Campbell Walsh Wein Handbook of Urology

Cover
IFC
Front matter
Copyright
Preface
Contributors
Contents
1 Evaluation of the urologic patient: History, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging, and hematuria workup
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Patient history and physical examination
	Clinic visit set-up
	Patient history
		Chief complaint (CC)
		History of present illness (HPI)
			Constitutional symptoms.
			Pain.
			Hematuria.
			Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).
			Urinary incontinence
			Erectile dysfunction (ED).
			Other urologic conditions.
		Past medical/surgical history
		Performance status
		Medications
		Social history
		Family history
		Review of systems
	Physical examination
		Vital signs
		General appearance
		Kidneys
		Bladder
		Penis
		Scrotum and contents
		Digital rectal examination (DRE)
		Pelvic examination in the female
	Laboratory tests
		Urinalysis
		UA evaluation
			Specific gravity and osmolality.
			pH.
			Blood/hematuria.
			Leukocyte esterase (LE) and nitrite.
			Bacteria.
			Yeast.
			Protein.
			Glucose and ketones.
			Bilirubin and urobilinogen.
		Urine cytology
	Serum studies
		Creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
		Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
		Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
		Endocrinologic studies
		Parathyroid hormone
	Office diagnostic procedures
		Uroflowmetry
		Post void residual (PVR)
		Cystometography and urodynamic studies
		Cystourethroscopy
		Imaging of the urinary tract
			Plain abdominal radiography.
			Retrograde pyelogram (RPG).
			Loopography.
			Retrograde urethrography.
			Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG).
		Functional imaging with nuclear scintigraphy
			Technetium 99m –diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (99m TC-DTPA)
			Technetium 99m –dimercaptosuccinic acid (99m TC-DMSA)
			Technetium 99m -mercaptoacetyltriglycine (99m TC-MAG3)
		Diuretic scintigraphy
			Phamacokinetics.
			Phases of dynamic renal imaging.
		Urologic ultrasonography
			Renal ultrasonography.
			Bladder ultrasonography.
			Scrotal ultrasonography.
			Ultrasonography of the penis and male urethra.
			Transperineal/translabial ultrasound.
			Transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate (TRUS).
		Urologic computed tomography (CT)
			Types of CT.
			Hounsfield units (HU).
			Urolithiasis.
			Cystic and solid renal masses.
		Urologic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
			Adrenal MRI.
			Renal MRI.
			Urothelial cell carcinoma (upper and lower tract).
			Prostate MRI.
		Nuclear medicine in urology
			Whole-body bone scan.
			Positron emission tomography (PET).
	Hematuria
		Causes of microscopic hematuria
		Selecting patients for evaluation
		Guideline-based evaluation of microscopic and gross hematuria
		Lower tract evaluation
		Upper tract evaluation
	Suggested readings
2 Principles of urologic surgery: Perioperative management
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Preoperative evaluation
		History
		Physical exam
		Functional assessment
		Preoperative education
		Risk stratification tools
		Preoperative tests
	Optimization of preoperative comorbidities
		Cardiac
		Pulmonary
			Smoking.
			Obstructive sleep apnea.
		Hepatobiliary
		Endocrine
			Diabetes.
			Hypothyroidism.
			Chronic steroid use.
		Neurologic
	Perioperative considerations
		Antithrombotic therapy
			Antiplatelet agents.
			Anticoagulants.
		Nutrition
		Bowel prep
	Intraoperative considerations
		Antibiotic prophylaxis
		Skin preparation
		Positioning
		Anesthesia
			Regional anesthesia.
			Monitored anesthesia care.
			General anesthesia.
		Normothermia
		Blood transfusion
			Transfusion reactions.
			Infection risk.
			Special situations.
			Hemostatic agents.
		Radiation safety
	Intraoperative technical decisions
		Incisions
		Suture
		Drains
		Catheters
		Stents
		Nephrostomy tubes
		Fascial closure
		Wound closure
	Postoperative management
		Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis
		Pain management
			Multimodal pain control.
			Narcotics.
		Gastrointestinal (GI) recovery
		Delirium
	Special populations
		Pregnancy
			Radiation exposure.
			Surgical principles.
		Morbid obesity
		Geriatric
	Suggested readings
3 Principles of endourology and fundamentals of laparoscopic and robotic urologic surgery
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Cystoscopy preparation and tips
	Ureteroscopy tips and key points
	Special circumstances
		Suprapubic cystotomy
		Continent urinary diversions
	Fundamentals of laparoscopic and robotic urologic surgery
		Achieving transperitoneal access and establishing pneumoperitoneum
			Closed technique (veress needle).
			Open access technique: Hasson technique.
			Hand port access.
	Achieving retroperitoneal access and developing the retroperitoneal space
		Limitations
		Advantages
	Physiologic considerations
	Troubleshooting in laparoscopic and robotic surgery
	Suggested readings
4 Urologic Evaluation of the Child
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	History
	Physical examination
		Examining the pediatric patient (Table 4.1) testicular exam
		Female perineal exam
		Assessing the neuromuscular system
	Laboratory testing
		Urinalysis
		Urine culture
		Urinary flow rate
		Flow-electromyography studies
		Urodynamics
	Imaging (Tables 4.2 and 4.3)
		Renal and bladder ultrasound
		Testicular ultrasound
		Cystography, pyelography, and urogenitography
		Nuclear medicine imaging
			Radionuclide cystography.
			DMSA.
			MAG-3 diuretic renography.
		Computed tomography imaging
		Magnetic resonance urography
		Incidental and prenatal imaging findings
			Kidney
				Congenital malformations.
				Hydronephrosis.
	Clinical presentation
		Symptoms
			Dysuria
			Hematuria
			Incontinence
			Scrotal pain
			Urinary retention
			Penile pain
			Flank pain or colic
		Physical findings
			Male genitalia
				Penis
					Swelling and erythema.
					Prolonged erection.
					Meatal size abnormalities.
					Lesions.
					Abnormal shape.
					Urethral abnormalities.
				Scrotum
					Swelling.
					Fluid or solid.
					Tenderness.
					Erythema.
					Undescended testicles.
			Female genitalia
				Interlabial mass (see Table 4.8)
					Urethral mass.
					Paraurethral mass.
					Vaginal mass.
				Vaginal opening absent
					Labial adhesions.
					Imperforate hymen.
					Cloacal anomaly.
				Abnormal clitoris and pubis
					Female epispadias.
			Ambiguous genitalia
			Major structural abnormalities
				Epispadias–exstrophy complex.
				Prune Belly syndrome.
	Suggested readings
5 Urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Evaluation and management of a child with a fever
		Definition of a urinary tract infection
		Pathogenesis of UTI development
		Risk factors leading to pediatric urinary tract infections
			Gender and age.
			Circumcision.
			Anatomic abnormalities.
			Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).
			Sexual activity.
			Bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD).
			Iatrogenic factors.
		Biofilms
	Classification of pediatric urinary tract infections
		Cystitis and pyelonephritis
		Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB)
		Bacterial nephritis
		Pyonephrosis
		Acute renal abscess
	Diagnosing a pediatric urinary tract infection
		Symptoms
		Physical examination
			Urine collection methods.
			Urine dipstick tests.
			Urine culture.
		Radiographic imaging
			Controversies with imaging strategies.
			Ultrasound.
			Voiding cystourethrogram.
			99mTC-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan.
			Computed tomography (CT).
	Management of pediatric urinary tract infection
		Antibiotic treatment
		Inpatient versus outpatient management
		Antibiotic duration
		Antibiotic selection
	Management after urinary tract infection
		Chronic prophylactic antibiotics (CAPS)
		Bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD)
		Vesicoureteral reflux
			Etiology of VUR.
			Spontaneous resolution.
			Principles of management.
		Medical management
		Surgical management
	Associated anomalies and conditions with VUR
		Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO)
		Ureteral duplication
		Bladder diverticula
		Renal anomalies
		Megacystis-megaureter association
		Pregnancy and reflux
		Renal scars
	Suggested readings
6 Lower urinary tract dysfunction and anomalies in children
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Lower urinary tract and bowel dysfunction in children
		Epidemiology and pathophysiology
		Clinical presentation
		Diagnosis and testing
		Treatment
		Prognosis
	Pediatric bladder anomalies
	Posterior urethral valves
		Epidemiology and pathophysiology
		Clinical presentation
			Neonatal presentation.
			Delayed presentation.
		Diagnosis and testing
			Prenatal diagnosis.
			Postnatal diagnosis.
		Treatment
			Prenatal management.
			Postnatal management.
		Prognosis
	Bladder exstrophy
		Epidemiology and pathophysiology
		Clinical presentation
		Diagnosis and testing
			Prenatal diagnosis.
			Postnatal testing.
		Treatment
			Postnatal management.
			Surgical repair.
		Prognosis
	Prune belly syndrome
		Epidemiology and pathophysiology
		Clinical presentation
		Diagnosis and testing
			Prenatal diagnosis.
			Spectrum of disease.
			Postnatal testing.
		Treatment
			Postnatal management.
			Surgical repair.
		Prognosis
	Neuromuscular dysfunction of the lower urinary tract in children
		Epidemiology and pathophysiology
		Clinical presentation
		Diagnosis and testing
			Prenatal diagnosis.
			Postnatal testing.
		Treatment
			Prenatal management.
			Postnatal management.
		Prognosis
	Lower urinary tract reconstruction in children
	Suggested readings
7 Congenital anomalies of the upper urinary tract: Upj obstruction, duplication anomalies, ectopic ureter, ureterocele, and ureteral anomalies
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Congenital renal anomalies
		Renal agenesis
		Horseshoe kidney
		Cross-fused ectopic kidney
		Renal duplication anomalies
	Renal obstruction: Key principles
	UPJ obstruction
		Definition
		Presentation
		Evaluation
		Management
			Conservative management.
			Surgical management.
	Ureterovesical junction obstruction
		Definition
		Presentation
		Evaluation
		Management
			Conservative management.
			Temporizing management.
			Definitive management.
	Ureterocele
		Definition
		Presentation
		Evaluation
		Management
			Conservative management.
			Surgical management.
	Ectopic ureter
		Definition
		Presentation
		Evaluation
		Management
			Conservative management.
			Temporizing management.
			Definitive management.
	Renal cystic disease
		Multicystic dysplastic kidney
		Polycystic kidney disease
		Juvenile nephronophthisis or medullary cystic kidney disease
		Von Hippel-lindau syndrome
	Calyceal diverticulum
	Suggested readings
8 Management of pediatric kidney stone disease
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Epidemiology of pediatric kidney stone disease
	Evaluation
		Evaluation of child with suspected nephrolithiasis
		Medical history
		Metabolic investigation
		Urine metabolic abnormalities
	Management of children and adolescents with kidney and ureteral stones
		Medical expulsion therapy
		Surgical management
			Options for surgical management.
			Radiation risks associated with surgical management.
			Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis.
			Ureteroscopic management of upper urinary tract calculi.
			Shock wave lithotripsy.
			Percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
			Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted pyelolithotomy.
		Medical management of pediatric kidney stones (secondary prevention)
			Dietary measures
			Pharmacotherapy
	Suggested readings
9 Conditions of the external genitalia
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Female
		External
			Labial adhesions
			Urethral prolapse (Fig. 9.1)
			Paraurethral cyst
			Gartner’s duct cyst
		Vagina
			Imperforate hymen (Fig. 9.2)
			Hymenal skin tags
			Vaginal septum
			Vaginal atresia
			Vaginal agenesis
			Vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma (Fig. 9.3)
		Clitoris
			Clitoral hypertrophy
			Prolapsed ureterocele (Fig. 9.4)
		Urogenital sinus/cloacal anomaly
		Inguinal hernia
	Male
		Penis
			Phimosis
			Paraphimosis (Fig. 9.5B)
			Smegma
			Circumcision
			Glanular adhesions and penile skin bridges
			Meatal stenosis
			Parameatal cyst
			Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO). Lichen sclerosus ET atrophicus
			Inconspicuous penis, including buried/hidden penis, trapped and webbed penis (Fig. 9.6)
			Penile curvature (chordee)
			Penile torsion
			Congenital hemangioma
			Genital lymphedema
		Hypospadias
			Two-staged repairs.
				Complications (Table 9.1)
		Epispadias
		Penile and urethral abnormal size or number
			Priapism
		Testis and scrotum
			Penoscrotal transposition and bifid scrotum
			Inguinal hernia (Fig. 9.9)
			Communicating hydrocele
			Hydrocele of the spermatic cord and scrotal hydrocele
			Abdominoscrotal hydrocele
			Cryptorchidism (Fig. 9.10)
		Scrotal pain/acute scrotum (Box 9.1)
			Torsion of appendix testis
			Testicular torsion
				Extravaginal – infants
				Epididymitis
			Varicocele
			Epididymal cyst/spermatocele
			Congenital absence of the vas deferens
	Suggested readings
10 Disorders of sexual development
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Normal sexual development
	Terminology and definitions
	Diagnosis and management in the newborn with ambiguous genitalia
		History
		Physical examination
		Further evaluation
		Management
	Diagnosis and management for the older child with suspected DSD
	Pathophysiology, presentation, evaluation and management of specific DSD
		Disorders of gonadal differentiation and development
			Klinefelter syndrome
			46,XX male.
			Gonadal dysgenesis.
			Turner syndrome
				46,XX “pure” gonadal dysgenesis
				Mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD)
				Partial gonadal dysgenesis
				46,XY complete “pure” gonadal dysgenesis (swyer syndrome)
				Embryonic testicular regression and bilateral vanishing testes syndrome
		Ovotesticular DSD
		46,XX DSD
			Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
			46,XX DSD secondary to increased maternal androgens
		46,XY DSD
			Leydig cell aplasia (luteinizing hormone receptor abnormality)
			Disorders of testosterone biosynthesis
			Disorders of androgen-dependent target tissue
				Syndrome of complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS)
				Syndrome of partial androgen resistance (PAIS)
				Mild androgen insensitivity syndrome (MAIS)
				5α-reductase deficiency
				Persistent müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS)
		Unclassified DSD
			Mayer rokitansky küster hauser syndrome (MRKH)
	Suggested readings
11 Pediatric urologic oncology
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Adrenal tumors
		Neuroblastoma
			Symptoms.
			History.
			Examination.
			Labs.
			Imaging.
			Differential diagnosis.
			Treatment.
			Prognosis.
		Pheochromocytoma
			Symptoms.
			History.
			Examination.
			Labs.
			Imaging.
			Differential diagnosis.
			Treatment.
			Prognosis.
	Renal tumors (Figs. 11.3 and 11.4) (Table 11.2)
		Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)
			Symptoms.
			History.
			Examination.
			Labs.
			Imaging.
			Differential diagnosis.
			Treatment.
			Prognosis.
		Renal cell carcinoma
			Symptoms.
			History.
			Examination.
			Labs.
			Imaging.
			Differential diagnosis.
			Treatment.
			Prognosis.
	Bladder and prostate tumors
		Rhabdomyosarcoma
			Symptoms.
			History.
			Examination.
			Labs.
			Imaging.
			Differential diagnosis.
			Treatment.
			Prognosis.
	Gynecologic tumors
		Gynecologic rhabdomyosarcoma
			Symptoms.
			History.
			Examination.
			Labs.
			Imaging.
			Differential diagnosis.
			Treatment.
			Prognosis.
	Testicular and paratesticular tumors
		Testicular germ cell tumors (GCTS)
			Symptoms.
			History.
			Examination.
			Labs.
			Imaging.
			Differential diagnosis.
			Treatment.
			Prognosis.
		Testicular stromal tumors (leydig cell tumor, sertoli cell tumor, granulosa cell tumors)
			Symptoms.
			History.
			Examination.
			Labs.
			Imaging.
			Differential diagnosis.
			Treatment.
			Prognosis.
		Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma
			Symptoms.
			History.
			Examination.
			Labs.
			Imaging.
			Differential diagnosis.
			Treatment.
			Prognosis.
	Suggested readings
12 Infections and inflammatory conditions of the genitourinary system
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Urinary tract infections
		Asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB)
			Antimicrobial therapy.
		Uncomplicated cystitis
		Complicated utis
			Emphysematous cystitis (EC).
		Recurrent utis
		Acute pyelonephritis
		Renal abscess
		Perinephric abscess
		Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP)
		Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EP)
		Acute orchitis and epididymitis
		Fournier gangrene
	Gonococcal urethritis
	Nongonococcal urethritis (Fig. 12.13)
		Chlamydial urethritis
		Mycoplasma genitalium
		Trichomonas vaginalis
		Anogenital warts (condyloma acuminatum)
	Genitourinary tuberculosis (TB)
	Interstitial cystitis
	Suggested readings
	AUA guidelines
13 Male infertility
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Epidemiology
	Pathophysiology
	Clinical manifestations
	Diagnosis and testing
	Treatment
	Prognosis
	Suggested readings
14 Evaluation and management of sexual dysfunction in men and women
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Erectile dysfunction
		Epidemiology
		Pathophysiology
		Clinical manifestations
		Diagnosis and testing
		Treatment
	Priapism
		Epidemiology
		Pathophysiology
			Ischemic priapism.
			Nonischemic priapism.
			Stuttering priapism.
		Clinical manifestations
		Diagnosis and testing
		Treatment
	Disorders of male orgasm and ejaculation
		Epidemiology
		Pathophysiology
		Clinical manifestations
		Diagnosis and testing
		Treatment
	Peyronie disease
		Epidemiology
		Pathophysiology
		Clinical manifestations
		Diagnosis and testing
		Treatment
	Sexual dysfunction in females
		Epidemiology
		Pathophysiology
		Clinical manifestations
		Diagnosis and testing
		Treatment
15 Integrated mens health: Androgen deficiency, cardiovascular risk, and metabolic syndrome
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Overview of the problem
	Explanation of the poorer health of men
	Metabolic syndrome and men’s health
	Physiology of metabolic syndrome
	Individual factors
	Metabolic syndrome and urologic disorders
	Renal conditions
	Bladder conditions
	Prostate cancer
	Low testosterone and erectile dysfunction
	Targeting metabolic syndrome as a novel strategy in urologic disease
	Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular risk: Advances and controversies
		Impact of testosterone supplementation
	Cardiovascular risk
	Association between cardiovascular disease and erectile dysfunction
	Mental health and opioid abuse in men
	Opioid prescriptions
	Gonadal dysfunction
16 Urinary incontinence and pelvic prolapse: Pathophysiology, evaluation, and medical management
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Overview and pathophysiology of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse
		Urinary incontinence (UI)
			Overview of neurophysiology.
			Urethral and sphincter pathophysiology and anatomy.
			Types of urinary incontinence.
		Pelvic organ prolapse (POP)
			Types of prolapse.
			Risk factors.
	Evaluation of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse
	Medical management of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse
		Urgency urinary incontinence
			Female stress urinary incontinence.
			Stress urinary incontinence in males.
			Pelvic organ prolapse.
	Suggested readings
17 Surgical management of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Vaginal and abdominal reconstructive surgery for pelvic organ prolapse (POP)
		Preoperative considerations
		Surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse (Table 17.1)
			Anterior compartment (Table 17.2).
			Apical compartment
			Posterior compartment (Table 17.5).
	Surgery for female SUI
		Retropubic suspension surgery
			Indications for retropubic suspension.
			Types of surgical repairs and results
			Complications.
		Slings—autologous, biologic, synthetic, and mid-urethral
			Pubovaginal sling (PVS).
			Mid-urethral slings.
	Surgical procedures for sphincteric incontinence in men
		Evaluation, diagnosis, and indications for surgery
		Male slings
		Artificial urinary sphincter
	Complications related to the use of mesh
	Urinary tract fistulae
	Bladder and female urethral diverticula
		Management (Fig. 17.29)
			Presentation and evaluation.
			Surgical repair.
	Suggested readings
18 Surgery for benign disorders of the penis, urethra, and scrotal contents
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Surgery for benign disorders of the penis and urethra
		Tenets of reconstructive surgical techniques
	Principles of reconstructive surgery
	Selected processes
	Urethral stricture disease
	Treatment of urethral strictures
	Pelvic fracture urethral injuries (PFUIs): Urethral distraction
	Postprostatectomy vesicourethral distraction defects: Vesicourethral stenosis
	Congenital penile curvature
	Surgical anatomy and vasculature of the scrotum
	Preoperative considerations and scrotal access
	Partial or total scrotectomy
	Scrotal reconstruction
	Hydrocelectomy
		Simple orchiectomy
		Excision of epididymal masses
	Vasectomy
	Retractile testis and intermittent testicular torsion (ITT)
	Complications of scrotal surgery
19 Neoplasms of the male genitalia
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Testis cancer
		Epidemiology, etiology, and clinical presentation
			Physical examination.
			Diagnostic testing.
			Initial treatment: Radical inguinal orchiectomy.
		Staging
		Management of nonseminoma germ cell tumor (NSGCT)
			Clinical stage (CS) I.
			Clinical stage IS.
			Clinical stage IIA and IIB.
			Clinical stage IIC and III.
				Management of postchemotherapy residual masses in NSGCT.
			Relapsed nonseminoma germ cell tumor.
		Management of seminoma
			Clinical stage I.
			Clinical stage IIA and IIB seminoma.
			Clinical stage IIC and III seminoma.
				Management of postchemotherapy residual masses.
			Relapsed seminoma.
	Penile cancer
		Epidemiology, etiology, and clinical presentation
			Physical examination.
			Diagnostic testing.
		Staging
		Management
			Primary tumor.
			Inguinal nodes.
		Radiation therapy
			External-beam radiotherapy (EBRT).
			Brachytherapy (BT).
	Male urethral cancer
		Epidemiology, etiology, and clinical presentation
		Staging
		Management
			Carcinoma of the pendulous urethra.
			Carcinoma of the bulbar urethra.
			Carcinoma of the prostatic urethra.
		Urethral recurrence after radical cystectomy
	Suggested readings
20 Tumors of the bladder
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Epidemiology
	Economic impact
	Risk factors
	Presentation and workup
		Diagnosis
	Pathology
		Staging and grading
		Histology
	Management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer
		Endoscopic surgical management
			Transurethral resection of bladder tumor.
			Complications of transurethral resection of bladder tumor and bladder biopsy.
			Repeat transurethral resection of bladder tumor.
			Enhanced cystoscopic techniques: Fluorescence cystoscopy, narrow band imaging.
		Intravesical therapy
			Perioperative intravesical therapy.
			Intravesical immunotherapy.
			Intravesical chemotherapy.
		Management of refractory high-grade disease
		Role of “early” cystectomy
		Surveillance and prevention
	Management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer
		Radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection for muscle-invasive bladder cancer
			Bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection.
			Anatomic extent of pelvic lymph node dissection and landing zones.
			Intraoperative decision making
				Grossly positive nodes and T4B disease.
				Intraoperative frozen sections of the ureter.
			Oncologic outcomes following radical cystectomy.
			Neoadjuvant therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
			Adjuvant therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
		Urinary diversion
			Conduit.
			Continent cutaneous urinary diversion.
			Orthotopic urinary diversion.
		Bladder preservation
	Management of metastatic bladder cancer
		Second-line chemotherapy
		Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
		Fibroblast growth factor receptor therapy
	Suggested readings
21 Benign prostatic hyperplasia
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Epidemiology and pathobiology
	Clinical manifestations
	Diagnosis and testing
	Treatment
	Watchful waiting or conservative management
	Medical treatment for LUTS
	Prognosis
	Suggested readings
22 Prostate cancer
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Prostate cancer incidence and mortality
	Racial disparities in prostate cancer
	Screening controversy, incidence, and mortality
		Trials
	Risk factors and chemoprevention
	Prostate cancer biomarkers
	Genomics
	Prostate biopsy
		Risks and complications of biopsy
	Pathology
		Staging classification
	Grading on prostate biopsy
	High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
	Imaging of the prostate
		Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate
		Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)
		Metastatic workup
	Management of localized prostate cancer
		Active surveillance for prostate cancer
	Surgical management of prostate cancer
		Treatment morbidity and quality of life outcomes
	Radiation therapy for prostate cancer
		Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
		External beam radiation treatment
		Stereotactic body radiation therapy
		Heavy particle beams and proton therapy
		Brachytherapy
		Role of androgen deprivation with radiation therapy
	Treatment morbidity and quality-of-life outcomes
		Postradiation follow-up and response
		Focal therapy for prostate cancer
		Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer
	Imaging in biochemical recurrence
		Salvage radiation therapy after radical prostatectomy
		Psa recurrence after definitive radiotherapy
		Salvage radical prostatectomy
		Salvage cryotherapy
		Salvage brachytherapy
		Salvage hifu
		Androgen deprivation therapy after biochemical recurrence following radiation therapy to the prostate
	Treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer
		Nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
		Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
			Cytotoxic chemotherapy
		Next-generation hormonal therapies
		Immunotherapy
		Palliative management
			Pain and spinal cord compression.
	Suggested readings
23 Urologic complications of renal transplantation
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Hematuria
	Ureteral stent management
	Retained stent
		Prevention
		Diagnosis and treatment
	Urinary leak
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
	Ureteral obstruction
	Vesicoureteral reflux
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
	Lymphocele
		Treatment
	Nephrolithiasis
	Lower urinary tract complications
	Benign prostatic hyperplasia
	Urine incontinence
	Genitourinary malignancies
		Renal cell carcinoma
			Renal cell carcinoma management in kidney transplant patients.
		Bladder cancer
		Prostate cancer
	Suggested readings
24 Principles and acute management of upper urinary tract obstruction
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Clinical presentation
	Hemodynamic changes
	Functional changes
	Diagnosis and testing
		Laboratory studies
			Urinalysis.
			Fractional excretion of sodium (FENA).
			Assessment of renal function.
	Imaging studies (Tables 24.1 and 24.2)
		Computed tomography (CT)
		Magnetic resonance urography (MRU)
		Nuclear renography
		Excretory urography
		Whitaker test
	Acute management
		Methods of upper urinary tract drainage
			Retrograde ureteral stent placement.
				Technique.
			Ureteral stents.
			Antegrade nephrostomy tube placement.
				Technique.
	Suggested readings
25 Definitive treatment options for ureteral obstruction
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Clinical presentation
	Indications for repair
	Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO)
		Diagnosis
		Pyeloplasty
			Technique.
		Special situations
		Endopyelotomy
			Technique.
	Retrocaval ureter
		Pyelopyelostomy
	Ureteral stricture disease
		Diagnosis
		Surgical management
			Ureteroureterostomy.
			Ureteroneocystotomy.
			Psoas hitch.
			Boari flap.
			Renal descensus.
			Transureteroureterostomy.
			Ileal ureteral substitution.
			Buccal mucosa grafting.
			Autotransplantation.
	Ureteroenteric anastomotic stricture
		Diagnosis
		Management
	Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF)
		Medical management
		Surgical management
	Suggested readings
26 Urological trauma in adults and children
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Renal trauma
	Renal imaging
	Renal trauma classification
	Contemporary management of renal trauma (Fig. 26.2)
		Observation
		Angioembolization
		Surgery
	Ureteral trauma
	Ureteral injury management
	Genital trauma
		Penile fracture
		Penetrating injuries
		Bites
		Vaginal injury
		Pediatric population
	Testis trauma
	Bladder injury
	Posterior urethral injuries
	Anterior urethral injuries
	Suggested readings
27 Pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of urinary lithiasis
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Epidemiology
	Physiochemistry and pathogenesis
		Stone pathogenesis
			Calcium.
			Oxalate.
			Citrate.
			Magnesium.
			Glycosaminoglycans.
			Glycoproteins.
			Matrix.
	Pathophysiology of upper urinary tract calculi
		Calcium stones
			Hypercalciuria.
			Hyperoxaluria.
			Hypocitraturia.
			Hyperuricosuria.
			Hypercalcemic-induced hypercalciuria
			Low urine ph.
			Renal tubular acidosis (RTA).
			Hypomagnesuria.
		Noncalcium stones
			Uric acid stones.
			Cystine stones.
			Infectious stones.
			Matrix stones.
			Medication-related stones.
	Diagnosis and evaluation
		Screening evaluation
			Urinalysis.
			Stone analysis.
			Imaging.
				Computed tomography (CT).
				Radiography: Plain radiography (KUB) and intravenous pyelography (IVP).
				Ultrasound (US).
				Digital tomosynthesis.
				Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
		Metabolic evaluation
	Treatment
		Medical management
			General diet therapies.
			Pharmacologic therapies.
		• calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones
			Diet therapies.
			Pharmacologic therapies
		• special situations with calcium stones
		• uric acid stones
			Diet therapies.
			Pharmacologic therapies
		• infectious stones
			Diet therapies.
			Pharmacologic therapies
		• cystine stones
			Diet therapies.
			Pharmacologic therapies
		Follow-up
		Surgical management
			Indications for rapid renal decompression of an obstructed kidney
			Medical expulsive therapy (MET).
			Shock wave lithotripsy.
				Indications and contraindications.
				Adverse events
			Ureteroscopy.
				Indications and contraindications.
				Adverse events.
			Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
				Indications and contraindications.
				Adverse events.
			Laparoscopic, robotic, and open.
		Treatment selection
	Lower urinary tract stones
		Bladder stones
		Urethral stones
	Suggested readings
28 Evaluation and management of localized renal tumors
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Classification
	Benign renal tumors
		Renal cysts
			Epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology.
			Evaluation.
			Management options.
		Oncocytoma
			Epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology.
			Evaluation.
			Management.
		Angiomyolipoma
			Diagnosis.
			Management.
		Other benign tumors
	Malignant renal tumors
		Renal cell carcinoma
			Incidence
			Etiology.
			Familial renal cell carcinoma and molecular genetics.
			Pathology.
			Histologic subtypes.
			Clinical presentation.
			Staging.
			Prognosis.
	Treatment of localized renal cell carcinoma
		American urological association guidelines for renal mass and localized renal cancer
		Risk stratification and renal mass biopsy
		Renal function after partial or radical nephrectomy: Survival implications
		Radical nephrectomy
		Partial nephrectomy
		Tumor enucleation
		Thermal ablative (TA) therapies
		Active surveillance
	Suggested readings
29 Evaluation and management of advanced renal cell carcinoma and upper tract urothelial tumors
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Treatment of locally advanced renal cell carcinoma
		Inferior vena cava involvement
		Locally invasive renal cell carcinoma
		Lymph node dissection for renal cell carcinoma
		Local recurrence after radical nephrectomy or nephron-sparing surgery
	Treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma
		Prognostic factors
	Surgical management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma
		Debulking or cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
		Resection of metastases
		Palliative surgery
	Urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract and ureter
		Epidemiology
			Incidence.
			Mortality rate.
		Risk factors
			Genetic predisposition.
			Environmental factors.
		Histopathology
		Diagnosis
		Staging and classification
		Prognosis
			Tnm classification.
			Histologic grading.
			Prognostic factors
	Surgical management upper tract urothelial carcinoma
		Diagnosis
			Ureteroscopic evaluation and biopsy.
		Treatment
			Radical nephroureterectomy.
			Lymphadenectomy.
			Results.
		Endourologic management
			Basic attributes.
			Results.
			Management of positive upper tract urinary cytology and carcinoma in situ.
	Suggested readings
30 Pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of adrenal disorders
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Adrenal anatomy and physiology
		Embryology
		Anatomy
		Adrenal cortex physiology
			Zona glomerulosa.
			Zona fasciculata.
			Zona reticularis.
		Adrenal medulla
	Adrenal disorders
	Disorders of increased adrenal function
		Cushing syndrome
		Pathophysiology
			Exogenous cushing syndrome.
			ACTH-dependent cushing syndrome.
				Ectopic ACTH syndrome.
				Adrenal tumors.
			Rare causes.
		Clinical characteristics
		Diagnostic tests
			Identifying the cause of cushing syndrome.
		Treatment
	Primary aldosteronism
		Pathophysiology
		Clinical characteristics
		Screening
		Confirmatory testing
		Treatment and prognosis
	Pheochromocytoma
		Pathophysiology
		Clinical characteristics
		Diagnostic tests
			Cross-sectional imaging.
			Functional imaging.
			Positron emission tomography.
			Metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy.
			Biochemical evaluation.
		Treatment
			Preoperative management.
			Postoperative management.
	Disorders of decreased adrenal function
		Clinical characteristics
		Diagnostic tests
		Treatment
	Disorders of abnormal adrenal function
		Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
	Adrenal lesions
		Malignant
			Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC).
				Diagnostic tests.
				Staging.
				Management.
			Neuroblastoma.
			Metastases.
		Benign
			Adenoma.
			Myelolipoma.
		Evaluation of adrenal lesions in urologic practice
		Functional assessment of adrenal masses
		Surgery of the adrenals
			ACC.
			Open adrenalectomy
			Flank retroperitoneal.
			Posterior lumbodorsal approach.
			Anterior transabdominal approach.
			Minimally invasive surgery.
				Partial adrenalectomy.
			Ablative therapy.
		Complications
	Suggested readings
31 Complications of urologic surgery
	Contributors of Campbell-Walsh-Wein, 12th Edition
	Adult complications
		Classification
		Neuromuscular complications
			Positioning injuries.
			Direct nerve injury.
			Compartment syndrome.
			Rhabdomyolysis.
		Intraoperative complications
			Trocar and veress needle-related injuries.
			Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax.
			Major vascular injury.
			Injury to epigastric vessels.
			Gas embolus.
			Bowel injury.
			Barotrauma.
			Stapler malfunction.
			Vascular injury.
			Bowel injury.
			Rectal injury.
			Pancreatic injury.
			Duodenal injury.
		Injury to genitourinary structures
			Urethral injuries.
			Bladder injury.
			Ureteral injury.
			Renal injury.
		Postoperative complications
			Urine leak.
			Renal vascular complications.
			Lymphocele.
			Port site hernias.
			Fascial dehiscence.
			Stomal complications.
			Venous thromboembolism (VTE).
	Pediatric complications
	Patterns of complications
		Hemorrhage
		Obstruction
		Urine leak
		Infection
		Tissue breakdown
		Bowel injury
	Suggested readings
Index