Carbon Sequestration and Its Role in the Global Carbon Cycle

Title Page
......Page 3
Copyright
......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 7
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 8
2. PAST AND PRESENT EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE......Page 9
3. THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CARBON SEQUESTRATION......Page 12
4. CAN CARBON SEQUESTRATION CONTROL ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE?......Page 22
5. CONCLUSION: BEGINNERS WELCOME......Page 23
References......Page 25
Section 1 Monitoring the Global Carbon Cycle: A Tribute to Charles David Keeling......Page 31
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 32
2. UNDERSTANDING THE CONTROLS ON ATMOSPHERIC CO2......Page 33
3. IDENTIFYING AND MINIMIZING SYSTEMATIC ERROR......Page 35
4. STRUGGLING TO MAINTAIN CONTINUOUS SUPPORT......Page 37
References......Page 39
1. Introduction......Page 41
2. The Surface Ocean pCO2 Signal......Page 42
3. The Geosecs Era and the Use of Chemical Tracers......Page 44
4. The Establishment of Ocean Time Series......Page 46
5. Completing the Picture......Page 50
References......Page 51
1. Introduction......Page 53
3. Second -Generation Terrestrial Carbon Monitoring......Page 54
4. Third -Generation Current  Global Terrestrial Monitoring......Page 58
5.2. FLUXNET......Page 65
References......Page 70
Section 2 Assessment of Local and Regional Carbon Sources and Sinks......Page 74
Terrestrial Biological Carbon Sequestration: Science for Enhancement and Implementation......Page 76
2.2. Soil C Sequestration......Page 77
2.4. Stability and Protection of Soil C......Page 80
3.1. Biotechnology......Page 81
3.2. Biomass Carbonization......Page 82
4.1. Saturation and Permanence......Page 83
4.2. Additionality and Leakage......Page 84
5. Ancillary Benefits and Risks......Page 85
References......Page 86
1. Introduction......Page 92
2. Model Description and Methods......Page 93
3. Results......Page 94
4. Conclusion and Discussion......Page 101
References......Page 102
1. Introduction......Page 103
2. data......Page 104
3. methods......Page 107
5. discussion......Page 109
References......Page 114
Quantifying the Spatial Details of Carbon Sequestration Potential and Performance......Page 119
2. DESCRIPTION OF GEMS......Page 120
3. Applications : U.S. Ridge and Valley 3. Applications : U.S. Ridge and Valley......Page 125
4. Summary Discussion......Page 126
References......Page 129
1. Introduction......Page 131
2. Materials and Methods......Page 132
3. Results and Discussion......Page 133
References......Page 134
1. Natural Analogs and Leakage Scenarios......Page 136
2. Utility of Natural Analogs in Understanding Engineered Systems?Case Studies......Page 137
3. Data Collection and Analysis......Page 140
4. Using Natural Analogs to Predict Long-Term Fate of CO2 in Engineered Natural Systems......Page 143
References......Page 144
1. Introduction......Page 148
2. Hydrogeologic Setting and CO2 Occurrences......Page 149
3. Materials and Methods......Page 150
4. Results and Analysis......Page 152
5. Discussion......Page 154
6. Implications for Geologic Carbon Storage......Page 156
References......Page 157
Section 3 Assessing Risks, Benefits, and Impacts of Sequestration......Page 160
1. Introduction......Page 161
2. Costs and Potentials of Mitigation Options: An Outline of the Response Model......Page 162
3. Issues Raised by Leakage and Climate Sensitivity in Stabilization Scenarios......Page 165
4. SIMULATION OF OPTIMAL PORTFOLIO DEPLOYMENT UNDER CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY......Page 167
5. Concluding Remarks and Perspectives......Page 172
References......Page 173
1. Introduction......Page 175
2. Results and Discussion......Page 176
References......Page 186
1. Introduction......Page 189
2. Linkages Between Soil Erosion and Carbon Cycling......Page 190
3. Integrated Modeling of Soil Erosion?Carbon Cycling Interactions......Page 193
4. Discussion and Conclusions......Page 196
References......Page 200
1. Introduction......Page 203
2. Possible Leakage Pathways for CO2......Page 204
3. Assessing the Potential for CO2 Leakage......Page 208
References......Page 215
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 217
2. IDEALIZED PROBLEM......Page 218
3. PHYSICAL PROCESSES......Page 219
4. NUMERICAL SIMULATOR......Page 221
5. Simulation Results......Page 224
6. Summary, Conclusions, and Future Work......Page 235
References......Page 236
1. Introduction......Page 238
2. Geochemical Properties of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide......Page 239
3. Geochemical Changes in Brine Formations......Page 240
4. Reactivity of a Supercritical CarbonDioxide-Brine-Rock System......Page 243
5. Summary and Conclusions......Page 244
References......Page 245
Quantification of CO2 Trapping and Storage Capacityin the Subsurface: Uncertainty due to Solubility Models......Page 247
2. CO2 Solubility Models......Page 248
3. Comparison of Simulated Solubilities with Experimental Data......Page 251
5. Discussion and Conclusions......Page 255
References......Page 256
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 259
2. TWO INTEGRATED EQUATIONS OF STATE ALGORITHMS FOR CO2 SEQUESTRATION SIMULATION......Page 260
3. CASE STUDY: SACROC OIL FIELD IN PERMIAN BASIN, WESTERN TEXAS......Page 262
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 272
References......Page 274
Section 4 Evaluation of Carbon Management Requirements......Page 277
1. Credible Verification and GHG Inventories......Page 278
2. Review of Existing National and International Requirements for Verification of Greenhous e......Page 280
4. Accreditation of Independent Verifiers......Page 284
5. Implications for Long -Term Carbon Sequestration......Page 285
References......Page 287
1. Introduction......Page 289
2. Different Approaches to Deliberate Carbon Storage......Page 290
4. Influence From Specific Stakeholders......Page 291
5. Governmental Policy Incentives......Page 293
6. Political Influences......Page 294
References......Page 295
1. Introduction......Page 298
2. Developing a Monitoring Program......Page 299
3. Monitoring Tools......Page 300
5. Field Evaluation of MVA Tools......Page 302
6. Evaluation and Economics of MVA......Page 308
References......Page 309
1. Introduction......Page 312
2. Estimating Potential for Terrestrial Sequestration......Page 313
3. Improving Prediction and Monitoring ofTerrestrial Sequestration......Page 317
References......Page 318
1. Introduction......Page 320
2. Motivation for Data Management......Page 321
3. Characteristics of a Data Management System......Page 322
4. Implementation......Page 326
References......Page 327
Looking Ahead: Research Agenda for the Study of Carbon Sequestration......Page 329
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 330
2.1. Uncertainty of Subsurface CO2 Trapping Mechanisms......Page 331
2.2. Difficulty of Monitoring the “Intermediate Zone?......Page 339
2.3. Uncertainty of Induced Seismic Activity......Page 342
3.1. CCS Site Rating and Certification......Page 345
3.3. Meaningful Area of Review......Page 346
3.4. Effective and Practical Risk Assessment Approach......Page 347
3.5. Effective and Practical Capacity Assessment......Page 348
4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 349
References......Page 350
Index......Page 353