Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants

Front Cover
Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Section A: Oxidative stress and cancer
	Chapter 1: Paraoxonases, oxidative stress, and breast cancer
		Introduction
		Functions and physiological roles of PON1
		PON1 and cancer: Focusing on breast cancer
		PON1 signaling pathways
		PON1 polymorphisms
		Function and physiological roles of PON2 and PON3
		PON2/3 and cancer: Focusing on breast cancer
		PON2 signaling pathways
		PON3 signaling pathways
		PON2/3 polymorphisms
		The paradox: PON activities and BC development
		Concluding remarks
		Application to other cancers
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 2: Oxidative stress and prostate cancer
		Introduction
		Causes of oxidative stress in prostate cancer
			Increased ROS production
				Altered mitochondrial bioenergetics
				Upregulation of Nox enzymes
				Upregulation of COX enzymes
				Hypoxia
			Impaired antioxidant defenses
				Altered antioxidant enzymes
				Altered transcriptional factors related to the redox balance
		Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer
			Oxidative stress in carcinogenesis and cancer progression
			Oxidative stress in castration resistance
			Oxidative stress in resistance to other therapeutics
		Prostate cancer risk factors and their links to oxidative stress
			Aging
			Genetic background (race and family history)
			Androgens
			Inflammation
			Diet
			Lifestyle
		Conclusions
		Applications to other cancers or conditions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 3: Oxidative stress in lung cancer
		Introduction
		Lung cancer
		Etiology of lung cancer
			Tobacco smoking
			Air pollution
			Infection and inflammation
			Radon
			Genetics
			Tobacco smoking and oxidants
			Silica and oxidants
			Asbestos and oxidants
			MicroRNAs and oxidative stress
			Radon and oxidative stress
			Inflammation and oxidative stress
			Oxidative stress leads to DNA mutations and lung cancer
		Lipid and protein peroxidation
			Antioxidants and lung cancer prevention
		Conclusion
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 4: Endogenous antioxidants in the prognosis and treatment of lung cancer
		Double-edged sword of antioxidants in cancer
		Nrf2: Transcriptional regulator of the redox balance
			Role of Nrf2
			Nrf2 in NSCLC
			Nrf2-mediated chemoresistance and therapeutic strategies
		Glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems
			GSH system
				GSH system in NSCLC
				Therapeutic strategies
			Trx system
				Trx system in NSCLC
				Therapeutic strategies
			Dual targeting of the Trx and GSH systems
		Application to other cancers
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 5: Oxidative stress in stomach cancer
		Introduction
		Oxidative stress and host cell
		Oxidative stress and H. pylori
		Host damage by oxidative stress and gastric carcinogenesis
		Oxidative stress and CD44v9-positive gastric cancer stem cells
		Applications to other areas of toxicology
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 6: Oxidative stress and oral cavity cancer
		Introduction
		Oral cancer
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Anatomy of the oral cavity
			Pathology
			Premalignant lesions
				Leukoplakia
				Erythroplakia
				Oral submucosal fibrosis
				Lichen planus
				Dysplasia
				Others
			Oral squamous cell carcinoma and treatment
		Oxidative stress
			The causes of oxidative stress in the oral cavity
			Endogenous causes
			Exogenous causes
				Tobacco smoke and chewing
				Food
				Loss of oral hygiene and chronic inflammation
				Dental materials
			Oxidative stress in oral precancer and cancer
			Applications to other cancers or conditions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 7: Oxidative stress, epigenetics, and bladder cancer
		Introduction
		Urothelial carcinoma
		Oxidative stress in bladder cancer
		Epigenetics in cancer
		Epigenetic alterations in urothelial carcinoma
		ROS alters DNA methylation in urothelial carcinoma
		ROS causes alteration of histone modification in bladder cancer
		Oxidative stress and epigenetic change in other diseased conditions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 8: Linking oxidative stress and ovarian cancers
		Introduction
		Oxidative stress promotes carcinogenesis from endometriosis to OCCCs
		Attempts to prevent development of OCCCs from endometriosis
		Antioxidative pathway in OCCC
		Therapeutic targets for OCCC
		Conclusion
		Applications to other cancers or conditions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 9: Redox-dependent mechanisms of carcinogenesis in human papillomavirus infection
		Introduction
		Cervical cancer
		HPV structure
			E6 oncoprotein
			E7 oncoprotein
			E5 oncoprotein
			HPV oncoproteins and transcription factors
				Activator protein-1
				NF-κB
		Oxidative stress and cervical cancer
			Oxidative/nitrosative stress markers
				Lipid peroxidation products
				δ-Aminolevulinate dehydratase
				Nitric oxide
			Antioxidant systems
			Protein oxidation
				Studies on cell cultures
				Studies on patients tissues
		Redox control and adaptive mechanisms in HPV-infected cells
			Modulation of stress response markers
			Modulation of antioxidant response: Peroxiredoxins
			Suppression of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis
		Conclusion
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 10: Polymorphisms, antioxidant genes, and cancer
		Introduction
		Breast cancer
			MnSOD
			CAT
			MPO
			GPXs
		Prostate cancer
		Gastric, colorectal, and colon cancer
		Lung cancer
		Other cancers
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 11: The interconnection of high-fat diets, oxidative stress, the heart, and carcinogenesis
		Oxidative stress: General introduction
		Obesity, oxidative stress, and inflammation
		Diet-induced oxidative stress in relation to noncommunicable diseases
		Dietary fat in relation to cancer and CVD risk
			Total fat
			Saturated fat
			Unsaturated fat
				MUFAs
				PUFAs
				TFAs
			TFAs and cancer risk
		Cancer and heart disease
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 12: Cancer during pregnancy. Maternal, placenta, and fetal damage. Nutrition, antioxidant defenses, and adult off ...
		Introduction: Cancer and pregnancy
			Cancer during pregnancy incidence
			Cancer-induced metabolic changes in pregnancy evolution
			Carbohydrate metabolic changes
			Lipid metabolic changes
			Protein metabolic changes
		Oxidative stress in pregnancy associated with cancer
			Placental and fetal changes and viability associated with cancer
			Nutritional supplementation and positive effects in pregnancy and oxidant and antioxidant responses
		Maternal diet influence in cancer evolution and host responses
			Maternal antioxidant diet could affect the defenses of the adult offspring tumor-bearing hosts
		Conclusion
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 13: Inflammation and oxidatively induced DNA damage: A synergy leading to cancer development
		Introduction
		Oxidative DNA damage
			Mechanisms of induction
			Pathways of repair
		Role of inflammation in the induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage leading to cancer
			Extrinsic pathway of carcinogenesis
			Intrinsic pathway
			The link between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
			Soluble mediators and cellular components
			Tissue injury
		Nontargeted effects, inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage
			Bystander and abscopal effects
			Bystander signaling in vitro
			Role of cytokines for bystander signaling
		Radiation-induced inflammation
			Local tumor environment and radiation
			Radiation exposure and the immunogenic effect
		Conclusion
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 14: Ferroptosis, free radicals, and cancer
		Introduction
		The discovery of ferroptotic cancer cell death
		The central biochemical event of ferroptotic cancer cell death
		The core molecular machinery of ferroptotic cancer cell death
			System xc-
			GPX4
			TP53
			NFE2L2
			ACSL4
			Lipoxygenase
		The relationship between ferroptosis and autophagy
		Conclusions and perspectives
		Applications to other cancers or conditions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 15: Nrf2, YAP, antioxidant potential, and cancer
		Introduction
		Nrf2 transcription factor
		Nrf2 activity in cancer prevention
		Nrf2 in cancer progression and chemoresistance
		Hippo pathway and YAP regulation
		YAP in cancer progression and chemoresistance
		YAP and antioxidant regulation
		YAP-Nrf2 cooperation and cross talk
		Applications to other cancers or conditions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 16: Cancer, NFkappaB, and oxidative stress-dependent phenotypes
		Introduction
		NFκB and cancer
		The crosstalk between NFκB and oxidative stress in cancer
		NFκ and oxidative stress-dependent phenotypes in cancer
			Cell proliferation
			Inflammation
			Tumor angiogenesis
			Apoptosis escape: Molecular bases of chemoresistance
			Tumor metabolism
		Application to other cancers or conditions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 17: 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine: A valuable predictor of oxidative DNA damage in cancer and diabetes mellitus
		Introduction
		Free radicals and oxidative DNA damage
		Biomarkers of oxidative repair products
		Measurement of 8-OHdG
		Practical impact of 8-OHdG in carcinogenesis and cancer therapy
		Impact of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus
		Practical impact of 8-OHdG in diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications
		Applications to other cancers or conditions
		Summary points
		References
Section B: Antioxidants and cancer
	Chapter 18: Molecular approaches toward targeted cancer therapy with some food plant products: On the role of antioxidant ...
		Introduction
		Oxidative stress, genomic instability, and cancer: Role of dietary antioxidants
			Carotenoids (beta carotene and lycopene)
			Grapes
			Ginger
			Spinach
		ROS-related signaling pathways for targeted cancer therapy
			Regulation of MAPK signaling pathways by ROS
			Regulation of PI3K signaling pathways by ROS
			Nrf2 and Ref-1-mediated redox cellular signaling
			Regulation of p66shc, mitochondrial oxidative stress
			Regulation of IRE-IRP system and iron homeostasis by ROS
			ROS and DNA damage response
		Oxidative stress-mediated DDR pathway inhibitors for cancer therapy
			Base excision repair (BER)
			Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ)
			Nucleotide excision repair (NER)
		Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and the role of antioxidants as immune modulators
			Components of TIME and their functions
			Oxidative stress and the impact of dietary products on the TIME
		Cross talk between DDR and the tumor immune microenvironment
		Future perspectives
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 19: Prostate cancer and food-based antioxidants in India as plausible therapeutics
		Introduction
		Cancer and its pathogenesis
		Genetic factors
		Environmental factors
		Prostate cancer
			Introduction
			Types
			Pathogenesis
			Current therapy and its limitations
		Functional food as therapeutics for prostate cancer
			Lycopene
			Curcumin
			Quercetin
			Genistein
			Resveratrol
			Epigallocatechin
			Beta-carotene
			Omega-3-fatty acids
		Future perspectives
		Conclusion
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 20: Linking nonenzymatic antioxidants in the diet and colorectal cancer
		Introduction
			Epidemiology of colorectal cancer
			CRC risk and prevention factors with a focus on dietary factors
			Molecular colorectal carcinogenesis
			Dietary antioxidants: Their health benefits and dietary sources
		Role of nonenzymatic antioxidants in the prevention of colorectal cancer
			Molecular basis of dietary antioxidants in CRC etiology
			Levels of evidence of anti-CRC effects of antioxidants from human studies
				Single-dietary antioxidants
				Nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity
		Insights into oxidative stress modulators and colorectal cancer
			OS implications in CRC
			Gut microbiome and the antioxidant-oxidant balance
		Conclusions and applications to other cancers or conditions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 21: Fruit and vegetable juices and breast cancer
		Introduction
		In vitro and in vivo studies
			Berries juice
			Grape juice
			Pomegranate juice
			Citrus juice
			Apple juice
			Noni juice
			Cruciferous juice
			Beetroot juice
			Other fruit and vegetable extracts and juices
		Epidemiological data
			FVJ in BC
			FVJ in combination with chemotherapy
		Conclusion
		Fruit and vegetables juices in other cancers
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 22: Oxidative stress and cancer: Role of n-3 PUFAs
		Introduction
			Oxidative stress
			Cancer and n-3 PUFAs
			Guidelines: Supplementation with omega-3 in cancer
		Omega-3 and cancer cachexia
		Role of omega-3 PUFAs in chemoresistant cancers
		Application to other cancers and conditions
		Conclusions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 23: Statins, cancer, and oxidative stress
		Applications to other cancers or conditions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 24: Role of anthocyanins in oxidative stress and the prevention of cancer in the digestive system
		Introduction
		Applications to other cancers
		Oxidative stress and gastrointestinal cancer
			Oxidative stress
			Oxidative stress in gastric cancer
			Oxidative stress in liver cancer
			Oxidative stress in colorectal cancer
			Oxidative stress in pancreatic cancer
		Anthocyanins: Properties and dietary sources
			Chemistry of anthocyanins
			Food sources
			Bioavailability and metabolism
		Role of anthocyanins in the prevention of oxidative stress
			Direct chemical mechanisms
			Indirect molecular mechanisms
		Role of anthocyanins in the prevention of gastrointestinal cancer
		Conclusions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 25: Caffeic Acid targets metabolism of cervical squamous cell carcinoma
		Introduction
		Metabolic reprogramming confers an adaptive advantage to cancer cells
		CA hampers glucose uptake and glucose catabolism to lactate in cervical cancer cells
		CA induces oxidative stress in mitochondria and elucidates metabolic-dependent apoptotic death in epithelial cervical cance ...
		CA impairs energy generation in cervical cancer cells
		Energetic stress caused by CA in cervical cancer cells activates adenosine 5-monophosphate AMP-activated protein kinase
		CA affects the cervical cancer cells phenotype and migration properties under implementation of the Epithelial-to-Mesenchym ...
		CA has the potency to regulate cell cycle progress in cervical cancer cells with an epithelial phenotype
		Applications to other conditions
			Cervical cancer treatment in humans using Cisplatin
			Co-treatment of cervical cancer cells with CA and the antidiabetic drug, Metformin, augments the toxic action of Cisplatin  ...
			CA and Met hamper proliferation and enhance cell death in cervical cancer cells but not in normal cells
			CA alleviates lactic acidosis caused by Metformin-In vitro study
			Bioavailability of CA and perspectives of use in humans
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 26: Effects of caffeic acid on oxidative balance and cancer
		Coffee
			Coffee and oxidative balance
			Coffee and cancer
		Berries
			Raspberry
				Raspberry and oxidative balance
				Raspberry and cancer
			Blueberry
				Blueberry and oxidative balance
				Blueberry and cancer
		Propolis
			Propolis and oxidative balance
			Propolis and cancer
		Apple
			Apple and oxidative balance
			Apple and cancer
		Grape and wine
			Grape/wine and cancer
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 27: Oxidative stress and cancer: Antioxidative role of Ayurvedic plants
		Introduction
		Oxidative stress and cancer
		Ayurvedic plants with antioxidative nature
			Emblica officinalis
			Glycyrrhiza glabra
			Aloe vera
			Ocimum sanctum
			Tinospora cordifolia
		Other Ayurvedic plants
		Conclusion
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 28: Polyphenol chlorogenic acid, antioxidant profile, and breast cancer
		Introduction
		Chlorogenic acid
		Antioxidant profile of chlorogenic acid
			Antioxidant capacity of chlorogenic acid isomers with conventional in vitro tests
			Antioxidant properties of chlorogenic acid in cellular level
			Antioxidant effects of chlorogenic acid in vivo
			Computational evaluations for antioxidant potential of chlorogenic acid
		Chlorogenic acid and breast cancer
			Cytotoxic/antiproliferative effects of chlorogenic acid on breast cancer cells
			Effects of chlorogenic acid on cell cycle distribution in breast cancer
			Apoptotic effects of chlorogenic acid on breast cancer
			Effects of chlorogenic acid on mitochondrial membrane potential in breast cancer
			Molecular simulations and validations of chlorogenic acid effects on protein kinase C
			Effects of chlorogenic acid on breast cancer in vivo
		Applications to other cancers or conditions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 29: Cinnamomum cassia, apoptosis, STAT3 inactivation and reactive oxygen species in cancer studies
		Introduction
		Oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis induced by cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives
			Regulation of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways
			Regulation of antioxidant defense system
		Apoptotic cell death via STAT3 inactivation
		Direct binding targets of cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives
			Proteasome subunits
			Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2)
			Proviral insertion in murine lymphomas-1 (Pim-1)
			Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)
			Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR)
		Applications to other cancers or conditions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 30: Antioxidative stress actions of cocoa in colonic cancer: Revisited
		Introduction
		Chemopreventive mechanism of cocoa polyphenols in cultured colon cancer cells
			Antioxidant effects
				Protective effects
				Effects on phase I and II enzymes
			Effects on apoptosis and proliferation
				Cell cycle
				Apoptosis
				Proliferation/survival
			Antiinflammatory effects
		Chemopreventive mechanism of cocoa in animal models of colon cancer
			Cocoa prevented AOM-induced oxidative stress in colon tissues
			Cocoa prevented cell proliferation in AOM treated animals
			Cocoa prevented AOM-induced inflammation in colon tissues
			Cocoa-induced apoptosis in AOM-treated animals
		Human studies
			Epidemiologic studies
			Intervention studies
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 31: Medicinal plants, antioxidant potential, and cancer
		Introduction
		Applications to other cancers or conditions
		Oxidative stress resulting from the overproduction of free radicals
		Free radicals and their implication in oxidative stress-related diseases
		Antioxidant mechanisms of free radical scavengers
		Methods used for the evaluation of antiradical activity
			Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay
			ABTS (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assay
			DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay
			ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) assay
			Superoxide anion scavenging assay
			Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay
		Free radical scavenger potency versus polyphenolic contents of plants
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 32: Curcumin, oxidative stress, and breast cancer
		Introduction
		Estrogens (17β-estradiol) and oxidative stress
		Oxidative stress
		Curcumin as an antioxidant
		Curcumin and a multifunctional nuclear transcription factor and the enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase protein expression
		Curcumin and lipid peroxidation
		Curcumin and epithelial-mesenchymal transition
		Curcumin and genomic instability
		Curcumin and specific biomarkers for cancer
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 33: Curcumin analogs, oxidative stress, and prostate cancer
		Introduction
		Prostate cancer and oxidative stress
			Prostate cancer: A brief introduction
			Prostate cancer and oxidative stress: Possible factors
			Reactive oxygen species: A paradox in (prostate) cancer
		Curcumin, curcuminoids, and curcumin analogs
			Chemistry and biochemistry of curcumin, curcuminoids, and curcumin analogs
			Antioxidant versus prooxidant activities of curcumin, curcuminoids, and curcumin analogs
				Antioxidant activities: Mechanisms
				Prooxidant activities: Mechanisms
		The potential of curcumin, curcuminoids, and curcumin analogs as oxidant agents in prostate cancer
			Molecular targets of curcumin, curcuminoids, and curcumin analogs in prostate cancer
			Curcumin, curcuminoids, and curcumin analogs as antioxidants in prostate cancer
			Curcumin, curcuminoids, and curcumin analogs as prooxidants in prostate cancer
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 34: Fern extract, oxidative stress, and skin cancer
		Introduction
			Ultraviolet radiation and oxidative stress
			Infrared radiation (IR) and visible light (VIS) and oxidative stress
		Fernblock, oxidative stress, and photoprotection
			Photoprotective agents
			Polypodium leucotomos. Origen and composition
				General features of the Polypodium genus and P. leucotomos species
			Composition
		Molecular, cellular, and clinical evidence of the photoprotective properties of Fernblock
			Fernblock in DNA photodamage and repair
			Fernblock effect on free radicals during inflammation
			Fernblock prevents UV radiation-mediated immunosuppression
			Fernblock, an anti-UV-induced tumor progression agent
			Fernblock and malignant melanoma
			Fernblock prevention of matrix remodeling and other cellular effects (Table 4)
			Fernblock preventions of photodamage induced by visible light and infrared radiation
		Potential use of Fernblock in the treatment of other pathological skin conditions
			Idiopathic photodermatosis
			Pigmentary disorders
				Vitiligo
				Melasma
		Applications to Fernblock to skin cancers or other conditions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 35: Lycium barbarum (goji berry), human breast cancer, and antioxidant profile
		Introduction
		Natural compounds in cancer therapy and chemoprevention
		Characteristics of Lycium barbarum (goji berry)
		Anticancer properties of L. barbarum in breast cancer
		Antioxidative properties of L. barbarum in breast cancer
		Applications to other cancers or conditions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 36: Manuka honey, oxidative stress, 5-fluorouracil treatment, and colon cancer cells
		Overview of etiology and risk factors of colorectal cancer (CRC)
		Oxidative stress and CRC
		Management and treatment of 5-FU in CRC
		Manuka honey (MH)
			Nutritional composition of MH
			MH as a source of natural antioxidant
		Chemopreventive effect of MH in colon cancer cells
			Antiproliferative effect
			Apoptosis induction
			Alteration of oxidative stress
			Antimetastatic effects
		Effect of MH on other cancer cells
		Conclusions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 37: Piplartine (piperlongumine), oxidative stress, and use in cancer
		Introduction
		Oxidative stress induction
		Cancer cell death induction
		Antitumor, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic effects
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 38: Antioxidant of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumn and lymphoid cancer cells
		Introduction
		Applications to other cancers or conditions
		Cancer
		Oxidative stress (OxS)
		Biomarkers of OxS
		OxS and cell proliferation
		OxS and apoptosis
		ROS and mtDNA damage
		Antioxidant defense in cancer development
		P. ostreatus, oyster mushroom
		Extraction and purification of polysaccharides
		Treatment of cancer
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 39: ``Skin cancer, polyphenols, and oxidative stress´´ or Counteraction of oxidative stress, inflammation, signal ...
		Introduction
			Oxidative stress, inflammation, and associated signal transduction pathways: Fundamental biology, the alteration, and count ...
				Oxidative stress and polyphenols
				Inflammation and polyphenols
				Signal transduction pathways and polyphenols
			ECM remodeling and associated growth factors: Fundamental biology, the alteration, and counteraction by polyphenols
				Collagen/elastin and polyphenols
				Matrixmetalloproteinases/elastases
				Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and polyphenols
				Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and polyphenols
				Nanobiomaterials and polyphenols
		Conclusion
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 40: Pterostilbene and cancer chemoprevention
		Introduction
		Applications to other cancers or conditions
		Main text
			Pharmacokinetics of pterostilbene
			Oxidative stress and inflammation in cancer development
			Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of pterostilbene
		Chemopreventive mechanisms of pterostilbene in preclinical studies
			Inhibiting inflammatory responses
			Inducing apoptosis in cancer cells
			Pterostilbene induces autophagy in cancer cells
			Pterostilbene induces cell cycle arrest in cancer cells
			Pterostilbene induces senescence in cancer cells
			Pterostilbene inhibits invasion and metastasis in cancer cells
			Chemopreventive effects of pterostilbene by regulation of microRNAs
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 41: Resveratrol, reactive oxygen species, and mesothelioma
		Introduction
		Applications to other cancers or conditions
			Resveratrol
			Antioxidant effects of resveratrol
			Malignant pleural mesothelioma
			Asbestos and malignant pleural mesothelioma
			Antiapoptotic effects of resveratrol on MPM cells
			Chemoprotective effects of resveratrol on MPM cells
			Effects of resveratrol on cell cycle of MPM cells
			Signaling pathways in anticancer effects of resveratrol
			Chemopreventive properties of resveratrol
			Dual effects of resveratrol on cancer cells
			Conclusion
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 42: Exercise, selenium, and cancer cells
		Introduction
		Selenium and human health
		Selenium and cancer
		Physical exercise and cancer
		Exercise and selenium: Possible metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells
		Applications to other cancers or conditions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 43: Silybum marianum, antioxidant activity, and cancer patients
		Introduction
		Skin cancer
		Larynx and lung cancer
		Breast cancer
		Hepatic and pancreatic cancers
		Ovarian cancer
		Prostate cancer
		Colorectal cancer
		Kidney and bladder cancer
		Cervical cancer
		Leukemia
		Antimetastatic effect
		Radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-induced adverse reaction management (Table 2)
			Hepatoprotectant
			Kidney protectant
			Cardioprotectant
			Mucocutaneous protection
		Silymarin administration and dosing
		Silymarin adverse reactions and drug interactions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 44: Plants of the genus Terminalia: Phytochemical and antioxidant profiles, proliferation, and cancer
		Introduction
		Applications to cancers or other conditions
		Antioxidant content
		The relationship between oxidative stress and cancer
		Phytochemistry of the genus Terminalia
		Tannins
		Stilbenes
		Other compounds with anticancer activities
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 45: Uncaria tomentosa: A promising source of therapeutic agents for prevention and treatment of oxidative stress  ...
		Introduction
		Applications to other cancers or conditions
		Uncaria tomentosa
		Botanical classification of Uncaria genus
		Chemical composition of U. tomentosa
		Oxidative stress
		Oxidative stress and U. tomentosa
		Cancer and U. tomentosa
		Conclusions
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 46: Pharmacological ascorbate and use in pancreatic cancer
		Introduction
			Ascorbate biochemistry
			Selective toxicity to cancer cells
			P-AscH- as chemosensitizer
			P-AscH- as radiosensitizer
			P-AscH- as a protector of normal tissue during chemoradiation
			Conclusions
		Applications in other cancers
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 47: Antioxidant vitamins and genetic polymorphisms in breast cancer
		Introduction
		Effect of antioxidant vitamin on breast cancer incidence
		Antioxidant vitamins and genomic integrity: Developmental and degenerative correlates
		Interaction between genetic polymorphism and antioxidant vitamin on breast cancer risk
		One carbon metabolism-related gene polymorphisms and dietary factors on breast cancer risk
		Oxidative stress-related gene polymorphisms and dietary factors on breast cancer risk
		Research priorities for gene-diet interaction approach
		Conclusion
		Summary points
		References
	Chapter 48: Antioxidant vitamins in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
		Introduction
		Antioxidant compounds
		Oxidative stress, antioxidant vitamins, and ALL
		The antioxidant mechanisms
			Vitamin C
			Vitamin A
			Vitamin E
		Conclusion
		Summary points
		References
Section C: Online resources
	Chapter 49: Recommended resources on cancer: Oxidative stress and dietary antioxidants
		Introduction
		Resources
		Summary points
		References
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