Cancer Cell Metabolism: A Potential Target for Cancer Therapy

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editor
1: Cancer Cell Metabolism: Solid Tumor Versus Nonsolid Tumor
	1.1	 Introduction
	1.2	 Aerobic Glycolysis
	1.3	 Glutaminolysis
	1.4	 Serine Metabolism
	1.5	 Fatty Acid Metabolism
	1.6	 Drugs Targeting Cellular Metabolism in Solid Tumor
		1.6.1	 Drugs Targeting Glucose Metabolism
		1.6.2	 ROS Modulating Agents
	1.7	 Metabolism in Nonsolid Tumor
		1.7.1	 Carbohydrate Metabolism
		1.7.2	 Oxidative Phosphorylation in Blood Cancer
		1.7.3	 Reactive Oxygen Species
		1.7.4	 Lipid Metabolism in Blood Tumor
	1.8	 Targeting Metabolic Pathways in Blood Cancer
	1.9	 Conclusion
	References
2: Reprogramming of Cancer Cell Metabolism: Warburg and Reverse Warburg Hypothesis
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Carbohydrate Metabolism in Normal Cells
	2.3	 Carbohydrate Metabolism in Cancer Cells
	2.4	 Reverse Warburg Effect
	2.5	 Diagnostic Significance and Therapeutic Approach
	2.6	 Conclusion and Perspective
	References
3: Molecular Aspects of Cancer Cell Metabolism: Altered Glycolysis and Lipid Metabolism
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Altered Glycolysis
	3.3	 Altered Lipid Metabolism
	3.4	 Link Between Glucose Pathway and Lipid Metabolism in Cancer Cells (De Novo Synthesis)
	3.5	 Advantages to Cancer Cells
		3.5.1	 Glycolysis Pathway
		3.5.2	 Lipid Metabolism
	3.6	 Differentiating Cancer Cells with the Altered Metabolic Pathways
	3.7	 Targeting Cancer Cells Through Altered Metabolism
	3.8	 Conclusion
	References
4: Understanding the Metabolic Cross Talk Between Cancer Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Normal Fibroblast Function and CAF Origin
	4.3	 The “Warburg and Reverse Warburg Effect”
	4.4	 CAFs and Glucose Utilization
	4.5	 CAFs and Metabolic Coupling of Oxidative Metabolism
	4.6	 Amino Acid Metabolism and CAFs
	4.7	 Ketone Utilization and CAFs
	4.8	 Pentose Phosphate Pathway
	4.9	 Conclusion
	References
5: Metabolic Cross Talk Between Cancer Cells and Tumor Microenvironment
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Metabolites Role as Signaling Molecules in Cancer
	5.3	 Targeting Endothelial Cell Metabolism for Antiangiogenic Therapy
	5.4	 Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Metabolic Cross Talk and TME
	References
6: Role of Autophagy in Cancer Cell Metabolism
	6.1	 Introduction
		6.1.1	 Autophagy and Cancer
		6.1.2	 Autophagy and Metabolic Alteration in Cancer Cells
		6.1.3	 Roles of Autophagy in Cancers
			6.1.3.1	 Breast Cancer
			6.1.3.2	 Ovarian Cancer
			6.1.3.3	 Brain Cancer
			6.1.3.4	 Lymphoma Cancer
			6.1.3.5	 Pancreatic Cancer
			6.1.3.6	 Lung Cancer
		6.1.4	 Conclusion
	References
7: Role of c-Met/HGF Axis in Altered Cancer Metabolism
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 c-Met and HGF Structure
	7.3	 c-Met/HGF Signalling Cascade in Cancer Metabolism
		7.3.1	 c-Met/HGF and PI3K Signalling
		7.3.2	 c-Met/HGF and the Ras Signalling
		7.3.3	 c-Met/HGF and STAT3
	7.4	 Targeting c-Met/HGF Axis in Cancer Metabolism
	7.5	 Conclusion
	References
8: Recent Advances in Drug Development Targeting Cancer Metabolism
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 Drugs, Drug Targets, and Novel Advancements
		8.2.1	 Drugs Targeting Glycolysis Pathway
		8.2.2	 Drugs Targeting Glutamine Metabolism
		8.2.3	 Drugs Targeting Lactate Metabolism
		8.2.4	 Drugs Targeting Pyruvate Metabolism
		8.2.5	 Drugs Targeting Acetyl-CoA Metabolism
		8.2.6	 Drugs Targeting Ketone Bodies and Fatty Acids
		8.2.7	 Drugs Targeting Nucleic Acid Synthesis
		8.2.8	 Drugs Targeting Amino Acid Metabolism
		8.2.9	 Drugs Targeting Lipid Synthesis
		8.2.10	 Drugs Targeting Mitochondrial Metabolism
		8.2.11	 Drugs Targeting Mitoribosomes
		8.2.12	 Drugs Targeting Transcription Factors
		8.2.13	 Targeting Cancer Metabolism by Nmnat
		8.2.14	 CK2 Inhibitors for Medulloblastoma
		8.2.15	 Exosome-Derived MicroRNAs Play an Important Role in Cancer Metabolism
		8.2.16	 Salicylate Enhances the Prostate Cancer Therapeutic Response to Radiotherapy by Activating the Metabolic Stress Sensor AMPK
		8.2.17	 Nanoparticles of Sodium Bicarbonate Modulating Tumor pH
		8.2.18	 STAT3 as a Therapeutic Target for Cancer
		8.2.19	 Zebra Fish as a Powerful Tool to Identify Novel Therapies
		8.2.20	 Immunometabolism Modulating Advancements
		8.2.21	 Advancements with Gut Microbiota Reshaping
	8.3	 Concluding Remarks
	References
9: Clinical Relevance of “Biomarkers” in Cancer Metabolism
	9.1	 An Overview of the Promise of Tumor Biomarkers in Cancer Metabolism
	9.2	 How Does Cancer Biomarker Aid in Disease Diagnosis?
	9.3	 Are Cancer Biomarkers Authentic Indicators of Cancer?
	9.4	 How Is Cancer Biomarker Used in Cancer Care?
	9.5	 Cancer Biomarker: A Potent Trafficator in Cancer Metabolism
		9.5.1	 Cells as Biomarker
			9.5.1.1	 Regulatory T Cells
			9.5.1.2	 Circulating Tumor Cells
			9.5.1.3	 Cancer Stem Cells
		9.5.2	 MicroRNAs as Biomarker
		9.5.3	 Virus as Biomarker
		9.5.4	 Antigen-Based Biomarkers
			9.5.4.1	 Prostate-Specific Antigen
			9.5.4.2	 Carcinoembryonic Antigen
			9.5.4.3	 Alpha-Fetoprotein
			9.5.4.4	 Cancer Antigen 19-9
		9.5.5	 Proteins as Biomarker
		9.5.6	 Genetic and Epigenetic Biomarkers
		9.5.7	 Cytogenetic and Cytokinetic Markers
		9.5.8	 Mitochondrial and Metabolism-Based Biomarker
		9.5.9	 Hormone as Cancer Biomarker
		9.5.10	 Glycoprotein as Biomarker
		9.5.11	 Heat Shock Proteins as Biomarker
		9.5.12	 Biochemical Biomarker
		9.5.13	 Therapeutic Biomarker
	9.6	 What Are the Potential Advantages of Using Tumor Biomarkers?
	9.7	 What Are the Probable Disadvantages of Using Tumor Biomarkers?
	9.8	 Future for Tumor Markers and Its Relevance in Drug Development
	9.9	 Concluding Remarks
	References
10: Alterations in Metabolite-Driven Gene Regulation in Cancer Metabolism
	10.1	 Tumor Cell Metabolism: An Overview
	10.2	 Metabolic Changes in Tumor Cells: Beyond the Warburg Effect
	10.3	 Oncogenes: The Decisive Key Effectors in Tumor Metabolism
		10.3.1	 Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)
		10.3.2	 Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-1 (SREBP1)
		10.3.3	 Myc-Transcription Factor (c-Myc)
		10.3.4	 Tumor Suppressor—p53
	10.4	 Interplay Between Oncogene and Metabolic Alteration in Cancer?
		10.4.1	 How Does Amino Acid Metabolism Aid in Tumor Growth?
		10.4.2	 Carbohydrate Metabolism: How Does It Benefit Tumor Cells?
		10.4.3	 Hooked on Fat: The Role of Lipid Metabolism in Tumor Development
		10.4.4	 Other Metabolic Pathways
	10.5	 Metabolic Adaptations in the Tumor Microenvironment as Promising Anticancer Therapy
	10.6	 Therapeutic Approaches to Target Proliferative Metabolic Pathways
	10.7	 Concluding Remarks
	References
11: Role of Phytochemicals in Cancer Cell Metabolism Regulation
	11.1	 Introduction
	11.2	 Effect of Phytochemicals on Cancer Cell Metabolic Pathways
	11.3	 Effect of Flavonoids on Cancer Cell Metabolism
	11.4	 Effect of Non-flavonoids on Cancer Cell Metabolism
		11.4.1	 Isothiocyanates
		11.4.2	 Mode of Action of ITCs
		11.4.3	 Curcumin
		11.4.4	 Mode of Action of Curcumin
	11.5	 Conclusion
	References
Correction to: Cancer Cell Metabolism: A Potential Target for Cancer Therapy