Campbell essential biology with physiology.

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Detailed Contents
Chapter 1 Learning About Life
	Chapter Thread Swimming with the Turtles
	Biology and Society A Passion for Life
	The Scientific Study of Life
		An Overview of the Process of Science
		Hypotheses, Theories, and Facts
		Controlled Experiments
	The Process of Science  Do Baby Turtles Swim?
		Evaluating Scientific Claims
	The Properties of Life
	Major Themes in Biology
		The Relationship of Structure to Function
		Information Flow
		Pathways That Transform Energy and Matter
		Interactions within Biological Systems
		Evolution
	Evolution Connection Turtles in the Tree of Life
Unit 1 Cells
	Chapter 2 Essential Chemistry for Biology
		Chapter Thread Helpful Radiation
		Biology and Society Nuclear Medicine
		Some Basic Chemistry
			Matter: Elements and Compounds
			Atoms
		The process of science How Effective Is Radiation in Treating Prostate Cancer?
			Chemical Bonding and Molecules
			Chemical Reactions
		Water and Life
			Water
			Acids, Bases, and pH
		Evolution Connection Radioactivity as an Evolutionary Clock
	Chapter 3 The Molecules of Life
		Chapter Thread Lactose Intolerance
		Biology and Society Got Lactose?
		Organic Compounds
			Carbon Chemistry
			Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks
		Large Biological Molecules
			Carbohydrates
			Lipids
			Proteins
			Nucleic Acids
		The Process of Science Does Lactose Intolerance Have a Genetic Basis?
		Evolution Connection The Evolution of Lactose Intolerance in Humans
	Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell
		Chapter Thread Humans Versus Bacteria
		Biology and Society Antibiotics: Drugs That Target Bacterial Cells
		The Microscopic World of Cells
			The Two Major Categories of Cells
			An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells
		Membrane Structure
			The Plasma Membrane
			Cell Surfaces
		The Process of Science How Was the First 21st-Century Antibiotic Discovered?
		The Nucleus and Ribosomes:Genetic Control of the Cell
			The Nucleus
			Ribosomes
			How DNA Directs Protein Production
		The Endomembrane System:Manufacturing and DistributingCellular Products
			The Endoplasmic Reticulum
			The Golgi Apparatus
			Lysosomes
			Vacuoles
		Chloroplasts and Mitochondria:Providing Cellular Energy
			Chloroplasts
			Mitochondria
		The Cytoskeleton:Cell Shape and Movement
			Maintaining Cell Shape
			Flagella and Cilia
		Evolution Connection The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Humans
	Chapter 5 The Working Cell
		Chapter Thread Nanotechnology
		Biology and Society Harnessing Cellular Structures
		Some Basic Energy Concepts
			Conservation of Energy
			Chemical Energy
			Heat
			Food Calories
		ATP and Cellular Work
			The Structure of ATP
			Phosphate Transfer
			The ATP Cycle
		Enzymes
			Activation Energy
		The Process of Science Can Enzymes Be Engineered?
			Enzyme Activity
			Enzyme Inhibitors
		Membrane Function
			Passive Transport: Diffusion across Membranes
			Osmosis and Water Balance
			Active Transport: The Pumping of Molecules across Membranes
			Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large Molecules
		Evolution Connection The Origin of Membranes
	Chapter 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food
		Chapter Thread Exercise Science
		Biology and Society Getting the Most Out of Your Muscles
		Energy Flow and Chemical Cyclingin the Biosphere
			Producers and Consumers
			Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
		Cellular Respiration:Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy
			An Overview of Cellular Respiration
			The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration
			The Results of Cellular Respiration
		Fermentation:Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy
			Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells
		The Process of Science What Causes Muscle Burn?
			Fermentation in Microorganisms
		Evolution Connection The Importance of Oxygen
	Chapter 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to make Food
		Chapter Thread Solar Energy
		Biology and Society A Solar Revolution
		The Basics of Photosynthesis
			Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis
			An Overview of Photosynthesis
		The Light Reactions:Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy
			The Nature of Sunlight
		The Process of Science What Colors of Light Drive Photosynthesis?
			Chloroplast Pigments
			How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy
			How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH
		The Calvin Cycle:Making Sugar from Carbon Dioxide
		Evolution Connection Creating a Better Biofuel Factory
Unit 2 Genetics
	Chapter 8 Cellular Reproduction: Cells from Cells
		Chapter Thread Life with and without Sex
		Biology and Society Virgin Birth of a Shark
		What Cell Reproduction Accomplishes
		The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
			Eukaryotic Chromosomes
			Duplicating Chromosomes
			The Cell Cycle
			Mitosis and Cytokinesis
			Cancer Cells: Dividing Out of Control
		Meiosis, the Basis of Sexual Reproduction
			Homologous Chromosomes
			Gametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual Organism
			The Process of Meiosis
			Review: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
			The Origins of Genetic Variation
		The process of Science Do All Animals Have Sex?
			When Meiosis Goes Wrong
		Evolution Connection The Advantages of Sex
	Chapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance
		Chapter Thread Dog Breeding
		Biology and Society Darwin’s Dogs
		Genetics and Heredity
			In an Abbey Garden
			Mendel’s Law of Segregation
			Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
			Using a Testcross to Determine an Unknown Genotype
			The Rules of Probability
			Family Pedigrees
			Human Traits Controlled by a Single Gene
		The Process of Science What Is the Genetic Basis of Short Legs in Dogs?
		Variations on Mendel’s Laws
			Incomplete Dominance in Plants and People
			ABO Blood Groups: An Example of Multiple Alleles and Codominance
			Pleiotropy and Sickle-Cell Disease
			Polygenic Inheritance
			Epigenetics and the Role of Environment
		The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
			Linked Genes
			Sex-Linked Genes
			Sex Determination in Humans
		Evolution Connection Barking Up the Evolutionary Tree
	Chapter 10 The Structure and Function of DNA
		Chapter Thread Deadly Viruses
		Biology and Society The Global Threat of Zika Virus
		DNA: Structure and Replication
			DNA and RNA Structure
			Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Double Helix
			DNA Replication
		From DNA to RNA to Protein
			How an Organism’s Genotype Determines Its Phenotype
			From Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An Overview
			The Genetic Code
			Transcription: From DNA to RNA
			The Processing of Eukaryotic RNA
			Translation: The Players
			Translation: The Process
			Review: DNA S RNA S Protein
			Mutations
		Viruses and Other NoncellularInfectious Agents
			Bacteriophages
			Plant Viruses
			Animal Viruses
		The Process of Science Can DNA and RNA Vaccines Protect Against Viruses?
			HIV, the AIDS Virus
			Prions
		Evolution Connection Emerging Viruses
	Chapter 11 How Genes Are Controlled
		Chapter Thread Cancer
		Biology and Society 
Breast Cancer and Chemotherapy
		How and Why Genes Are Regulated
			Gene Regulation in Bacteria
			Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells
			Cell Signaling
			Homeotic Genes
			Visualizing Gene Expression
		Cloning Plants and Animals
			The Genetic Potential of Cells
			Reproductive Cloning of Animals
			Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells
		The Genetic Basis of Cancer
			Genes That Cause Cancer
		The Process of Science Can Avatars Improve Cancer Treatment?
			Cancer Risk and Prevention
		Evolution Connection The Evolution of Cancer in the Body
	Chapter 12 DNA Technology
		Chapter Thread DNA Profiling
		Biology and Society Using DNA to Establish Guilt and Innocence
		Genetic Engineering
			Recombinant DNA Techniques
			Gene Editing
			Medical Applications
			Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture
			Human Gene Therapy
		DNA Profiling and Forensic Science
			DNA Profiling Techniques
			Investigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA
		Bioinformatics
			DNA Sequencing
			Genomics
			Genome-Mapping Techniques
			The Human Genome
		The Process of Science Did Nic Have a Deadly Gene?
			Applied Genomics
			Systems Biology
		Safety and Ethical Issues
			The Controversy over Genetically Modified Foods
			Ethical Questions Raised by Human DNA Technologies
		Evolution Connection The Y Chromosome as a Window on History
Unit 3 EvolutionandDiversity
	Chapter 13 How Populations Evolve
		Chapter Thread Evolution in Action
		Biology and Society Mosquitoes and Evolution
		The Diversity of Life
			Naming and Classifying the Diversity of Life
			Explaining the Diversity of Life
		Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species
			Darwin’s Journey
			Darwin’s Theory
		Evidence of Evolution
			Evidence from Fossils
			Evidence from Homologies
			Evolutionary Trees
		Natural Selection as the Mechanism for Evolution
			Natural Selection in Action
			Key Points about Natural Selection
		The Evolution of Populations
			Sources of Genetic Variation
			Populations as the Units of Evolution
			Analyzing Gene Pools
			Population Genetics and Health Science
			Microevolution as Change in a Gene Pool
		Mechanisms of Evolution
			Natural Selection
			Genetic Drift
			Gene Flow
			Natural Selection: A Closer Look
		The Process of Science Did Natural Selection Shape the Beaks of Darwin’s Finches?
		Evolution Connection The Rising Threat of Antibiotic Resistance
	Chapter 14 How Biological Diversity Evolves
		Chapter Thread Evolution in the Human-Dominated World
		Biology and Society Humanity’s Footprint
		The Origin of Species
			What is a Species?
			Reproductive Barriers between Species
			Mechanisms of Speciation
		The Process of Science Do Human Activities Facilitate Speciation?
		Earth History and Macroevolution
			The Fossil Record
			Plate Tectonics and Biogeography
			Mass Extinctions and Explosive Diversifications of Life
		Mechanisms of Macroevolution
			Large Effects from Small Genetic Changes
			The Evolution of Biological Novelty
		Classifying the Diversity of Life
			Classification and Phylogeny
			Classification: A Work in Progress
		Evolution Connection Evolution in the Anthropocene
	Chapter 15 The Evolution of Microbial Life
		Chapter Thread Human Microbiota
		Biology and Society Our Invisible Inhabitants
		Major Episodes in the History of Life
		The Origin of Life
			A Four-Stage Hypothesis for the Origin of Life
			From Chemical Evolution to Darwinian Evolution
		Prokaryotes
			They’re Everywhere!
			The Structure and Function of Prokaryotes
			The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes
			The Two Main Branches of Prokaryotic Evolution: Bacteria and Archaea
		The Process of Science Are Intestinal Microbiota to Blame for Obesity?
			Protists
				Protozoans
				Slime Molds
				Unicellular and Colonial Algae
				Seaweeds
		Evolution Connection The Sweet Life of Streptococcus mutans
	Chapter 16 The Evolution of Plants and Fungi
		Chapter Thread Plant-Fungus Interactions
		Biology and Society The Diamond of the Kitchen
		Colonizing Land
			Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants
			The Origin of Plants from Green Algae
		Plant Diversity
			Highlights of Plant Evolution
			Bryophytes
			Ferns
			Gymnosperms
			Angiosperms
			Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource
		Fungi
			Characteristics of Fungi
		The Process of Science What Killed the Pines?
			The Ecological Impact of Fungi
			Commercial Uses of Fungi
		Evolution Connection A Pioneering Partnership
	Chapter 17 The Evolution of Animals
		Chapter Thread Human Evolution
		Biology and Society Evolving Adaptability
		The Origins of Animal Diversity
			What is an Animal?
			Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion
			Animal Phylogeny
		Major Invertebrate Phyla
			Sponges
			Cnidarians
			Molluscs
			Flatworms
			Annelids
			Roundworms
			Arthropods
			Echinoderms
		Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity
			Characteristics of Chordates
			Fishes
			Amphibians
			Reptiles
			Mammals
		The Human Ancestry
			The Evolution of Primates
			The Emergence of Humankind
		The Process of Science What Can Lice Tell Us About Ancient Humans?
		Evolution Connection  Are We Still Evolving?
Unit 4 Ecology
	Chapter 18 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
		Chapter Thread Climate Change
		Biology and Society Penguins, Polar Bears, and People in Peril
		An Overview of Ecology
			Ecology and Environmentalism
			A Hierarchy of Interactions
		Living in Earth’s Diverse Environments
			Abiotic Factors of the Biosphere
			The Evolutionary Adaptations of Organisms
			Adjusting to Environmental Variability
		Biomes
			Freshwater Biomes
			Marine Biomes
			How Climate Affects Terrestrial Biome Distribution
			Terrestrial Biomes
			The Water Cycle
			Human Impact on Biomes
		Climate Change
			The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
			The Accumulation of Greenhouse Gases
			Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystems
		The Process of Science How Does Climate Change Affect Species Distribution?
			Looking to Our Future
		Evolution Connection Climate Change as an Agent of Natural Selection
	Chapter 19 Population Ecology
		Chapter Thread Biological Invasions
		Biology and Society Invasion of the Lionfish
			An Overview of Population Ecology
				Population Age Structure
				Population Density
				Life Tables and Survivorship Curves
				Life History Traits as Adaptations
			Population Growth Models
				The Exponential Population Growth Model: The Ideal of an Unlimited Environment
				The Logistic Population Growth Model: The Reality of a Limited Environment
				Regulation of Population Growth
			Applications of Population Ecology
				Conservation of Endangered Species
				Sustainable Resource Management
				Invasive Species
				Biological Control of Pests
		The Process of Science  Can Fences Stop Cane Toads?
			Integrated Pest Management
		Human Population Growth
			The History of Human Population Growth
			Age Structures
			Our Ecological Footprint
		Evolution Connection Humans as an Invasive Species
	Chapter 20 Communities and Ecosystems
		Chapter Thread Importance of Biodiversity
		Biology and Society Why Biodiversity Matters
			Biodiversity
				Genetic Diversity
				Species Diversity
				Ecosystem Diversity
				Causes of Declining Biodiversity
			Community Ecology
				Interspecific Interactions
				Trophic Structure
				Species Diversity in Communities
				Disturbances and Succession in Communities
				Ecological Succession
			Ecosystem Ecology
				Energy Flow in Ecosystems
				Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems
			Conservation and Restoration Biology
				Biodiversity “Hot Spots”
				Conservation at the Ecosystem Level
		The Process of Science Does Biodiversity Protect Human Health?
			Restoring Ecosystems
			The Goal of Sustainable Development
		Evloution Connection Saving the Hot Spots
Unit 5 Animal Structure
and Function
	21 Unifying Concepts Of Animal Structure And Function
		Chapter Thread Controlling Body Temperature
		Biology and Society An Avoidable Tragedy
			The Structural Organization Of Animals
				Anatomy and Physiology
				Tissues
				Organs and Organ Systems
			Exchanges With the External Environment
			Regulating The Internal Environment
				Homeostasis
				Negative and Positive Feedback
				Thermoregulation
		The Process of Science How Does a Python Warm Her Eggs?
			Osmoregulation
			Homeostasis In The Urinary System
		Evolution Connection Adaptations for Thermoregulation
	22 Nutrition and Digestion
		Chapter Thread Controlling Your Weight
		Biology and Society The “Secret” To Shedding Pounds
			An Overview of Animal Nutrition
				Animal Diets
				The Four Stages of Food Processing
				Digestive Compartments
			A Tour of the Human Digestive System
				System Map
				The Mouth
				The Pharynx
				The Esophagus
				The Stomach
				The Small Intestine
				The Human Microbiome
				The Large Intestine
			Human Nutritional Requirements
				Food as Fuel
				Food as Building Material
				Decoding Food Labels
			Nutritional Disorders
				Malnutrition
				Eating Disorders
				Obesity
		The Process of Science Can a Gene Make You Fat?
		Evolution Connection Fat and Sugar Cravings
	23 Circulation and Respiration
		Chapter Thread Athletic Endurance
		Biology and Society Avoiding “The Wall”
			Unifying Concepts of Animal Circulation
			The Human Cardiovascular System
				The Path of Blood
				How the Heart Works
				Blood Vessels
				Blood
		The Process of Science Live High, Train Low?
			Cardiovascular Disease
		Unifying Concepts of Animal Respiration
		The Human Respiratory System
			The Path of Air
			The Brain’s Control over Breathing
			The Role of Hemoglobin in Gas Transport
			The Toll of Smoking on the Lungs
		Evolution Connection Evolving Endurance
	24 The Body’s Defenses
		Chapter Thread Vaccines
		Biology and Society Herd Immunity
			An Overview of the Immune System
			Innate Immunity
				External Innate Defenses
				Internal Innate Defenses
			The Lymphatic System
				Circulatory Function
				Immune Function
			Adaptive Immunity
				Step 1: Recognizing the Invaders
				Step 2: Cloning the Responders
				Step 3: Responding to Invaders
				Step 4: Remembering Invaders
		The Process of Science How Do We Know Vaccines Work?
			Immune Disorders
				Allergies
				Autoimmune Diseases
				Immuno Deficiency Diseases
				AIDS
		Evolution Connection Viral Evolution Versus The Flu Vaccine
	25 Hormones
		Chapter Thread Steroid Abuse
		Biology and Society Baseball’s Ongoing Steroid Problem
			Hormones: An Overview
			The Human Endocrine System
				The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
				The Thyroid and Metabolism
				The Pancreas and Blood Glucose
				The Adrenal Glands and Stress
				The Gonads and Sex Hormones
				Mimicking Sex Hormones
		The Process of Science Do ’Roids Cause Rage?
		Evolution Connection Steroids and Male Aggression
	26 Reproduction and Development
		Chapter Thread High-Tech Babies
		Biology and Society New Ways of Making Babies
			Unifying Concepts of Animal Reproduction
				Asexual Reproduction
				Sexual Reproduction
			Human Reproduction
				Male Reproductive Anatomy
				Female Reproductive Anatomy
				Gametogenesis
				The Female Reproductive Cycle
			Reproductive Health
				Contraception
				Sexually Transmitted Infections
			Human Development
				Fertilization By Sperm
				Basic Concepts of Embryonic Development
				Pregnancy and Early Development
				The Stages of Pregnancy
				Childbirth
			Reproductive Technologies
				Infertility
				In Vitro Fertilization
		The Process of Science Are Babies Conceived Through In Vitro Fertilization As Healthy As Babies Conceived Naturally?
			The Ethics of IVF
		Evolution Connection The “Grandmother Hypothesis”
	27 Nervous, Sensory, And Locomotor Systems
		Chapter Thread Neurotoxins
		Biology and Society Medicinal Poisons
			An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems
				Neurons
				Organization of Nervous Systems
				Sending a Signal Through a Neuron
				Passing a Signal From a Neuron to a Receiving Cell
			The Human Nervous System: A Closer Look
				The Central Nervous System
				The Peripheral Nervous System
				The Human Brain
			The Senses
				Sensory Input
				Vision
				Hearing
			Locomotor Systems
				The Skeletal System
				The Muscular System
		The Process of Science Can Botulism Toxin Prevent Headaches?
			Stimulus and Response: Putting It All Together
		Evolution Connection A Neurotoxin Arms Race
Unit 6 Plant Structure
and Function
	28 The Life of a Flowering Plant
		Chapter Thread Agriculture
		Biology and Society The Buzz on Coffee Plants
			The Structure and Function of a Flowering Plant
				Monocots and Eudicots
				Roots, Stems, and Leaves
				Plant Tissues and Tissue Systems
				Plant Cells
			Plant Growth
				Primary Growth: Lengthening
				Secondary Growth: Thickening
		The Process of Science What Happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke?
			The Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant
				The Flower
				Overview of the Flowering Plant Life Cycle
				Pollination and Fertilization
				Seed Formation
				Fruit Formation
				Seed Germination
		Evlolution Connection The Problem of The Disappearing Bees
	29 The Working Plant
		Chapter Thread The Interdependence of Organisms
		Biology and Society Planting Hope In The Wake of Disaster
			How Plants Acquire and Transport Nutrients
				Plant Nutrition
				From The Soil Into the Roots
				The Role of Bacteria in Nitrogen Nutrition
				The Transport of Water
				The Transport of Sugars
		The Process of Science Can The Pressure Flow Mechanism Be Directly Measured?
			Economic Uses of Plant Transport Products
			Plant Hormones
				Auxins
				Cytokinins
				Ethylene
				Gibberellins
				Abscisic Acid
			Response to Stimuli
				Tropisms
				Photoperiodism
		Evolution Connection Plants, Bugs, and People
Appendices
	A Metric Conversion Table
	B The Periodic Table
	C Credits
	D Selected Answers
Glossary
Index
Back Cover