Cancer Treatment - An Interdisciplinary Approach - An Interdisciplinary Approach (Jan 1, 2024)_(3031439821)_(Springer)

Preface
Contents
About the Editor
Cancer: A Complex Problem Requiring Interdisciplinary Research
	1 Cancer: A Complex Problem
	2 An Interdisciplinary Approach Toward Understanding Cancer
		2.1 Biological, Chemical, and Environmental Sciences in Cancer Research
		2.2 Physics in Cancer Research
		2.3 Mathematics in Cancer Research
		2.4 Artificial Intelligence in Cancer Research
		2.5 Medical Sciences in Cancer Research
		2.6 Social Sciences in Cancer Research
	3 Framework and Perspective of Cancer Research in 2050
	4 Conclusion
	References
Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy
	1 Introduction
	2 Antitumor Immunity
	3 The Tumor Antigens
	4 Immune Mechanism of Tumor Elimination
	5 Immune Escape from Tumors
	6 Cellular Immunity
	7 Humoral Immunity
	8 Immunotherapy
	9 Checkpoint Inhibitor
	10 Cellular Therapies
	11 Vaccines
	12 The Tumor Microenvironment and Other Targets
	13 Oncolytic Virus Therapy
	14 Biomarkers
	15 Conclusion
	References
New Approaches Targeting Immuno-oncology and Tumor Microenvironment
	1 Introduction
	2 Co-suppression Checkpoint
		2.1 PD-1
		2.2 CTLA-4
		2.3 TIM-3
		2.4 LAG-3
		2.5 VISTA
		2.6 TIGIT
		2.7 BTLA
	3 Costimulatory Checkpoints
		3.1 CD28
		3.2 OX40
		3.3 CD137
		3.4 ICOS
		3.5 GITR
		3.6 CD27
	4 Targeting Immunosuppressive Cells
		4.1 Treg Cells
		4.2 MDSC
		4.3 TAM
	5 Drugs that Regulate Innate Immunity and Promote Tumor Immune Infiltration
		5.1 STING Agonists
		5.2 TLR Agonists
	References
Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes as Markers of the Antitumor Therapy Efficacy: Myth or Reality?
	1 Introduction
	2 TILs as Prognostic Markers of the Therapy Effectiveness and the Course of Malignant Disease
	3 Methodological Approaches to TIL Evaluation
	4 The Concept of Stromal and Intratumoral TILs
	5 Clinical Studies of the TIL Prognostic Significance
	6 TILs and Breast Cancer
	7 TILs and Lung Cancer
	8 TILs and Colorectal Cancer
	9 TILs and Ovarian Cancer
	10 TILs for Prognosis of Head and Neck Cancer
	11 TILs in Esophageal Cancer
	12 TILs in Melanoma
	13 Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers for the Effectiveness of the Inhibitors of the Immune Checkpoints
	14 Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes: Biomarkers of the ICI Effectiveness
	15 TILs for the Prognosis of the ICI Effectiveness
	16 Methods of TIL Detection
	17 Conclusion
	References
Recent Innovative Approaches to Intensify the Efficacy and Safety of CAR-T Cell Therapy in Cancers
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure, Generations, and Function of CAR-T Cell
	3 CAR-T Cell Challenges
	4 Side Effects of CAR-T Cell
	5 Efficacy Improvement Strategies of CAR-T Cells
		5.1 Combination Therapy of CAR-T Cells
			5.1.1 CAR-T Cell Therapy with Radiotherapy
			5.1.2 CAR-T Cell Therapy with Chemotherapy
			5.1.3 Cancer Vaccine
			5.1.4 Apoptotic Agents
			5.1.5 Cytokines
			5.1.6 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
			5.1.7 Oncolytic Viruses
			5.1.8 Immunomodulatory Agents
		5.2 Armored CAR-T Cells
			5.2.1 TRUCKs
			5.2.2 Universal CARs
			5.2.3 SUPRA CARs
			5.2.4 Split CARs (CAR + CCR)
	6 Safety and Specificity Improvement Strategies of CAR-T Cells
		6.1 Suicide Switches
			6.1.1 iCasp9
			6.1.2 HSV.TK
			6.1.3 CD20 and EGFRt
		6.2 Endogenous Switches
			6.2.1 Dual CARs
			6.2.2 Tandem CAR
			6.2.3 Inhibitory CAR (iCAR)
			6.2.4 Synthetic Notch Receptor (SynNotch) CAR
		6.3 Exogenous Switches
			6.3.1 Bispecific T Cell Engager
			6.3.2 On-Switch CAR
	7 Combination and Modification Strategies of CAR-T Cell in Clinics
	8 Conclusion
	References
An Updated Focus on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
	1 Introduction
	2 ICI Classes and Mechanism of Action
		2.1 Rationale and Mechanisms of Action
		2.2 Currently Available ICIs in Solid Tumors
	3 Immune-Related Adverse Events
		3.1 Safety Profiles of ICIs
	4 Spectrum of the Kidney Involvement in ICI-Related Toxicities: From Acute Kidney Injury to Electrolyte Disorders
		4.1 Acute Kidney Injury: Epidemiology and Histopathological Findings
		4.2 Electrolyte Disorders
	5 Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
		5.1 Epidemiology
		5.2 Pathophysiology
		5.3 Clinical Presentation
	6 Diagnosis
		6.1 Role of Biomarkers
	7 Management and Treatment
	8 ICI and Kidney Transplantation
	9 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Cancer Stem Cell as a Target for Immunotherapeutic Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 What Are CSCs?
		2.1 CSC in Tumor Initiations
		2.2 History of CSC
		2.3 Association Between CSCs and Normal SCs (NSCs)
	3 Immunological Landscape on CSCs
		3.1 CSCs in Different Types of Cancer
		3.2 Developmental Pathways
		3.3 CSCs Escaping
	4 CSCs as a Target for Human Immune System
	5 Efficacy of Different Treatments on CSCs
	6 Immunotherapy for Cancer
		6.1 Historical View
		6.2 Immunotherapy in Brief
	7 CSCs as a Target for Immunotherapy
		7.1 DC-Based Vaccines
		7.2 Adaptive T-cell Therapy (ACT)
		7.3 Oncolytic Virotherapy (OVT)
		7.4 Combination Therapy
	8 Conclusion
	References
Immunological Properties of Manipulated Hematopoietic Stem Cell Grafts
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Graft Cellular Manipulation
		2.1 Depletion (Targeted Negative Selection)
			2.1.1 CD3+ T Cell Depletion
				TCRαβ+ T Cell Depletion
				Naive CD45RA+ T Cell Depletion
			2.1.2 CD19+ B Cell Depletion
		2.2 Inclusion (Positive Selection/Expansion)
			2.2.1 CD34+ Cell Enrichment
			2.2.2 Regulatory T Cell Expansion
			2.2.3 NK Cell Expansion
			2.2.4 γδ T Cell Expansion
	3 Immunological Effects of Manipulated Grafts
		3.1 Negative Selections
			3.1.1 CD3+ T Cell /CD19+ B Cell Depletion
			3.1.2 TCRαβ+ T Cell/CD19+ B Cell Depletion
			3.1.3 Naive CD45RA+ T Cell Depletion
		3.2 Positive Selections
			3.2.1 CD34+ Cell Enrichment
			3.2.2 Regulatory T Cell Expansion
			3.2.3 NK Cell Expansion
			3.2.4 γδ T Cell Expansion
	4 Clinical Impacts of Manipulated Grafts
	References
Recent Development of Quinoline Derivatives as Anticancer Agents: 2015-2022
	1 Introduction
	2 Recent Discoveries of Quinoline Derivatives as Anticancer Agents
		2.1 Quinoline Derivatives
		2.2 Quinoline Hybrids
		2.3 Organo-Metallic Complexes
	3 Conclusion
	References
Antitumor Immunotherapy: Effect of COVID-19 in Cancer Patients
	1 Introduction
	2 Immunological Parameters in Cancer Patients and Non-cancer Patients with COVID-19
	3 Antibody-Dependent Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Cancer Patients in Comparative Studies
	4 Antitumor Immunotherapy and Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Use of Immunotherapy in Cancer Patients with Autoimmune Diseases
	1 Introduction
	2 Pathogenesis of AID
	3 AID and Development of Cancer
	4 Mechanism of Action of CTLA-4 Inhibitors
	5 Mechanism of Programmed Cell Death Receptor 1 (PD-1) and Its Ligand PD-L1 Inhibitors
	6 ICI Therapy and Autoimmune Disorders: Theoretical Considerations
		6.1 ICI Therapy in Melanoma
		6.2 ICI Therapy in NSCLC
		6.3 ICI Therapy in Urologic Cancers
	7 Conclusion
	References
The Effects of Low-Dose Non-ionizing and Ionizing Radiation on Wound Healing and Cancer
	1 Radiation Therapy
		1.1 The History and Current Applications of Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation
		1.2 Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation
		1.3 Photobiomodulation with Low-Dose Non-ionizing Radiation
	2 Wound Healing
		2.1 Types of Wounds
		2.2 Phases of Wound Healing
			2.2.1 Haemostasis
			2.2.2 Inflammation
			2.2.3 Proliferation and Cellular Migration
			2.2.4 Remodelling
	3 Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation and Wound Healing
		3.1 Effects of Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation on Open Wound Healing
		3.2 Effects of Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation on Diabetic Ulcer Healing
	4 Photobiomodulation and Wound Healing
		4.1 Effects of Photobiomodulation on Open Wound Healing
		4.2 Effects of Photobiomodulation on Diabetic Ulcer Healing
	5 Low-Dose Radiation and Cancer
		5.1 Effects of Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation on Cancer
		5.2 Photobiomodulation for the Management of Adverse Effects of Cancer Treatment
	6 Discussion and Limitations
	7 Conclusion
	References
How Is Cancer Under the Sea? Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Cancer
	1 Introduction
	2 Breast Cancer
		2.1 Cohort/Pilot
		2.2 Case Report
		2.3 Case Series
		2.4 Clinical Trial
		2.5 Adverse Effects
	3 Prostate Cancer
		3.1 Cohort/Pilot
		3.2 Case Report
		3.3 Case Series
		3.4 In Vivo
	4 Head and Neck Cancer
		4.1 Cohort/Pilot
		4.2 Clinical Trial
		4.3 Systematic Review
	5 Esophagus Cancer
	6 Gastric Cancer
		6.1 Case Series
		6.2 In Vitro
	7 Pancreatic Cancer
	8 Colorectal Cancer
		8.1 Case Report
		8.2 In Vivo
	9 Pelvic Cancer
	10 Lung Cancer
		10.1 In Vivo
		10.2 Cohort/Pilot
	11 Conclusion
	References
Interventional Oncology Techniques: A Primer for Non-users
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Biopsy
		1.2 Ablation
			1.2.1 Chemical Ablation
			1.2.2 Thermal Ablation
		1.3 Liver
			1.3.1 Liver Metastatic Disease
			1.3.2 Renal Cell Cancer
			1.3.3 Pulmonary Tumours
		1.4 Bone
		1.5 Locoregional Intraarterial Therapies
			1.5.1 General Considerations
			1.5.2 Trans-arterial Chemoembolization (TACE)
				Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT)
		1.6 Palliative Care
	2 Percutaneous Paliation of Pain
	3 Percutaneous Drainage of Fluid Collections
	4 Percutaneous Management of Malignant Biliary Obstruction
	5 Conclusion
	References
Future Perspectives of Phytochemicals in Cancer Therapy
	1 Introduction
	2 Phytochemicals in Future Cancer Therapy Perspectives
		2.1 Cancer Stem Cell Targeting Approach
		2.2 Combinational Approach
		2.3 Nanoparticle Utilization Approach
	3 Conclusions
	References
Integrated Palliative Cancer Care: From an Interdisciplinary Perspective
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Burden of Cancer
		1.2 Definitions
			1.2.1 Palliative Care
			1.2.2 Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Palliative Care
		1.3 Palliative Care for Cancer
		1.4 Objective
	2 Palliative Care for Cancer: Important Concepts
		2.1 Supportive, Palliative, and Hospice Care
		2.2 Traditional Palliative Care and Early Palliative Care
	3 Integration of Palliative Care for Cancer
		3.1 Integration Levels
		3.2 Integration Components
	4 Palliative Care for Different Cancers
		4.1 Breast Cancer
		4.2 Hematological Cancer
		4.3 Pediatric Cancer
		4.4 Thoracic Cancer
		4.5 Mixed
	5 Timing: An Important Factor Contributing to the Impact of Palliative Care on Cancer-Related Outcomes
	6 Challenges with Integrated Palliative Care and Oncologic Care
		6.1 Limited Interaction with Palliative Care Services
		6.2 Ambiguities with Regard to the Understanding of Palliative Care
		6.3 Delayed or Hindered Referral
		6.4 Lack of Adequate Education
		6.5 Communication with Parents
	7 Interdisciplinary Palliative Care for Cancer
		7.1 The Necessity of Interdisciplinary Palliative Care: The Reasons
			7.1.1 Advanced Cancer: A Disease with Multiple Symptoms
			7.1.2 Cancer Anorexia: Multiple Pathophysiological Mechanisms
			7.1.3 Cancer Pain: A Complicated Condition
			7.1.4 Cancer Psychosocial Problems: A Complex Condition
			7.1.5 Advanced Cancer: A Disease That Requires a Comprehensive Care
		7.2 The Necessity of Interdisciplinary Palliative Care: The Hopes
			7.2.1 To Improve Well-Being
			7.2.2 To Reduce the Clinical/Economic Burden of End-of-Life Care
			7.2.3 Interdisciplinary Palliative Care for Cancer
		7.3 The Necessity of Interdisciplinary Palliative Care: The Requirements
			7.3.1 Tools for the Identification of Patients´ Needs
			7.3.2 Interdisciplinary Communication with Professions
			7.3.3 Interdisciplinary Cooperation with Caregivers
			7.3.4 Interdisciplinary Training
	8 Conclusion
	References
Correction to: Cancer: A Complex Problem Requiring Interdisciplinary Research
	1 Correction to: Chapter ``Cancer: A Complex Problem Requiring Interdisciplinary Research´´ in: N. Yazdanpanah et al., Interdi...
Index