Cancer Stem Cell Markers and Related Network Pathways

Foreword
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
1 Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stem Cells
	Abstract
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 EMT Mechanism
	1.3 Phenotypic Features of EMT and CSCs
	1.4 Signal Transduction in EMT and CSCs
		1.4.1 Canonical Pathways Altered in Intestinal- and Diffuse-Type GC
		1.4.2 Cell Cycle Regulation
		1.4.3 Glioblastoma Signaling
		1.4.4 ERBB Signaling
	1.5 Regulator Effects in Intestinal- and Diffuse-Type GC
		1.5.1 Regulator Effect Networks in Intestinal- and Diffuse-Type GC
		1.5.2 RNA Virus Signaling
	1.6 Differences Between EMT and CSCs
	1.7 Role of EMT in CSCs
	1.8 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
2 The Transcription Factors Zeb1 and Snail Induce Cell Malignancy and Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype in Prostate Cells, Increasing Androgen Synthesis Capacity and Therapy Resistance
	Abstract
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition
	2.3 Malignancy, CSCs, and Transcriptional Factors of the EMT
	2.4 Androgen Receptor, Androgen Biosynthesis, and Transcriptional Factors of the EMT
	2.5 Targeting Zeb1 and Snail: Therapeutic Implications
	2.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
3 ERBB Signaling Pathway in Cancer Stem Cells
	Abstract
	3.1 Introduction and History
	3.2 Structure and Function of ERBBs
	3.3 Pathways Activated by ERBBs
		3.3.1 PI3K/AKT Signaling Cascade
		3.3.2 RAS/RAF Signaling Cascade
		3.3.3 Phospholipase Cγ Signaling
		3.3.4 SRC Kinase Pathway
		3.3.5 Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription Pathway (STAT)
	3.4 ERBB Subfamily and Their Comprehensiveness in Cancer Stem Cells
	3.5 Cancer Therapeutics Targeting ERBBs
	3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	Acknowledgements
	References
4 Functional and Molecular Characters of Cancer Stem Cells Through Development to Establishment
	Abstract
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Cancer Stem Cell Origin
	4.3 Characters of CSCs
		4.3.1 Self-renewal and Differentiation Potential
		4.3.2 Plasticity of CSCs
		4.3.3 Activation of PI3-Kinase During CSC Development
	4.4 Markers of CSCs
		4.4.1 Cell Surface Markers
		4.4.2 Cytoplasmic Markers
		4.4.3 Tissue-Related Markers of CSCs
	Author Contributions
	References
5 Microenvironment of Cancer Stem Cells
	Abstract
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Components of CSC Microenvironment
		5.2.1 Fibroblasts in CSC Microenvironment
		5.2.2 Immune Cells in CSC Microenvironment
		5.2.3 Endothelial Cells in CSC Microenvironment
		5.2.4 Mesenchymal Cells in CSC Microenvironment
		5.2.5 Blood Flow in CSC Microenvironment
	5.3 Molecular Markers for CSC Microenvironment
	5.4 Signaling Cross-Talks in CSC Microenvironment
	5.5 Therapeutic Targeting of CSC Microenvironment
	5.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
6 Cancer Stem Cells Contribute to Drug Resistance in Multiple Different Ways
	Abstract
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Tumor Microenvironment
	6.3 Heterogeneity
	6.4 CSC Markers Associated with Drug Resistance
	6.5 ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter
	6.6 Evading Apoptosis
	6.7 Signaling Pathways that Govern Drug Resistance in CSCs
		6.7.1 Hippo/YAP1/TAZ Pathway
		6.7.2 Wnt Pathway
		6.7.3 Hedgehog Pathway
		6.7.4 Notch Pathway
		6.7.5 JAK/STAT Pathway
		6.7.6 PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway and Its Feedback PTEN
		6.7.7 Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway
	6.8 The Emerging Role of Non-coding RNAs (NcRNAs) in the Resistance
	6.9 Conclusion and Future Prospectus
	References
7 Abnormal Glycosylation in Cancer Cells and Cancer Stem Cells as a Therapeutic Target
	Abstract
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Abnormal Glycosylation in CSCs
	7.3 Effect of Altered Glycosylation of CSCs in Particular Tumors
		7.3.1 Breast Cancer Stem Cell
		7.3.2 Glioblastoma Stem Cells
		7.3.3 Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells
	7.4 Glycosylation in the Drug Resistance of CSCs
	7.5 Targeting Glycosylation in Cancer Cells and CSCs as a Therapeutic Strategy
	7.6 Conclusion
	References