Canadian Intellectual Property Law and Strategy: Trademarks, Copyright and Industrial Designs

CONTENTS......Page 6
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 20
AUTHOR’S NOTE......Page 22
CHAPTER 1: Introduction......Page 24
a) Conventions, Agreements, and Treaties......Page 25
a) Trade-marks Act......Page 27
b) Common Law Rights......Page 28
6. Industrial Designs......Page 29
CHAPTER 2: Protection of Trademarks in Canada......Page 32
b) Provincial Legislation......Page 33
a) Trademark......Page 34
b) Certification Mark......Page 35
c) Distinctiveness......Page 36
d) Distinguishing Guise......Page 38
e) Prohibited Marks......Page 40
f) Prohibited Designations......Page 43
h) Official Marks......Page 44
i) Olympic and Paralympic Marks Act......Page 47
CHAPTER 3: Registrable Trademarks......Page 48
1. Characteristics Which May Preclude Registration......Page 49
2. Primarily Merely a Name or a Surname......Page 50
3. Descriptive or Deceptively Misdescriptive Trademarks......Page 51
a) The First Impression......Page 52
d) English or French Language......Page 53
f) Conditions of or the Persons Employed in Production of Wares......Page 54
h) Suggestive Words......Page 55
j) Disclaimer......Page 56
a) Applicability......Page 57
c) The Determination......Page 58
a) The Statutory Framework......Page 59
b) Associated Marks......Page 60
7. Prohibited Marks and Designations......Page 61
CHAPTER 4: Acquisition of Rights......Page 62
1. Adoption......Page 63
2. Making Known......Page 64
a) Applications......Page 65
b) Registrability of Marks Registered and Used in a Country of Origin......Page 66
4. Use or Proposed Use in Canada......Page 68
CHAPTER 5: Trademark Use......Page 70
2. Wares......Page 71
c) Notice of Association......Page 72
3. Services......Page 73
5. Deviating Use......Page 74
CHAPTER 6: Entitlement......Page 76
1. Entitlement to Registration......Page 77
2. Marks That Have Been Used or Made Known in Canada......Page 78
3. Marks Registered and Used Abroad......Page 79
4. Proposed Use Marks......Page 80
CHAPTER 7: Applications......Page 82
1. Content......Page 83
2. Amendment......Page 85
3. Examination......Page 86
5. Advertisement......Page 87
CHAPTER 8: Registration......Page 90
1. Allowance......Page 91
3. Marking......Page 92
4. Invalidity......Page 93
6. Term of Protection and Renewal......Page 94
CHAPTER 9: Assignments and Licenses......Page 96
a) Scope......Page 97
b) Effectiveness......Page 98
c) Distinctiveness......Page 99
a) Availability......Page 100
c) Proceedings for Infringement......Page 101
CHAPTER 10: Expungement......Page 102
a) Summary Procedure......Page 103
b) Evidence......Page 104
d) The Hearing......Page 106
e) Appeal......Page 107
a) Jurisdiction......Page 108
b) Procedure......Page 109
d) Limitations......Page 110
e) Grounds for Expungement......Page 111
CHAPTER 11: Confusing Trademarks......Page 116
a) The Statutory Framework......Page 117
b) Inherent Distinctiveness......Page 120
d) The Nature of the Wares, Service, or Business......Page 122
e) Famous Trademarks......Page 123
f) Nature of the Trade......Page 124
g) Degree of Resemblance......Page 125
h) Other Circumstances......Page 126
CHAPTER 12: Opposition Proceedings......Page 128
a) Time for Filing and Extensions......Page 129
b) Grounds of Opposition......Page 130
c) The Material Dates......Page 131
d) Content......Page 132
e) Counter Statement......Page 133
a) The Framework......Page 134
b) The Onus of Proof......Page 135
c) The Nature of the Evidence......Page 136
4. The Hearing......Page 137
5. Appeal......Page 138
CHAPTER 13: Infringement......Page 140
a) Statutory Framework......Page 141
c) Invalidity......Page 143
d) Comparison with a Claim for Passing Off......Page 144
a) Invalidity of the Plaintiff’s Registered Trademark......Page 145
a) Statutory Definitions......Page 146
b) The Elements Required to Be Shown......Page 148
CHAPTER 14: Common Law Rights—Passing Off......Page 150
a) The Nature of the Tort......Page 151
c) Trade Dress or Get Up......Page 152
d) Misrepresentation......Page 153
e) Damage......Page 154
2. Subsection 7(b) and (c) of the Trade-marks Act......Page 155
a) The Absence of Reputation or Goodwill......Page 156
b) Other Defenses......Page 158
CHAPTER 15: Actions for Infringement and Passing Off......Page 160
1. Jurisdiction......Page 162
a) Proceedings for Interim Custody......Page 163
b) Proceedings for Detention by Minister......Page 164
a) Plaintiff......Page 165
d) Directors and Officers......Page 166
b) Particulars......Page 167
a) Purpose......Page 168
c) A Serious Question to Be Tried......Page 169
e) The Balance of Convenience......Page 170
a) Purpose......Page 171
b) Conditions for Granting an Order......Page 172
c) Safeguards in the Order......Page 173
8. Delay and Acquiescence......Page 176
a) Plaintiff’s Ownership in an Action for Infringement......Page 177
c) Passing Off......Page 178
b) Permanent Injunction......Page 179
c) Profits or Damages......Page 180
d) Destruction, Exportation or Other Disposition of Offending Wares......Page 182
e) Costs......Page 183
CHAPTER 16: Domain Names......Page 184
1. The Internet......Page 185
b) gTLD Domain Names......Page 186
d) Trademark Protection......Page 188
3. Jurisdictional Issues......Page 189
a) History......Page 190
b) Applicable Disputes......Page 191
d) No Rights or Legitimate Interest......Page 192
e) Bad Faith......Page 193
f ) Procedure......Page 195
b) Applicable Disputes......Page 196
c) Confusingly Similar......Page 197
d) No Legitimate Interest......Page 198
e) Bad Faith......Page 199
g) CDRP WHOIS Privacy Policy......Page 200
6. Actions in the Courts......Page 201
CHAPTER 17: Copyright: Basic Concepts......Page 202
a) Acquisition......Page 203
b) Originality......Page 204
c) Fixation......Page 205
e) Derivative Works......Page 206
CHAPTER 18: Literary, Dramatic, Musical, and Artistic Works......Page 208
b) Computer Programs......Page 209
c) The Rights Associated with a Literary Work......Page 210
a) What Is Protected......Page 211
b) Cinematographic Works......Page 212
c) The Rights Associated with a Dramatic Work......Page 213
b) The Rights Associated with a Musical Work......Page 214
a) What Is Protected......Page 215
b) The Rights Associated with an Artistic Work......Page 216
c) Designs Applied to Useful Articles......Page 217
CHAPTER 19: Neighboring Rights......Page 222
a) What Is Protected......Page 223
b) Canada and Rome Convention Countries......Page 224
d) The Right to Equitable Remuneration......Page 227
a) What Is Protected......Page 229
b) The Rights Associated with a Sound Recording......Page 230
b) The Rights Associated with a Broadcaster’s Communication Signal......Page 232
CHAPTER 20: Moral Rights......Page 236
2. The Right to the Integrity of the Work......Page 237
4. Waiver......Page 238
5. Term of Protection and Succession......Page 239
CHAPTER 21: Term of Protection......Page 240
2. Anonymous and Pseudonymous Works......Page 241
3. Posthumous Works......Page 242
5. Photographs......Page 243
6. Cinematographic Works......Page 244
8. Performer’s Performances, Sound Recordings and Communication Signals......Page 245
9. Abandonment......Page 246
CHAPTER 22: Ownership of Copyright......Page 248
b) The “Author”......Page 250
2. Engravings, Photographs, or Portraits......Page 251
a) Photographs......Page 252
b) Engravings......Page 254
a) Employment Under a Contract of Service or Apprenticeship......Page 255
d) Articles or Other Contributions to a Newspaper, Magazine, or Similar Periodical......Page 258
5. Collective Works......Page 259
6. Compilations......Page 260
c) The Nature of the Contribution......Page 261
d) The Nature of Joint Authors’ Interest......Page 262
9. Performer’s Performances, Sound Recordings, and Communication Signals......Page 263
10. Presumptions as to Ownership......Page 264
CHAPTER 23: Crown Copyright......Page 266
b) Government Departments......Page 267
c) The Rights Available to the Crown......Page 268
2. Crown Prerogative......Page 269
3. Crown Immunity......Page 270
CHAPTER 24: Assignment......Page 272
b) Partial Assignments......Page 273
d) Must Be In Writing......Page 274
e) Construction......Page 275
g) Limitation where the Author Is the First Owner of Copyright......Page 276
2. Devolution......Page 277
b) Licenses......Page 278
c) Proposals......Page 279
d) Reversion of Copyright......Page 280
CHAPTER 25: Licenses......Page 282
1. Proprietary Licenses......Page 283
3. Implied Licenses......Page 284
6. Licenses by Operation of Law......Page 285
CHAPTER 26: Registration and Marking......Page 288
2. Applying for Registration......Page 289
a) Admissibility......Page 291
c) Notice of Assignment or License......Page 292
e) Statutory Notice......Page 293
CHAPTER 27: Direct Infringement......Page 294
a) The Nature of the Right......Page 295
c) Consent or Licence......Page 296
a) The Sole Right to Authorize......Page 297
c) Infringement by Agents and Employees......Page 298
CHAPTER 28: Secondary Infringement......Page 300
a) The Nature of the Right......Page 301
c) Importation of Infringing Works......Page 302
e) Distribution to the Prejudice of the Copyright Owner......Page 304
h) Possession of Plates Specifically Designed for the Purpose of Making Infringing Copies......Page 305
3. Parallel Importation of Books......Page 306
b) The Nature of the Exclusive Distributor’s Rights......Page 307
CHAPTER 29: Exceptions......Page 310
a) The Excepted Activities......Page 312
b) The Meaning of “Fair Dealing”......Page 313
c) Fair Dealing for the Purpose of Research or Private Study......Page 315
e) Fair Dealing for the Purpose of News Reporting......Page 316
b) The Excepted Activities......Page 317
a) Definitions......Page 319
b) The Excepted Activities......Page 320
a) The Excepted Activities......Page 322
a) The Excepted Activities......Page 324
a) The Excepted Activities......Page 325
a) The Excepted Activities......Page 327
a) The Excepted Activities......Page 328
a) The Excepted Activities......Page 330
a) The Excepted Activities......Page 331
c) Newspaper Report of Public Lecture......Page 332
f) Performance at any Agricultural or Agricultural-Industrial Exhibition or Fair......Page 333
i) Library and Archives of Canada......Page 334
CHAPTER 30: Actions for Infringement of Copyright......Page 336
1. Jurisdiction......Page 338
b) Sections 44.1–44.3......Page 339
c) Exceptions......Page 342
a) The Owner of Copyright......Page 343
c) Persons Deriving Rights from the Owner......Page 344
f) Defendants......Page 345
a) Notice of Claim......Page 346
c) Statement of Defense......Page 347
7. Summary Applications......Page 348
8. Discovery......Page 349
10. Evidence at Trial......Page 350
d) Expert Evidence......Page 351
a) Permanent Injunction......Page 352
b) Possession of Infringing Copies......Page 353
d) Damages......Page 355
f) Statutory Damages......Page 357
h) Costs......Page 360
CHAPTER 31: Criminal Remedies......Page 362
1. Criminal Proceedings......Page 363
a) Section 42(1)......Page 364
b) Subsection 42(2)......Page 365
a) Performance of a Dramatic or Operatic Work or Musical Work......Page 366
4. Criminal Code......Page 367
CHAPTER 32: Copyright Board and Collective Administration of Rights......Page 368
2. Jurisdiction......Page 370
3. The Powers of the Copyright Board......Page 371
a) Background......Page 373
b) Performing Rights and Communication Rights Societies......Page 374
c) Equitable Remuneration for Performers and Makers of Sound Recordings......Page 377
e) Radio Performances in Places Other Than Theatres......Page 378
b) General Regime Collective Societies......Page 379
c) Tariff or Agreement......Page 380
d) Filing of Proposed Tariffs......Page 381
6. Examination of Agreements......Page 382
b) Retransmission Collective Societies......Page 383
d) Claims by Non-Members......Page 385
8. Private Copying......Page 386
9. Owners of Copyright Who Cannot Be Found......Page 388
10. Compensation for Acts Done Before Recognition of Copyright......Page 389
CHAPTER 33: Industrial Designs......Page 390
a) Shape and Configuration......Page 392
e) Sets......Page 393
b) Patents......Page 394
3. Originality......Page 395
a) Author......Page 397
a) The Requirements......Page 398
c) Priority Based on an Application Filed in Another Country......Page 400
7. Registration......Page 401
8. Marking......Page 402
10. Assignment and License......Page 403
a) The Exclusive Right......Page 404
c) The Activities......Page 405
e) Whether a Design Not Differing Substantially from the Design Has Been Applied......Page 406
b) Limitation Period......Page 407
b) Damages or Profits......Page 408
d) Defenses......Page 409
TABLE OF CASES......Page 410
A......Page 448
C......Page 449
D......Page 451
E......Page 452
G......Page 453
I......Page 454
N......Page 455
P......Page 456
R......Page 457
T......Page 458
W......Page 460