CANINE AND FELINE ANESTHESIA AND CO-EXISTING DISEASE.

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1 Cardiovascular Disease
	Introduction
	Cardiovascular Physiology
		Tissue Perfusion and Oxygen Delivery
		Blood Pressure and Cardiac Output
		Mean Arterial Pressure and Autoregulation
		Hypotension
		Relationship Between Mean Arterial Pressure and Cardiac Output
	Preanesthetic Patient Assessment
	Functional Classification of Cardiac Disease
	Sedation Versus General Anesthesia
	Anesthetic and Analgesic Agents
		Premedicants
		Induction Agents
		Anesthetic Maintenance
	Anesthetic Adjuncts
		Local and Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia
		Systemic Analgesic Infusions
		Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
	Sympathomimetic Drugs: Inotropes and Vasopressors
		Dopamine
		Dobutamine
		Epinephrine
		Ephedrine
		Vasopressin
		Norepinephrine
		Phenylephrine
	Patient Monitoring and Support
		Fluid Therapy
		Patient Preoxygenation
		Blood Pressure (BP)
		Electrocardiography
		Pulse Oximetry
		Core Body Temperature
		Capnometry and Ventilation
		Arterial Blood Gases
		Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
		Arterial Pulse Pressure Variation (PPV)
	Anesthetic and Pharmacologic Recommendations for Specific Cardiac Diseases
		General Preanesthetic Evaluation
		Valvular Heart Disease
		Congenital Cardiac Disease
		Abnormalities of Cardiac Conduction and Cardiac Rhythm
	Cardiac Pacemakers and Pacing
		Anesthetic Management
	Systemic and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
		Systemic Hypertension
		Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)
	Heart Failure
		Introduction
		Pathophysiology
		Anesthetic Management
	Canine and Feline Cardiomyopathies
		Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
		Dilated Cardiomyopathy
		Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
	Heartworm Disease
		Incidence and Pathophysiology
		Feline Heartworm Disease
		Caval Syndrome
		Anesthetic Management
	Summary
	References
Chapter 2 Respiratory Disease
	Introduction
	Ventilatory Control
	Respiratory Volumes and Ventilation
	Respiratory Gases
		Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
		Oxygen
		Interactions Between CO2 and O2 Transport
	Ventilatory Cycle Phases and Ventilatory Support
		Ventilatory Cycle
		Ventilatory Support with Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (IPPV)
	Oxygen Supplementation
	Ventilation in Conscious Patients
	Pharmacologic Effects on Ventilation
		Opioids
		Other Sedatives and Tranquilizers
		Injectable and Inhalant Anesthetics
	Anesthetic Management of Specific Disorders
		Upper Airway Disorders or Dysfunction
		Lower Airway and Parenchymal Diseases
		Extrapulmonary or Thoracic Wall Disease
	Summary
	References
Chapter 3 Neurologic Disease
	Introduction
	Nervous System Physiology
		Cerebral Blood Flow
		Autoregulation
		Cerebral Perfusion Pressure and Mean Arterial Pressure
		Cerebral Metabolic Rate
		Arterial Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen
		Central Venous Pressure
		Spinal Cord Blood Flow
	Anesthesia of Patients with Neurologic Conditions
		Preanesthetic Considerations
		Glycemic Control
		Other Nursing Strategies
		Methods to Manage Increased Intracranial Pressure
	Anesthetic Management
		Sedatives and Analgesics
		Injectable Anesthetics
		Inhalant Anesthetics
		Neurospecific Monitoring
	Anesthetic Management of Specific Disease Processes
		Traumatic Brain Injury
		Intracranial Tumors
		Seizure Disorders
		Hydrocephalus
		Chiari-Like Malformation and Syringomyelia
		Intervertebral Disc Disease and Other Spinal Injuries
		Spinal Shock
		Other Nervous System Disorders
		Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction
	References
Chapter 4 Hepatobiliary Disease
	Introduction
	Anatomy and Physiology
	Markers of Hepatic Dysfunction
	Perioperative Effects on Hepatic Function
		General Anesthetic Effects
		Surgical Effects
	Hepatic Dysfunction and Pharmacological Agents
		Sedative Agents
		Opioids
		Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents
		Induction Agents
		Inhalational Agents
	Anesthetic Management of Patients with Hepatic Dysfunction
		General Considerations
		Liver Biopsy
		Portosystemic Shunts
		Hepatic Neoplasia Resection
		Cholecystectomy
	Summary
	References
Chapter 5 Gastrointestinal Disease
	Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract Function
	Oropharyngeal Diseases
		Clinical Signs
		Laboratory Data
		Anesthetic Management
	Esophageal Diseases
		Esophageal Anatomy
		Esophageal Obstruction
		Megaesophagus
		Clinical Signs
		Laboratory Data
		Anesthetic Management
	Gastric and Small Intestinal Disease
		Clinical Signs
		Laboratory Data
		Anesthetic Management
		Gastric Dilatation–Volvulus
	Colonic, Rectal, Anal, and Perineal Surgery
		Clinical Signs
		Laboratory Data
		Anesthetic Considerations
		Secondary Septic Peritonitis
		Anesthetic Considerations
	Summary
	References
Chapter 6 Renal Disease
	Introduction
	Anatomy and Physiology
		Pathophysiology
		Renal Disease and Surgery
	Renal Disease and Pharmacologic Agents
		Pre-anesthetic Agents
		Induction Agents
		Inhalational Agents
		Adjunctive Drugs
	Anesthetic Management of Patients with Renal Disease
		Pre-anesthetic Stabilization
		Intraoperative Management
	Summary
	References
Chapter 7 Urogenital Concerns
	Introduction
	Urogenital Emergencies
	Urethral Obstruction
		Clinical Signs and Physical Examination
		Initial Database and Clinicopathology
		Preanesthetic Management and Initial Stabilization
		Sedation and Anesthesia
		Adjunctive Anesthetic Techniques
		Urethrotomy/Urethrostomy
		Recovery and Postoperative Care
	Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction
		Clinical Signs and Physical Exam
		Initial Database and Stabilization
		Sedation and Anesthesia
		Recovery and Postoperative Care
	Uroabdomen
		Clinical Signs and Physical Exam
		Initial Database and Clinicopathology
		Preanesthetic Management and Initial Stabilization
		Urinary Diversion
		Sedation and Anesthesia
		Recovery and Postoperative Care
	Pyometra
		Clinical Signs and Physical Exam
		Initial Database and Clinicopathology
		Preanesthetic Management and Initial Stabilization
		Anesthesia and Monitoring
		Recovery and Postoperative Care
	Nonurgent Urogenital Procedures
		Laparoscopic Urogenital Procedures
	Cystourethroscopy
	Renal Biopsy
	Urinary Tract Diagnostic Imaging
		Excretory Urography
		Cystography/Urethrography
	References
Chapter 8 Perioperative Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Disturbances
	Introduction
	Body Fluids
		Dehydration and Intravascular Volume Deficits
	Electrolytes
		Sodium
		Chloride
		Potassium
		Calcium
	Acid–Base Homeostasis and Disturbances
		Respiratory Acidosis
		Respiratory Alkalosis
		Nonrespiratory Acidosis
		Nonrespiratory Alkalosis
		Stepwise Approach to Acid–Base Status Assessment
		Stepwise Approach to the Anesthetic Management of the Patient with an Acid–Base Disorder
	References
Chapter 9 Endocrine Disease
	Introduction
	Thyroid Disease
		Thyroid Gland Anatomy and Physiology
		Thyroid Hormone Effects
		Hypothyroidism
		Hyperthyroidism
	Adrenal Disease
		Adrenal Gland Anatomy and Physiology
		Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC; Cushing’s Disease)
		Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s Disease)
	Pheochromocytoma
		Pathophysiology
	Diabetes Mellitus
		Canine Diabetes Mellitus
		Feline Diabetes Mellitus
		Clinical Signs and Symptoms
		Clinicopathologic Changes
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Anesthetic Management
		Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
	Summary
	References
Chapter 10 Nutritional Disease
	Introduction
	Pathophysiology
	Anesthetic Management of the Obese Patient
		Induction
		Maintenance
		Postoperative Care
		Additional Concerns
	Additional Nutritional Concerns
		Boutique Diets (Grain-Free Diets, Novel Protein Diets, All-Meat Diet)
		Ideal Body Weight
		Cachexia
	References
Chapter 11 Genetic Disease
	Introduction
	Pharmacogenetics
	Genetically Related Diseases
		Breed-Related Differences
		Drug Metabolism and Disposition
		Transporters
		Malignant Hyperthermia
		Opioid Receptors
		Anticholinergic Response
		Brachycephalic Airway Obstruction Syndrome (BAOS)
		von Willebrand Disease (VWD)
	Summary
	References
Chapter 12 Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Patients
	Introduction
	Intraocular Pressure
	Tear Production
	Patient Positioning
	Oculocardiac Reflex (Aschner Reflex)
	Ophthalmic Drugs
		Drugs Used to Treat Glaucoma
		Topical Corticosteroids
		Drugs Used to Dilate the Pupil
		The Presence of Coexisting Disease
		Neuromuscular Blockade and Ventilation
	Pain Management
		Local Anesthetics
		Opioids
		Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
		Anesthetic Management
		Anesthetic Recovery
		Postoperative Care
	References
Chapter 13 Oral and Maxillofacial Disorders
	Introduction
	Locoregional Anesthetic/Analgesic Agents
	Locoregional Agent Administration
	Maxillofacial Locoregional Techniques
		Specific Regional and Local Blocks
		Complications and Contraindications
	Inflammation and Local Anesthetic Efficacy
	Pathology Chronicity and Analgesic Needs
	Anesthetic Management of Other Oral and Maxillofacial Conditions
		Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma
		Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
		Long-Acting Local Anesthetics—Bupivacaine
		Buprenorphine Combined with Local Anesthetics
		Local Anesthetic Redosing
		Intraoperative and Postoperative Continuous Rate Infusions
	Circumstances Requiring Unique Anesthetic Management Approaches
		Airway Management
		Occlusion Assessment
		Maxillomandibular Fixation
		Other Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Techniques
		Trismus
	References
Chapter 14 Hematologic Disorders
	Introduction
	Oxygen Content Monitoring in the Anesthetized Patient
	Red Blood Cell Transfusions
	Anesthetic Considerations for Patients with Anemia
	Red Blood Cell Disorders and Blood Viscosity
	Disorders of Hemostasis
	Hypocoagulable Disorders
		Primary Hemostasis
		Evaluation of Primary Hemostasis
		Disorders of Primary Hemostasis
		Treatments in Preparation for Anesthesia
		Thrombocytopathias
	Secondary Hemostasis
		Evaluation of Secondary Hemostasis
		Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis
	Viscoelastic Coagulation Monitoring
	Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy
	Hypercoagulable States
	Disorders of Fibrinolysis
	References
Chapter 15 Skin and Musculoskeletal Diseases
	Introduction
	Burns
		Metabolic Derangements and Systemic Effects
		Treatment and Anesthetic Management
	Chronic Pain Syndrome after Feline Onychectomy
		Anesthesia and Perioperative Analgesia
		Chronic Pain Syndrome Treatment
	Auricular Disease
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Anesthetic Management
	Laryngeal Paralysis
		Clinical Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Anesthetic Management
	Malignant Hyperthermia
		Clinical Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and Anesthetic Management
	Myasthenia Gravis
		Clinical Signs
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Anesthetic and Analgesic Management
	Myopathies
	Noninfectious Inflammatory Joint Diseases
		Osteoarthritis
		Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Reactive Polyarthritis
	Skin (Intradermal) Testing
	Summary
	References
Chapter 16 Infectious Disease
	Introduction
	Contamination and Cleaning of Anesthetic Equipment
		Breathing Circuits
		Endotracheal Tubes
		Anesthetic Equipment and Monitors
	Multidrug-Resistant Organisms and Surgical Site Infection
		Multidrug-Resistant Organisms
		Surgical Site Infections
	Respiratory Infections
		Aspiration, Bacterial, and Viral Pneumonia
		Canine Influenza A Virus
		Feline Respiratory Disease Complex
	Gastrointestinal Infections
		Infectious Gastroenteritis
	Bloodstream Infections
		Catheter-and Drug-Related Infections
		Clinical Signs
		Diagnosis
		Anesthetic Management
	Sepsis
		Clinical Signs
		Diagnosis
		Anesthetic Management
	Cutaneous Infections
		Necrotizing Fasciitis
	Additional Common Infectious Diseases
		Lyme Disease
		Ehrlichiosis
		Leptospirosis
		Feline Immunodeficiency Virus and Feline Leukemia Virus
	References
Chapter 17 Neoplastic Disease
	Introduction
	Pathophysiologic Considerations
		Paraneoplastic Syndromes
		Treatment
	Cancer Pain
		Pain Pathophysiology
		Pain Evaluation
		Specific Pain Characteristics
		Cancer Pain Management
	Nursing Care of Hospitalized Patients
	Considerations for General Anesthesia
	Effects of Perioperative Management on Postoperative Oncologic Outcomes
		Surgery
		Anesthetic Drugs
		Analgesic Agents and Analgesic Techniques
	Palliative Care
		Hospice Care Programs
		Acupuncture for the Oncologic Patient
	Alternative Analgesic Options in Palliative Care
		Nonopiate IV Infusions
		Epidural Injection
		Subcutaneous Opioid Infusion and Other Opioid Delivery Routes
		Joint Injections for Osteoarthritis
		Myofascial Injections
		Toxins
		Neurolysis
		Spinal Cord Stimulation
	References
Chapter 18 Cesarean Section and Pregnancy
	Introduction
	Maternal Physiology
		Cardiorespiratory System
		Gastrointestinal System
		Central Nervous System (CNS)
	Placental Drug Transfer
	Opioid and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Effects on Maternal and Fetal Physiology
		Opioids
		Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
	Patient Management for Cesarean Section
		Preoperative Considerations
		Anesthetic Induction and Intraoperative Management
		Postoperative Pain Management
	Neonatal Resuscitation
	Fetal Physiology
	Pregnant Patient Management for Noncesarean-Section Surgery
	References
Chapter 19 Neonatal and Pediatric Concerns
	Introduction
	Physiological Alterations
		Respiratory System
		Cardiovascular System
		Hepatic System
		Central Nervous System
		Renal System
	Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations
	Anesthetic Management of Neonatal and Pediatric Patients
		Preanesthetic Evaluation
		Sedation
		Anesthetic Induction and Maintenance
		Analgesic Techniques
		Anesthetic Recovery
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20 Senior and Geriatric Concerns
	Introduction
	Physiological Alterations
		Respiratory System
		Cardiovascular System
		Hepatic System
		Central Nervous System (CNS)
		Renal System
		Gastrointestinal (GI) System
		Endocrine System
	Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations
	Anesthetic Management of Senior and Geriatric Patients
		Preanesthetic Evaluation
		Sedation
		Anesthetic Induction and Maintenance
		Analgesic Techniques
		Anesthetic Recovery
	Summary
	References
Chapter 21 Disorders Related to Trauma
	Introduction
	Initial Patient Evaluation
	Anesthesia in Severe Trauma Patients
		Head Trauma
		Thoracic and Abdominal Trauma
		Orthopedic Trauma
	Analgesia in Severe Trauma Patients
		Pain Effects in Polytrauma Patients
	Summary
	References
Chapter 22 Nociceptive Disorders
	Introduction
	Definitions
	The Nociceptive Process
		Transduction
		Transmission
		Primary Modulation
		Projection
		Supraspinal Modulation (Perception)
	Nociception and Pain Disorders
		Peripheral Sensitization (Wind-Up)
		Central Sensitization (Wind-Up)
		Chronic or Maladaptive Pain
		Neuropathic Pain
		Preventive and Multimodal Analgesia
	Practical Anesthetic and Analgesic Considerations
		Common Analgesic Categories Used in Small-Animal Veterinary Medicine
		Preemptive Phase
		Intraoperative Phase
	Postoperative Phase
		Immediate Postoperative Care
		Long-Term Postoperative Care
	References
Chapter 23 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Postcardiac Arrest Care
	Introduction
	CPR Preparedness and Prevention
	Basic Life Support
	Advanced Life Support
	Monitoring During CPR
	Postcardiac Arrest Care
	Clinical Application of the RECOVER Guidelines for Veterinary CPR
	Conclusion
	References
	CPR Recommendations in a Cat Sedated with Preanesthetic Medication Before an Elective Laceration Repair
		Signalment and History
		CPR Efforts
	CPR Recommendations for a Dog During Anesthesia for an Elective Ovariohysterectomy
		Signalment and History
		CPR Efforts
	CPR Recommendations During an Abdominal Exploratory of a Dog with a Hemoperitoneum Secondary to a Ruptured Splenic Mass
		History and Signalment
		CPR Efforts
Index
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