Cardiovascular Complications of Respiratory Disorders

ERM_0_88_WEB.pdf
	Preface
	Guest Editors
		Miguel ángel Martínez-García
		Jean-Louis Pépin
		Mario Cazzola
	Introduction
		References
	Epidemiological aspects of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases
		Abstract
		Human disease burden
		CVDs
		Respiratory diseases
		Epidemiological estimators
			Mortality
			Case fatality
			Prevalence
			Incidence
			Disability-adjusted life years and its components
		Risk factors
		Costs
		Discussion and challenging issues
		Conclusion
		References
	Common pathophysiological pathways of the autonomic nervous system
		Abstract
		The autonomic cardiovascular system and its regulation
		The autonomic cardiovascular system and its exploration
			Microneurographic recording of sympathetic nerve activity
			Baroreflex sensitivity
			Heart rate variability
			Circulating catecholamines
			Other methods
		The autonomic cardiovascular system and its consequences on CVDs
		Autonomic stimuli in OSA and COPD
		Impact of comorbidities and inflammation
		High sympathetic activity and hypoxia as causes of metabolic dysfunction?
		Muscle dysfunction and reduced physical activity
		Autonomic activity as a potential therapeutic or adjuvant target
		Conclusion
		References
	Murine models of cardiovascular damage in lung diseases
		Abstract
		Animal models of COPD
			Cigarette smoke model
			Elastase-induced emphysema model
		Animal models of pulmonary fibrosis
			Bleomycin model
			Fluorescein isothiocyanate model
			Silica model
			Other models
		Animal models of PH
			MCT injury model
			CH model
			Combined models
		Animal models of OSA
			IH model
			OSA model
			SF model
			Cardiovascular damage in OSA
			Atherosclerosis
			Endothelial dysfunction: functional and structural vascular remodelling
			Hypertension, HF and AF
			Time course and recovery
			Dual effects of IH
		Animal models of respiratory infections
			Small-animal models
			Large-animal models
		Animal models of chronic lung diseases of prematurity
			Hyperoxia model
			Ventilation models
			Inflammatory and genetically modified models
		Ethical considerations
		Conclusion
		References
	Cardiovascular disease in COPD
		Abstract
		Link between CVDs and COPD
		Pathophysiological mechanisms leading to increased cardiovascular risk in COPD
		Impact of CVD in COPD patients
		Biomarkers and predictive models of cardiovascular risk in COPD patients
		Teleological activities and paradoxical effects of brain natriuretic peptide in COPD
		Link between COPD exacerbations and cardiovascular consequences
		Conclusion
		References
	Management of patients with asthma or COPD and cardiovascular disease: risks versus benefits
		Abstract
		Choose treatment for asthma or COPD in the presence of CVD
			Asthma
			COPD
		The impact of cardiovascular drugs on the lung
			β-blockers
			ACE inhibitors and AT1 receptor blockers
			Statins
			Antiplatelet drugs
			Calcium channel blockers
			Diuretics
		Conclusion
		References
	Chronic asthma and the risk of cardiovascular disease
		Abstract
		Asthma and CAD
			Potential mechanisms behind the association of asthma and CAD
			The role of eosinophils in CAD
			Sex differences and the risk of CAD in asthma
			Age of onset of asthma and the risk of CAD
			Smoking asthmatics and CAD
			Allergic inflammation and CAD
			Hyperresponsiveness of the vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle
			Haemodynamic implications of severe asthma exacerbations
		Asthma and hypertension
		Asthma and stroke
		Is asthma a hypercoagulable state?
		Conclusion
		References
	Cardiovascular implications in bronchiectasis
		Abstract
		Pulmonary vessels and the diagnosis of bronchiectasis
		Association between bronchiectasis and comorbid CVDs
		Mechanistic links between bronchiectasis and CVDs
		Pulmonary vascular disorders are prevalent in bronchiectasis
		Can CVDs be identified early in bronchiectasis?
		Haemoptysis and the association with vascular diseases in bronchiectasis
		How best to identify bronchiectasis patients at risk of CVDs
		Treatment interventions
		Future research directions
		References
	Cardiovascular complications of cystic fibrosis
		Abstract
		Link between CVD and respiratory disease
		Cardiovascular dysfunction in CF
		PH
		Cardiovascular risk factors in CF
		CFTR dysfunction, inflammation and CVD
		CFTR modulators, CVD and potential treatment strategies
		Conclusion and the gaps in our knowledge
		References
	Cardiovascular consequences of sleep disordered breathing: the role of CPAP treatment
		Abstract
		OSA and systemic hypertension
			Effects of CPAP
		OSA, cardiac remodelling and HF
			Effects of CPAP
		OSA, atherosclerosis and CAD
			OSA and atherosclerosis
				Effects of CPAP
			OSA and CAD
		OSA and arrhythmias
			AF in OSA patients
				Effects of CPAP
			Ventricular arrhythmias in OSA patients
				Effects of CPAP
		Conclusion
		References
	The heart in obesity hypoventilation syndrome
		Abstract
		Obesity and CVD
		Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in OHS
		Pathophysiological mechanisms of CVD
		Impact of treatment of OHS on cardiovascular risk
			Role of weight loss and bariatric surgery
			Role of positive airway pressure
				Scientific basis of positive airway pressure
			Role of oxygen therapy
			Role of rehabilitation
			Role of diuretics
		Conclusion
		References
	Cardiovascular effects of innovative therapies in lung cancer
		Abstract
		Cardiovascular toxicities of targeted therapies: EGFR and ALK inhibitors
			QT-interval prolongation and bradycardia
			Thombotic events
			Hypertension
			Cardiac failure
		Cardiovascular toxicities of anti-angiogenic agents
			Hypertension and proteinuria
			Pathophysiology
			Prevention
			Treatment
		Cardiovascular toxicities of ICIs
			Myocarditis
			Pathophysiology
			Diagnosis
				Pre-therapeutic evaluation
				Symptoms of cardiovascular complications
				Diagnostic tests
			Treatment of myocarditis
		Conclusion
		References
	Cardiovascular implications of pulmonary hypertension due to chronic respiratory diseases
		Abstract
		Definition and classification
		Pathophysiology
		Epidemiology
			COPD
			IPF
			CPFE syndrome
			Other chronic respiratory diseases
		Diagnosis
		Pathological assessment
		Treatment
			COPD
				Calcium-channel antagonists
				Inhaled vasodilators
				Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors
				Endothelin receptor antagonists
				Recommendations
			Chronic ILDs
				Prostacyclins
				Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators
				Endothelin receptor antagonists
				Recommendations
			Other respiratory diseases
				CPFE syndrome
				LAM
				OHS
		Conclusion
		References
	Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in pulmonary embolism
		Abstract
		Short-term mortality and morbidity
			Mortality
			Morbidity
				Recurrent VTE
				AF
		Long-term mortality and morbidity
			Mortality
			Morbidity
				Recurrent VTE
				Post-PE syndrome
		PE and specific cardiorespiratory conditions
			VTE and arterial atherosclerosis
			Sleep apnoea
		Conclusion
		References
	The cardiovascular system in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
		Abstract
		Prevalence of cardiac involvement in IPF
		CADs and IPF
		PH in IPF
		Arrhythmias in IPF
		The potential cardiovascular impact of antifibrotic treatment
		The impact of CVD on IPF morbidity
		Challenges in the management of IPF
		Conclusion
		References
	Cardiovascular consequences of community-acquired pneumonia and other pulmonary infections
		Abstract
		CAP
			Epidemiology and burden disease
			Type, frequency and timing of CVEs
			Pathophysiological mechanisms
				Systemic inflammation
				Endothelial injury
				Platelet activation
				NETs
				Direct organ damage
				Other mechanisms
			Risk factors and prediction tools: the role of biomarkers
				Risk factors
				The role of biomarkers
		Other pulmonary infections
		Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular complications
			Vaccination
			Antiplatelet agents
			Statins
			Macrolides
			Corticosteroids
			Other treatments
		Future perspectives and needed studies
		References
	β2-adrenoceptor modulation in COPD and its potential impact on cardiovascular comorbidities
		Abstract
		β2-ARs in COPD
		β2-ARs in COPD and in chronic CVDs
			HF
			Interferences with rhythm
		Conclusion
		References
	Characterising the cardiovascular safety profile of inhaled muscarinic receptor antagonists
		Abstract
		Mechanisms that underlie the cardiovascular risk with inhaled mAChR antagonists
		The cardiovascular risk associated with inhaled SAMAs
		The cardiovascular risk associated with inhaled LAMAs
			Tiotropium
			Glycopyrronium
			Umeclidinium
			Aclidinium
		The cardiovascular risk associated with inhaled dual bronchodilation
		The cardiovascular risk associated with adding a LAMA to a LABA/ICS combination
		Conclusion
		References
	Impact of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with cardiovascular disease
		Abstract
		Rationale for use of ICSs in COPD and asthma
		Cardiovascular comorbidity in asthma and COPD
		Effect of ICSs on cardiovascular risk and all-cause mortality
			Observational studies
			RCTs
		Conclusion
		References
	Cardiovascular side-effects of common antibiotics
		Abstract
		Mechanisms of antibiotic-induced adverse CVEs
			Rate-corrected QT-interval prolongation and risk of arrhythmia
			Atherosclerosis
			Aortic dissection or bleeding
		Macrolide-induced adverse CVEs
			Arrhythmia
			Atherosclerosis worsening and MI
		Fluoroquinolone-induced adverse CVEs
			Arrhythmia
			Aortic dissection or bleeding
		Challenges in the current literature
			Nature of the studies
			Lack of adequate adjustment for confounders
			Lack of animal models
			Low odds ratios
			Lack of data on pulmonary diseases
			Limited data on long-term use of antibiotics
			Weight of each risk factor
		Clinical challenges and preventative strategies
		Conclusion
		References
	The cardiovascular effects of xanthines and selective PDE inhibitors: a risk–benefit analysis
		Abstract
		Cardiovascular effects of xanthines
		Selective PDE4 inhibitors
		Cardiovascular effects of PDE4 inhibitors
		Selective PDE3 inhibitors
		Cardiovascular effects of PDE3 inhibitors
		Bifunctional PDE3/4 inhibitors
		Cardiovascular effects of bifunctional PDE3/4 inhibitors
		References
	Future challenges
		Abstract
		The traditional “one size fits all” approach to therapeutics
		Precision medicine
		Treatable traits
		The future of cardiovascular diagnostics: the role of wearable technologies
		The future of IHD detection and management
		The future of HF management
		Biomarkers in the management of cardiopulmonary conditions
		The role of imaging in future cardiovascular assessment
		AI and deep learning
		Future approaches to cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with COPD and other chronic lung conditions
		Future of CV management in patients with underlying chronic lung disease
		Conclusion
		References
	Case 1
		Question
		Answer
		References
	Case 2
		Question 1
		Answer
		Question 2
		Answer
		Question 3
		Answer
		Conclusion
		References
	Case 3
		Answer
		References