Carbon Composite Catalysts: Preparation, Structural and Morphological Property and Applications (Composites Science and Technology)

Preface
Contents
Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Foam as Carbon Composites Catalysis Catalysts: Preparation, Properties and Applications
	1 Properties of Graphene Foams
	2 Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Foams
	3 Preparation of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Foams
	4 Applications of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Foams
		4.1 Fuel Cells
		4.2 Batteries
		4.3 Supercapacitors
		4.4 Sensors
		4.5 Other Catalytic Reactions
		4.6 Other Applications
	5 Conclusions
	References
Nano Carbon-Based Carbon Catalysts: Types, Preparation, and Characterization
	1 Introduction
	2 Carbon-Based Catalysts
		2.1 Activated Carbon
		2.2 Graphite and Graphene Materials
		2.3 Glass-Like Carbon
		2.4 Carbon Nanostructures
	3 Preparation and Characterization Methods
		3.1 Preparation Methods
		3.2 Characterization Tecnhiques
	4 Conclusion
	References
Carbon Based Perovskite Composite Catalysts and Their Structural, Morphological and Photocatalytic Performances
	1 Introduction
	2 Carbon Based Perovskite Composite Photocatalysts
		2.1 Graphene Based Perovskite Composites
		2.2 Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Perovskite Composites
		2.3 Carbon Nanotube-Based Perovskite Composites
		2.4 Other Carbon Types-Based Perovskites Composites
	3 Conclusion
	References
Carbon Composite Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reactions
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Reaction Pathway
		1.2 Role of Electrocatalysts in ORR Processes
	2 Electronically Conductive Carbon-Based Material for ORR
		2.1 Carbon Black
		2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
		2.3 Graphenes
		2.4 Heteroatom-Doped Carbon
	3 Noble Metal–Carbon Composite Catalyst
		3.1 Pt on Carbon-Based Material
		3.2 Other Noble Metal–Carbon Composite Catalysts
	4 Non-platinum–Carbon Composite Catalyst
		4.1 Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs)
		4.2 Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)
	5 Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Composite Catalyst
	6 Conclusions and Perspective
	References
Carbon Composites as Metal-Free Catalysts
	1 Introduction
	2 Hydrogen Production
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Metal-Free Catalysts for Hydrogen Production
	3 Metal-Free Catalysts for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
		3.1 Composite of TiO2 with Carbonaceous Materials for Photoanode
		3.2 Carbonaceous Material-Based Composites for Counter Electrode
	4 Wastewater Treatment
		4.1 Heavy Metal Removal
		4.2 Dye Removal
	5 Conclusions
	References
Carbon Nanotubes-Based Mixed Matrix Membranes in Separation Technology
	1 Membrane Technology
	2 Separation Mechanism in Membranes
	3 Membrane Materials
		3.1 Organic-Based (Polymeric) Membranes
		3.2 Inorganic-Based (Mineral) Membranes
	4 Challenges Related to Organic and Inorganic Membranes
	5 Integrally Skinned Membranes
		5.1 Membranes Material Modifications
	6 Comparison Between Organic, Inorganic and Hybrid Membranes
	7 Mixed Matrix Membranes
	8 Comparison Between MMMs and Others Membranes
	9 Phases in the MMMs
	10 Types of MMMs
	11 Layers in MMMs
	12 Fabrication of MMMs
		12.1 Dry-Phase Inversion Process
		12.2 Wet-Phase Inversion Process
		12.3 Comparison Between Dry-Phase and Wet-Phase Inversion Processes
	13 Variables Tailoring MMMs’ Performance
	14 Molecularly Engineered MMMs
		14.1 CNT-Based MMMs
		14.2 Aligned and Filling CNTs in MMMs
		14.3 Effect of Loaded CNTs in MMMs
	15 Fabrication of CNT-Based MMMs
	16 Challenges Related to the Synthesis of CNT-Based MMMs
	17 Effect of the Structure of CNTs During Synthesis of CNT-Based MMMs
	18 Functional Groups in the CNT Matrix
	19 Role of Inorganic Nanoparticles as Filler
	20 Permeation Models for Mixed Matrix Membrane
		20.1 Review on the Present Models
	21 Separation Properties of MMMs
		21.1 Analytical Applications of MMMs
	22 Conclusions
	References
Carbon Nanotubes in Organic Catalysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Carbon Nanotubes as Catalyst Supports
		2.1 Cross-Coupling Reactions
		2.2 Hydrogenation
		2.3 Oxidation of Alcohols
	3 Carbon Nanotubes as Catalyst
		3.1 Oxidative Dehydrogenation Reactions
		3.2 Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes Catalysts
		3.3 Selective Oxidation Reactions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Carbonaceous Supported Pt-Alloy Based Nanocomposite Electrocatalysts for Methanol Electrooxidation Reaction in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
		2.1 Operating Principles of DMFC
		2.2 General Mechanism of Methanol Oxidation Reaction (MOR)
		2.3 Significant Advantages of DMFC
		2.4 Issues or Challenges in DMFC
		2.5 Anode Electrocatalysts for MOR
		2.6 Unsupported Monometallic Pt Electrocatalysts for MOR
		2.7 Unsupported Bimetallic Pt-Alloyed Based Electrocatalyst for MOR
		2.8 Carbonaceous Materials as the Promising Pt Alloy-Based Electrocatalyst Supports for MOR
		2.9 Carbonaceous Materials Supported Bimetallic Pt Alloy Electrocatalyst
		2.10 Carbonaceous Materials Supported Bimetallic Pt–Pd Alloy Nanocomposite Electrocatalyst
		2.11 DMFC Performance Based on the Advanced Anode Nanocomposite Electrocatalysts
	3 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Carbon Composites and Catalysts for Decomposition of Organic Pollutants
	1 General Introduction: Photocatalysts for Treatment of Contaminants
		1.1 Photocatalysis for Treatment of Contaminants
	2 Photocatalysts Supported on Carbon Materials
	3 Composites Prepared from Different Carbon Materials
	4 Synthesis of Heterostructures
	5 Main Characterizations of Carbon Supported Photocatalysts
	6 Correlation Between Synthesis, Composition and Material Properties
		6.1 Temperature
		6.2 Composition
		6.3 Composite pH
		6.4 Optimal Catalyst Quantity
	7 Improvement of Catalytic Photoactivity
	8 Charge Photogeneration Mechanisms
	9 Conclusion
	References
Electrocatalysis Based on Carbon Composite Catalysts
	1 Introduction
	2 Carbon Composite Catalysts for Fuel Cells
		2.1 Carbon Nanotube Composites
		2.2 Mesoporous Carbon Composites
		2.3 Graphene and Graphene Oxide Composites
		2.4 CNFs Composites
	3 Capacitors and Batteries
		3.1 Capacitors
		3.2 Battery
	4 Carbon Catalysts for Electrochemical Sensors
		4.1 Hydrogen Peroxide Sensors
		4.2 Glucose Sensors
		4.3 Heavy Metal Sensors
	5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
An Overview of Textile Industry Wastewater Treatment Using Activated Carbon Catalysts Derived from Agricultural Waste
	1 Textile Industrial Wastewater
	2 Textile Process and Textile Wastewater Characteristic
	3 Dye in Textile Wastewater Treatment
		3.1 Dye Removal Technologies
		3.2 Activated Carbon
		3.3 Activated Carbon (AC) from Agricultural Wastes
		3.4 Preparation of Activated Carbon (AC)
		3.5 Carbonization
		3.6 Activation Process
		3.7 Characterization and Properties of Activated Carbon (AC)
	4 Application of Activated Carbon for Wastewater Treatment
		4.1 Dye Removal from Wastewater Using Activated Carbon (AC) Derived from Agricultural Waste (Lignocellulose) Material
	5 Conclusion
	References