Cancer Disparities: Causes and Evidence-Based Solutions

Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 13
Preface: American Cancer Society Strategies for Reducing Cancer Disparities......Page 21
REFERENCES......Page 26
Acknowledgments......Page 27
THE BIRTH OF A DISCIPLINE......Page 29
HEALTH DISPARITIES BECOME MORE THAN BLACK AND WHITE......Page 30
KEY ASPECTS TO CONSIDER IN CATEGORIZING POPULATIONS......Page 31
RACE MEDICINE: DISPARITIES IN CANCER RISK AND INCIDENCE......Page 34
RACE MEDICINE: SCREENING, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT OF CANCER......Page 36
CONCLUSION......Page 37
REFERENCES......Page 38
PART I: UNDERSTANDING CANCER DISPARITIES......Page 41
DNA DAMAGE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER......Page 43
DISPARITIES IN CANCER INCIDENCE AND OUTCOME......Page 45
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CANCER......Page 46
BIOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER DISPARITIES......Page 54
BIOLOGY OF COLORECTAL CANCER DISPARITIES......Page 61
CONCLUSIONS......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 66
MEASUREMENTS AND DEFINITIONS......Page 77
DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING......Page 78
RACIAL/ETHNIC DISPARITIES......Page 79
SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES......Page 86
TRENDS IN CANCER DISPARITIES......Page 90
CONCLUSION......Page 95
REFERENCES......Page 96
CHAPTER 3: Disparities in Cancer Risk Factors and Cancer Screening in the United States......Page 99
TOBACCO SMOKING......Page 100
OBESITY, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND NUTRITION......Page 113
RACIAL/ETHNIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES IN CANCER SCREENING......Page 118
REFERENCES......Page 122
DISPARITIES IN TREATMENT DETERMINED BY ANALYSIS OF DATABASES......Page 129
DISPARITIES IN TREATMENT AS ASSESSED BY PROSPECTIVE STUDIES......Page 132
FINDINGS ACROSS DISEASES......Page 140
INTERVENTIONS DESIGNED TO REDUCE DISPARITIES IN CANCER OUTCOME......Page 147
DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 150
CHAPTER 5: Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Health Disparities Among Cancer Survivors and Informal Caregivers......Page 161
DEFINITIONS AND DEMOGRAPHICS......Page 162
HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AND LATE EFFECTS......Page 163
SURVEILLANCE AND CONTINUING CARE......Page 166
HEALTH BEHAVIOR......Page 168
FAMILY MEMBERS AND INFORMAL CAREGIVERS......Page 169
CONCLUSION......Page 171
REFERENCES......Page 173
CHAPTER 6: The Geography of Cancer and Its Risk Factors: Implications of Neighborhood Disparities for Cancer Disparities......Page 181
AREA-LEVEL VARIABLES......Page 182
AREA-LEVEL VARIABLES AND CANCER RISK FACTORS......Page 184
AREA-LEVEL VARIABLES AND CANCER......Page 190
POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF AREA-LEVEL INFLUENCES......Page 194
REFERENCES......Page 198
PART II: INTERVENTIONS FOR ELIMINATING CANCER DISPARITIES......Page 207
CHAPTER 7: 5-a-Day and Fit-for-Life Badge Programs for Cancer Prevention in Boy Scouts......Page 209
CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATION......Page 211
THE INITIAL PROGRAM......Page 212
THE 5-A-DAY BADGE PROGRAM......Page 213
THE FIT-FOR-LIFE ACHIEVEMENT BADGE PROGRAM......Page 218
OUTCOME EVALUATION......Page 222
MEASURES......Page 223
RESULTS......Page 225
DISCUSSION......Page 226
REFERENCES......Page 227
CHAPTER 8: A Systematic Approach to Developing Contextually, Culturally, and Gender-Sensitive Interventions for African American Men: The Example of Men 4 Health......Page 233
THE CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN......Page 235
AN OVERVIEW OF BODY AND SOUL......Page 236
FOUNDATIONS OF THE INTERVENTION ADAPTATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS......Page 237
THE FOUNDATIONS OF MEN 4 HEALTH......Page 240
TOWARD MEN 4 HEALTH: A CULTURALLY AND GENDER-SENSITIVE HEALTH PROMOTION INTERVENTION......Page 245
REFERENCES......Page 246
CHAPTER 9: The North Carolina BEAUTY and Health Project: Preventing Cancer in African American Beauty Salons......Page 251
A COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH APPROACH TO DEVELOPING A BEAUTY-SALON–BASED INTERVENTION......Page 252
THE NORTH CAROLINA BEAUTY AND HEALTH PROJECT......Page 255
CUSTOMER RECRUITMENT......Page 262
RESULTS......Page 264
SUMMARY, LESSONS LEARNED, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE SALON-BASED RESEARCH AND PRACTICE......Page 270
REFERENCES......Page 274
CHAPTER 10: Promoting Healthy Eating by Strengthening Family Relations: Design and Implementation of the Entre Familia: Reflejos de Salud Intervention......Page 277
METHODS......Page 278
RESULTS......Page 287
CONCLUSIONS......Page 289
REFERENCES......Page 291
CHAPTER 11: Racial Disparities in Breast and Cervical Cancer: Can Legislative Action Work?......Page 293
BACKGROUND ON LEGISLATION......Page 294
ESTIMATED EFFECTS OF BCCPTA LEGISLATION......Page 295
DISCUSSION......Page 308
CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS......Page 310
CONCLUSION......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 313
CHAPTER 12: Messengers for Health: Apsáalooke Women Capture the Vision of Wellness......Page 317
THE STRENGTHS OF THE APSÁALOOKE (CROW INDIAN) PEOPLE......Page 318
BEFORE MESSENGERS FOR HEALTH......Page 319
BACKGROUND ON THE PARTNERSHIP—IMPLEMENTING CBPR......Page 320
DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERVENTION—MESSENGERS FOR HEALTH......Page 321
THE EDUCATIONAL APPROACH......Page 322
MESSENGERS IN ACTION......Page 324
EVALUATING THE IMPACT ON THE CROW COMMUNITY......Page 326
EXPANSION OF MESSENGERS FOR HEALTH: THE ADVOCATE PROGRAM......Page 327
THE FUTURE OF MESSENGERS FOR HEALTH......Page 329
BEYOND CANCER AWARENESS......Page 330
REFERENCES......Page 331
CHAPTER 13: Tools for Improving Colorectal Cancer Screening Rates: Multimedia Versus Print in an Underserved Community......Page 333
METHODS......Page 336
PRELIMINARY RESULTS......Page 345
SUMMARY......Page 348
REFERENCES......Page 349
DISPARITIES IN CANCER SCREENING......Page 355
PRINCIPLES AND RATIONALE......Page 358
THE GET SCREENED PROGRAM......Page 363
CHALLENGES AND LESSONS LEARNED......Page 367
CONCLUSIONS......Page 370
REFERENCES......Page 372
CHAPTER 15: Hope and Life: Healthy Families Begin With Healthy Women......Page 379
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ESPERANZA Y VIDA......Page 381
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS......Page 387
PROGRAM COMPONENTS......Page 390
PRELIMINARY RESULTS......Page 392
DISCUSSION AND LESSONS LEARNED......Page 399
REFERENCES......Page 404
CHAPTER 16: A Decision-Support Intervention for Black Women Eligible for Adjuvant Systemic Therapy: Sisters Informing SistersSM About Breast Cancer Treatment—An Intervention to Reduce Treatment Disparities......Page 407
HISTORICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF PATIENT-CENTERED APPROACHES TO CLINICAL DECISION MAKING......Page 409
PATIENT INVOLVEMENT APPROACHES: MODELS OF PHYSICIAN–PATIENT DECISION MAKING......Page 410
BLACK WOMEN AND ADJUVANT THERAPY: SKILLS INTERVENTIONS AND PATIENT DECISION AIDS......Page 413
INTERVENTION EXAMPLE: SISTERS INFORMING SISTERSSM ABOUT BREAST CANCER TREATMENT—AN INTERVENTION TO REDUCE TREATMENT DISPARITIES......Page 414
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 426
REFERENCES......Page 427
TREATMENT OF LOCALIZED PCA......Page 433
TREATMENT-RELATED SYMPTOMS......Page 434
TAILORED INTERVENTIONS AND STEPPED CARE......Page 435
INTERVENTIONS FOR PCA......Page 436
NEEDS FOR PCA EDUCATION FOCUSING ON SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT......Page 437
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS......Page 438
FORMAT AND CONTENT......Page 439
THE BASIS OF PCPEP......Page 441
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PCPEP MODULES......Page 442
STUDY OUTCOMES......Page 443
POTENTIAL MEDIATING VARIABLES......Page 444
OTHER VARIABLES......Page 446
STUDY PROCEDURES......Page 447
PLANS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH......Page 450
REFERENCES......Page 451
CHAPTER 18: Automated Pain Intervention for Underserved African American and Latina Women With Breast Cancer......Page 455
BARRIERS TO OPTIMAL PAIN TREATMENT FOR UNDERSERVED MINORITY PATIENTS WITH CANCER......Page 456
AUTOMATED PAIN ASSESSMENT WITH THE IVR SYSTEM......Page 458
DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS M. D. ANDERSON CANCER CENTER IVR SYMPTOM ASSESSMENT SYSTEM......Page 461
METHODS......Page 462
INITIAL CONCLUSIONS......Page 467
REFERENCES......Page 468
CHAPTER 19: Psycho-Educational and Psycho-Spiritual Interventions for Low-Income Cancer Patients: Results of Randomized and Patient Preference Trials on Adherence and Quality-of-Life Outcomes......Page 473
METHODS......Page 476
INTERVENTIONS......Page 479
RESULTS......Page 482
DISCUSSION......Page 486
LIMITATIONS......Page 489
REFERENCES......Page 490
BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE......Page 495
METHODOLOGY......Page 498
RESULTS......Page 505
DISCUSSION......Page 510
REFERENCES......Page 513
WHY ARE SMW UNLIKE OTHER GROUPS?......Page 519
WHAT IS KNOWN TO DATE ABOUT SURVIVORSHIP OF SMW?......Page 520
HOW TO OBTAIN A POPULATION-BASED SAMPLE......Page 521
WHICH DATA ARE NEEDED TO ADEQUATELY ASSESS SURVIVORSHIP OF SMW?......Page 522
ON WHICH SURVIVORSHIP ASPECTS ARE SMW EXPECTED TO DIFFER?......Page 523
WHICH MECHANISMS ARE LIKELY TO ACCOUNT FOR THE ASSUMED DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION?......Page 525
HOW CAN WE DEEPEN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF SMW’S SURVIVORSHIP?......Page 526
HOW TO CREATE INTERVENTIONS FOR SMW SURVIVORS?......Page 527
WHICH INTERVENTIONS EXIST FOR SMW IN COMMUNITY SETTINGS?......Page 529
WHAT SHALL WE CONCLUDE AFTER HAVING LAID OUT THESE DEVELOPMENT STEPS?......Page 530
REFERENCES......Page 531
PART III: LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE......Page 535
CHAPTER 22: Paths for the Future: Using What We’ve Learned to Eliminate Cancer Disparities......Page 537
SOCIETAL TRENDS WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF CANCER HEALTH DISPARITIES......Page 538
IMPERATIVES FOR ELIMINATING CANCER DISPARITIES......Page 541
LESSONS FROM THE AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY DISPARITIES RESEARCH PORTFOLIO: STRATEGIES TO MOBILIZE COMMUNITY ACTION......Page 547
TRANSFORMING CANCER HEALTH DISPARITIES RESEARCH TO PLACE SOCIAL JUSTICE AT THE CORE......Page 554
REFERENCES......Page 558
Index......Page 565