Carbon-Based Conductive Polymer Composites: Processing, Properties, and Applications in Flexible Strain Sensors

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Emerging Materials and Technologies
Carbon-Based Conductive Polymer Composites: Processing, Properties, and Applications in Flexible Strain Sensors
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Contents
Preface
Author
1. Introduction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Preparation of Conductive Polymer Composites
		1.2.1 In situ Polymerization
		1.2.2 Solution Mixing
		1.2.3 Melt Mixing
	1.3 Processing of Conductive Polymer Composites
		1.3.1 Compression Molding
		1.3.2 Biaxial Stretching
		1.3.3 Blown Film Extrusion
		1.3.4 Injection Molding
		1.3.5 Casting
		1.3.6 Other Processing Methods
	1.4 Properties of Conductive Polymer Composites
		1.4.1 Mechanical Properties
		1.4.2 Electrical Properties
		1.4.3 Thermal Properties
		1.4.4 Barrier Properties
	1.5 Specially Designed Structure
		1.5.1 Segregated Structure
		1.5.2 Double Percolated Structure
	1.6 Applications of Conductive Polymer Composites in Flexible Strain Sensors
		1.6.1 Fabrication of Flexible Strain Sensors
			1.6.1.1 Coating
			1.6.1.2 Electrostatic Self-Assembly
			1.6.1.3 3D Printing
			1.6.1.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition
			1.6.1.5 Other Methods
		1.6.2 Sensing Mechanism of Flexible Strain Sensors
			1.6.2.1 Tunneling Effect
			1.6.2.2 Geometric Effect
			1.6.2.3 Piezoresistive Effect
			1.6.2.4 Crack Propagation
			1.6.2.5 Disconnection Mechanism
		1.6.3 Sensing Performances
			1.6.3.1 Strain Detection Range
			1.6.3.2 Sensitivity
			1.6.3.3 Linearity
			1.6.3.4 Hysteresis
			1.6.3.5 Dynamic Durability
	1.7 Conclusions
	References
2. Compression Molded Conductive Polymer Composites
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Compression Molded HDPE/MWCNT Composites
		2.2.1 Polarized Optical Microscopy
		2.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
		2.2.3 Thermal Properties
		2.2.4 Tensile Properties
		2.2.5 Electrical Properties
	2.3 Unary Carbon Nanofiller-Reinforced Composites
		2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
		2.3.2 Thermal Properties
		2.3.3 Tensile Properties
		2.3.4 Electrical Properties
	2.4 Binary Carbon Nanofiller-Reinforced Composites
		2.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
		2.4.2 Thermal Properties
		2.4.3 Tensile Properties
		2.4.4 Electrical Properties
	2.5 Conclusions
	References
3. Biaxially Stretched Conductive Polymer Composites
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Biaxially Stretched HDPE/MWCNT Composites
		3.2.1 Biaxial Deformation Behavior
		3.2.2 Structural Evolution
		3.2.3 Thermal Properties
		3.2.4 Tensile Properties
		3.2.5 Electrical Properties
	3.3 Biaxially Stretched Unary Carbon Nanofiller-Reinforced Composites
		3.3.1 Biaxial Deformation Behavior
		3.3.2 Thermal Properties
		3.3.3 Structural Evolution
		3.3.4 Tensile Properties
		3.3.5 Electrical Properties
		3.3.6 Barrier Properties
	3.4 Biaxially Stretched Binary Carbon Nanofiller-Reinforced Composites
		3.4.1 Structural Evolution
		3.4.2 Thermal Properties
		3.4.3 Tensile Properties
		3.4.4 Electrical Properties
		3.4.5 Barrier Properties
	3.5 Biaxial Stretching of PP/MWCNT and TPU/MWCNT/rGO Composites
	3.6 Conclusions
	References
4. Blown Film Extrusion of Conductive Polymer Composites
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Blown Film Extrusion of Thermoplastic Polyurethane/CNTs
		4.2.1 Morphology
		4.2.2 Structure
		4.2.3 Tensile Properties
		4.2.4 Dynamic-Mechanical Properties
	4.3 Blown Film Extrusion of TPU/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites
		4.3.1 Thermal Properties
		4.3.2 Structure
		4.3.3 Barrier Properties
	4.4 Blown Film Extrusion of High-Density Polyethylene/CNT Composites
		4.4.1 Morphology
		4.4.2 Thermal Properties
		4.4.3 Tensile Properties
		4.4.4 Electrical Properties
	4.5 Blown Bubble Films of Aligned Nanowires and CNTs
		4.5.1 BBFs with Silicon Nanowires
		4.5.2 BBFs with CNTs
		4.5.3 BBFs with Large-Area Transistor Arrays
	4.6 Conclusions
	References
5. Temperature-Resistivity and Damage Self-Sensing Behavior of Conductive Polymer Composites
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Construction of Conductive Network Structures in CPCs
	5.3 Stimuli-Resistivity Behaviors of CPCs
		5.3.1 Temperature-Resistivity Behavior
		5.3.2 Damage Self-Sensing Behavior
	5.4 Conclusions
	References
6. Flexible Strain Sensors Based on Elastic Fibers of Conductive Polymer Composites
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Methods for Fabricating Flexible Fiber Strain Sensors
		6.2.1 LBL Coating and Ultrasonic-Assisted Dip-Coating
		6.2.2 Chemical Deposition Coating
		6.2.3 Melt Extrusion
		6.2.4 Spinning
	6.3 Relationship between Structure and Performance of Flexible Fiber Strain Sensor
		6.3.1 Sheath-Core Spun Yarn
		6.3.2 Helical Yarn
		6.3.3 Fabric
	6.4 Applications of Flexible Fiber Strain Sensors
		6.4.1 Personal Health Care
		6.4.2 Body Motion Detection
		6.4.3 Human–Machine Interactions
		6.4.4 Intelligent Robotics
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
7. Flexible Strain Sensors Based on Sponges of Conductive Polymer Composites
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Types of Sponge-Based Strain Sensors
		7.2.1 Neat Conductive Sponge
		7.2.2 Conductive Sponge Impregnated with Elastomer
		7.2.3 Composite Conductive Sponge
		7.2.4 Conductive Material-Coated Sponge
	7.3 Methods for Fabrication of Sponge-Based Strain Sensors
		7.3.1 Supercritical Foaming Technology
		7.3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
		7.3.3 Freeze-Drying Method
		7.3.4 Template Method
			7.3.4.1 Carbonization of Template Sponge
			7.3.4.2 Template Removal Method
			7.3.4.3 Surface Coating of a Template Sponge
	7.4 Application of Sponge-Based Strain Sensors
		7.4.1 Wearable Electronic Device
		7.4.2 Human–Computer Interaction/Intelligent Robot
		7.4.3 Electronic Skin
	7.5 Conclusions
	References
8. 3D-Printed Flexible Strain Sensors of Conductive Polymer Composites
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Preparation of 3D-Printed Strain Sensors
		8.2.1 DIW-Based 3D-Printed Strain Sensors
		8.2.2 SLA-Based 3D-Printed Strain Sensors
		8.2.3 SLS-Based 3D Printed Strain Sensors
		8.2.4 FDM-Based 3D-Printed Strain Sensors
	8.3 Conductive Materials for 3D-Printed Strain Sensors
		8.3.1 Carbon Materials
		8.3.2 Metal Material/MXene
		8.3.3 Conductive Hydrogel
	8.4 Architectural Design for 3D-Printed Strain Sensors
		8.4.1 Micro-Nano Porous Structure
		8.4.2 Bionic Structure
		8.4.3 Microstructure Channels
	8.5 Application of 3D-Printed Strain Sensors
		8.5.1 Electronic Skin
		8.5.2 Soft Robotic Systems
		8.5.3 Wearable Electronic Devices
	8.6 Conclusions
	References
Index