Carbon Dioxide Equilibria and Their Applications

Content: Cover
 Title Page
 Copyright Page
 Preface
 Table of Contents
 CHAPTER ONE: Review of Solubility and pH Calculations
 Converting Chemical Models to Mathematical Problems
 Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
 A Note on Calculators
 Strong Acids and Bases
 Weak Acids
 Titration with Strong Base
 Weak bases
 Polyprotic Acids
 Buffers
 Solubility Product
 Problems
 CHAPTER TWO: The Basic Equations
 Henry's Law
 Hydration
 Ionization
 pH Dependence, Constant Partial Pressure
 The Charge Balance in the Presence of Base
 Alkalinity
 Acidity
 Solution without Gas Phase Charge Balance and Proton ConditionRelation between Alkalinity, pH, and CT
 Acidity with Constant CT
 A Note on Concentration Units
 Ionic-Strength Effects
 The Davies Equation
 Effect of Ionic Strength on KH
 Effect on Ionic Strength on First Acidity Constant Ka1
 Effect of Ionic Strength on Second Acidity Constant Ka2
 Effect of Ionic Strength on Ion Product of Water
 Effect of Ionic Strength on Solubility Product of CaCO3
 Problems
 CHAPTER THREE: The Alkalinity Titration Curve
 The Titration Curve Equation
 Titration Error
 Effect of Ionic Strength Total Alkalinity and Carbonate AlkalinityLinearized (Gran) Titration Curves
 Linearizing the Acid Portion of the Alkalinity Titration
 Linearizing the HCO3̄ Region
 Other Linearized Portions of the Alkalinity Titration Curve
 The CO3̄ Equivalence Point
 Alkalinity Titration in Seawater
 The Buffer Index
 Buffer Index at Constant CT
 Buffer Index at Constant P
 Problems
 CHAPTER FOUR: Solubility Equilibria: Calcium Carbonate
 Calcium Carbonate, Carbon Dioxide, and Water
 Dolomite
 Addition of Strong Base or Strong Acid at Constant P
 Limited Amount of CaCO3 in the Presence of Strong Acid Solution without Gas PhaseAddition of Strong Acid or Base in the Presence of CaCO3 without Gas Phase
 Limited Amount of CaCO3 at Constant Cr
 Buffer Index at Constant P with CaCO3 Present
 Buffer Index at Constant CT with CaCO3 Present
 Buffer Index with Constant D
 Problems
 CHAPTER FIVE: Applications to Geochemistry and Oceanography
 Rainwater
 Acid Rain
 River Water
 Unsaturated CaCO3 as a Model for River and Groundwater
 Saturated CO2, CaCO3, and H2O as a Model for River and Groundwater
 Other Components of River Water
 Seawater
 Seawater as a Constant Ionic Strength Medium Ion Pairing in SeawaterTotal Alkalinity and Carbonate Alkalinity in Seawater
 Field Observations of Seawater
 The Lysocline
 Effect of Increased Atmospheric CO2 on the Oceans
 Fresh Waters and Estuarine Waters
 Brines
 Hydrothermal Solutions
 Problems
 CHAPTER SIX: Engineering Applications: Water Conditioning
 Estimation of Ionic Strength
 pH Adjustment by Addition of Acid or Base
 Addition or Removal of CO2
 Addition of Lime
 Addition of Limestone
 The Langelier Index of CaCO3 Saturation
 Corrosion Inhibition
 The Lime-Soda Water Softening Process
 Stoichiometric Calculations