQUES
			CONTRAST MEDIA
			ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM
			INFLAMMATORY AORTIC ANEURYSM
			MYCOTIC AORTIC ANEURYSM
			COMPLICATIONS OF ENDOVASCULAR AORTIC ANEURYSM REPAIR
			TRAUMATIC ABDOMINAL AORTIC INJURY
			ACUTE AORTIC OCCLUSION
			TAKAYASU ARTERITIS
			GIANT CELL ARTERITIS (TEMPORAL ARTERITIS)
			AORTOENTERIC FISTULAS
			ABDOMINAL AORTIC DISSECTION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 103: Postendograft Imaging of the Abdominal Aorta and Iliac Arteries
			POSTOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
			POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 104: Open Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms and Postoperative Assessment
			POSTOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
			POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 105: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Vascular Disorders of the Abdomen
			INTRODUCTION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 106: Renal Artery Hypertension
			RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS
			PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
			REPORTING: INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 107: Renal Arteries:
			INTRODUCTION
			DESCRIPTION OF TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			TECHNIQUES
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 108: Renal Artery Scintigraphy
			TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			TECHNIQUES
			DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCEDURE
			PITFALLS AND SOLUTIONS
			IMAGE INTERPRETATION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 109: Sonography of the Renal Vessels
			TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			TECHNIQUES
			TECHNIQUE DESCRIPTION
			PITFALLS AND SOLUTIONS
			IMAGE INTERPRETATION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 110: Inferior Vena Cava and Its Main Tributaries
			INTRODUCTION
			TUMORS OF THE IVC AND MAIN TRIBUTARIES
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
			IVC COMPLICATIONS IN ORTHOTOPIC LIVER TRANSPLANTATION ANATOMY
			IVC THROMBOSIS
			IVC INTERVENTIONS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 111: Vascular Imaging of Hepatic Transplantation
			PRETRANSPLANTATION WORK-UP
			SURGICAL ANATOMY (CADAVERIC LIVER TRANSPLANTATION)
			COMPLICATIONS AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
			CONCLUSION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 112: Vascular Imaging of Renal and Pancreatic Transplantation
			VASCULAR EVALUATION OF RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
			VASCULAR EVALUATION OF PANCREAS TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
	PART EIGHTEEN: The Lower Extremity Vessels
		Chapter 113: Peripheral Artery Disease
			ACUTE LIMB ISCHEMIA
			CHRONIC LIMB ISCHEMIA
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 114: Lower Extremity Operations and Interventions
			REVASCULARIZATION PROCEDURE: VASCULAR BYPASS SURGERY
			REVASCULARIZATION PROCEDURE: ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT OF STENOSIS AND OCCLUSIONS
			REVASCULARIZATION PROCEDURE: SURGICAL THROMBOEMBOLECTOMY
			REVASCULARIZATION PROCEDURE: CATHETER-DIRECTED OR PHARMACOMECHANICAL THROMBOLYSIS
			EXCLUSION PROCEDURE: SURGICAL EXCISION AND VASCULAR BYPASS
			EXCLUSION PROCEDURE: ENDOVASCULAR METHODS OF EXCLUSION OR OCCLUSION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 115: Computed Tomographic Angiography of the Lower Extremities
			TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
			TECHNIQUES
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 116: Peripheral Magnetic Resonance Angiography
			PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
			ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
			MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
			REPORTING: INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
	PART nineteen: The Upper Extremity Vessels
		Chapter 117: Vascular Diseases of the Upper Extremities
			LARGE VESSEL DISEASE OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
			MEDIUM AND SMALL VESSEL DISEASE OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
			REPORTING: INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 118: Venous Sonography of the Upper Extremities and Thoracic Outlet
			VENOUS ANATOMY
			PREVALENCE, ETIOLOGY, AND RISK FACTORS
			COMPLICATIONS
			CLINICAL PRESENTATION
			IMAGING TECHNIQUE
			ULTRASOUND FINDINGS
			PITFALLS
			SYNDROMES
			CONCLUSION
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
		Chapter 119: Hemodialysis Fistulas
			INTRODUCTION
			DISEASE
			DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
			SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS
			REPORTING: INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN
			SUGGESTED READINGS
			REFERENCES
	Index