Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology

Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology
Brief Contents
Title Page
Copyright
About the Authors
Detailed Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction: Biology Today
	BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: An Innate Passion for Life
	The Scientific Study of Life
		The Process of Science
		Discovery Science
		Hypothesis-Driven Science
		Theories in Science
	The Nature of Life
		The Properties of Life
		Life in Its Diverse Forms
	Major Themes in Biology
		Evolution: Evolution
		Structure/Function: The Relationship of Structure to Function
		Information Flow: Information Flow
		Energy Transformations: Pathways that Transform Energy and Matter
		Interconnections within Systems: Interconnections within Biological Systems
	Chapter Review
UNIT 1: Cells
	2: Essential Chemistry for Biology
		CHAPTER THREAD: Radioactivity
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Radiation and Health
		Some Basic Chemistry
			Matter: Elements and Compounds
			Atoms
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Radioactive Tracers Identify Brain Diseases?
			Chemical Bonding and Molecules
			Chemical Reactions
		Water and Life
			Structure/Function: Water
			Acids, Bases, and pH
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Radioactivity as an Evolutionary Clock
		Chapter Review
	3: The Molecules of Life
		CHAPTER THREAD: Lactose Intolerance
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Got Lactose?
		Organic Compounds
			Carbon Chemistry
			Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks
		Large Biological Molecules
			Carbohydrates
			Lipids
			Proteins
			Structure/Function: Protein Shape
			Nucleic Acids
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Does Lactose Intolerance Have a Genetic Basis?
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Lactose Intolerance in Humans
		Chapter Review
	4: A Tour of the Cell
		CHAPTER THREAD: Humans Versus Bacteria
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Antibiotics: Drugs That Target Bacterial Cells
		The Microscopic World of Cells
			The Two Major Categories of Cells
			An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells
		Membrane Structure
			Structure/Function: The Plasma Membrane
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Makes a Superbug?
			Cell Surfaces
		The Nucleus and Ribosomes: Genetic Control of the Cell
			The Nucleus
			Ribosomes
			How DNA Directs Protein Production
		The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular Products
			The Endoplasmic Reticulum
			The Golgi Apparatus
			Lysosomes
			Vacuoles
		Energy Transformations: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
			Chloroplasts
			Mitochondria
		The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and Movement
			Maintaining Cell Shape
			Cilia and Flagella
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Humans
		Chapter Review
	5: The Working Cell
		CHAPTER THREAD: Nanotechnology
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Harnessing Cellular Structures
		Some Basic Energy Concepts
			Conservation of Energy
			Heat
			Chemical Energy
			Food Calories
		Energy Transformations: ATP and Cellular Work
			The Structure of ATP
			Phosphate Transfer
			The ATP Cycle
		Enzymes
			Activation Energy
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Enzymes Be Engineered?
			Structure/Function: Enzyme Activity
			Enzyme Inhibitors
			Membrane Function
				Passive Transport: Diffusion across Membranes
				Osmosis and Water Balance
				Active Transport: The Pumping of Molecules across Membranes
				Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large Molecules
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Origin of Membranes
		Chapter Review
	6: Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food
		CHAPTER THREAD: Exercise Science
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Getting the most out of your muscles
		Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere
			Producers and Consumers
			Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
		Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy
			Energy Transformations: An Overview of Cellular Respiration
			The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration
			The Results of Cellular Respiration
		Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy
			Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Causes Muscle Burn?
			Fermentation in Microorganisms
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Importance of Oxygen
		Chapter Review
	7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food
		CHAPTER THREAD: Biofuels
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: A Greasy Crime Wave
		The Basics of Photosynthesis
			Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis
			Energy Transformations: An Overview of Photosynthesis
		The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy
			The Nature of Sunlight
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Colors of Light Drive Photosynthesis?
			What Colors of Light Drive Photosynthesis?
			Chloroplast Pigments
			How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy
			How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH
			The Calvin Cycle: Making Sugar from Carbon Dioxide
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Creating a Better Biofuel Factory
		Chapter Review
UNIT 2: Genetics
	8: Cellular Reproduction: Cells from Cells
		CHAPTER THREAD: Life with and without Sex
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Virgin Birth of a Dragon
		What Cell Reproduction Accomplishes
		The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
			Eukaryotic Chromosomes
			Information Flow: Duplicating Chromosomes
			The Cell Cycle
			Mitosis and Cytokinesis
			Cancer Cells: Dividing Out of Control
		Meiosis, the Basis of Sexual Reproduction
			Homologous Chromosomes
			Gametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual Organism
			The Process of Meiosis
			Review: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
			The Origins of Genetic Variation
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do All Animals Have Sex?
			When Meiosis Goes Awry
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Advantages of Sex
		Chapter Review
	9: Patterns of Inheritance
		CHAPTER THREAD: Dog Breeding
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Our Longest-Running Genetic Experiment
		Genetics and Heredity
			In an Abbey Garden
			Mendel’s Law of Segregation
			Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
			Using a Testcross to Determine an Unknown Genotype
			The Rules of Probability
			Family Pedigrees
			Human Disorders Controlled by a Single Gene
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Is the Genetic Basis of Coat Variation in Dogs?
		Variations on Mendel’s Laws
			Incomplete Dominance in Plants and People
			ABO Blood Groups: An Example of Multiple Alleles and Codominance
			Structure/Function: Pleiotropy and Sickle-Cell Disease
			Polygenic Inheritance
			Epigenetics and the Role of Environment
		The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
			Linked Genes
			Sex Determination in Humans
			Sex-Linked Genes
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Barking Up the Evolutionary Tree
		Chapter Review
	10: The Structure and Function of DNA
		CHAPTER THREAD: The Deadliest Virus
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The First 21st-Century Pandemic
		DNA: Structure and Replication
			DNA and RNA Structure
			Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Double Helix
			Structure/Function: DNA Replication
		Information Flow: From DNA to RNA to Protein
			How an Organism’s Genotype Determines Its Phenotype
			From Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An Overview
			The Genetic Code
			Transcription: From DNA to RNA
			The Processing of Eukaryotic RNA
			Translation: The Players
			Translation: The Process
			Review: DNA ? RNA ? Protein
			Mutations
		Viruses and Other Noncellular Infectious Agents
			Bacteriophages
			Plant Viruses
			Animal Viruses
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do Flu Vaccines Protect the Elderly?
			HIV, the AIDS Virus
			Viroids and Prions
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Emerging Viruses
		Chapter Review
	11: How Genes Are Controlled
		CHAPTER THREAD: Cancer
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Tobacco’s Smoking Gun
		How and Why Genes Are Regulated
			Gene Regulation in Bacteria
			Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells
			Information Flow: Cell Signaling
			Homeotic Genes
			DNA Microarrays: Visualizing Gene Expression
		Cloning Plants and Animals
			The Genetic Potential of Cells
			Reproductive Cloning of Animals
			Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells
		The Genetic Basis of Cancer
			Genes That Cause Cancer
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Are Childhood Tumors Different?
			Cancer Risk and Prevention
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Cancer in the Body
		Chapter Review
	12: DNA Technology
		CHAPTER THREAD: DNA Profiling
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Using DNA to Establish Guilt and Innocence
			Genetic Engineering
				Recombinant DNA Techniques
				Pharmaceutical Applications
				Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture
				Human Gene Therapy
			DNA Profiling and Forensic Science
				DNA Profiling Techniques
				Investigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA
			Bioinformatics
				DNA Sequencing
				Genomics
				Genome-Mapping Techniques
				The Human Genome
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Genomics Cure Cancer?
			Applied Genomics
			Interconnections within Systems: Systems Biology
			Safety and Ethical Issues
				The Controversy over Genetically Modified Foods
				Ethical Questions Raised by Human DNA Technologies
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Y Chromosome as a Window on History
		Chapter Review
UNIT 3: Evolution and Diversity
	13: How Populations Evolve
		CHAPTER THREAD: Evolution Past, Present, and Future
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Evolution Today
		The Diversity of Life
			Naming and Classifying the Diversity of Life
			Explaining the Diversity of Life
		Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species
			Darwin’s Journey
			Evolution: Darwin’s Theory
		Evidence of Evolution
			Evidence from Fossils
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Did Whales Evolve from Land-Dwelling Mammals?
			Evidence from Homologies
			Evolutionary Trees
			Natural Selection as the Mechanism for Evolution
				Natural Selection in Action
				Key Points about Natural Selection
			The Evolution of Populations
				Sources of Genetic Variation
				Populations as the Units of Evolution
				Analyzing Gene Pools
				Population Genetics and Health Science
				Microevolution as Change in a Gene Pool
			Mechanisms That Alter Allele Frequencies in a Population
				Genetic Drift
				Gene Flow
				Natural Selection: A Closer Look
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Rising Threat of Antibiotic Resistance
		Chapter Review
	14: How Biological Diversity Evolves
		CHAPTER THREAD: Mass Extinctions
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Sixth Mass Extinction
		The Origin of Species
			What Is a Species?
			Reproductive Barriers between Species
			Evolution: Mechanisms of Speciation
		Earth History and Macroevolution
			The Fossil Record
			Plate Tectonics and Biogeography
			Mass Extinctions and Explosive Diversifications of Life
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Did a Meteor Kill the Dinosaurs?
		Mechanisms of Macroevolution
			Large Effects from Small Genetic Changes
			The Evolution of Biological Novelty
		Classifying the Diversity of Life
			Classification and Phylogeny
			Classification: A Work in Progress
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Rise of the Mammals
		Chapter Review
	15: The Evolution of Microbial Life
		CHAPTER THREAD: Human Microbiota
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Our Invisible Inhabitants
		Major Episodes in the History of Life
		The Origin of Life
			A Four-Stage Hypothesis for the Origin of Life
			From Chemical Evolution to Darwinian Evolution
		Prokaryotes
			They’re Everywhere!
			Structure/Function: Prokaryotes
			The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes
			The Two Main Branches of Prokaryotic Evolution: Bacteria and Archaea
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Are Intestinal Microbiota to Blame for Obesity?
		Protists
			Protozoans
			Slime Molds
			Unicellular and Colonial Algae
			Seaweeds
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Sweet Life of Streptococcus mutans
		Chapter Review
	16: The Evolution of Plants and Fungi
		CHAPTER THREAD: Plant-Fungus Interactions
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Diamond of the Kitchen
		Colonizing Land
			Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants
			The Origin of Plants from Green Algae
		Plant Diversity
			Highlights of Plant Evolution
			Bryophytes
			Ferns
			Gymnosperms
			Angiosperms
			Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource
		Fungi
			Structure/Function: Characteristics of Fungi
			The Ecological Impact of Fungi
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Did a Fungus Lead to the Salem Witch Hunt?
			Commercial Uses of Fungi
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A Mutually Beneficial Symbiosis
		Chapter Review
	17: The Evolution of Animals
		CHAPTER THREAD: Human Evolution
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Discovery of the Hobbit People
		The Origins of Animal Diversity
			What Is an Animal?
			Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion
			Evolution: Animal Phylogeny
		Major Invertebrate Phyla
			Sponges
			Cnidarians
			Molluscs
			Flatworms
			Annelids
			Roundworms
			Arthropods
			Echinoderms
		Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity
			Characteristics of Chordates
			Fishes
			Amphibians
			Reptiles
			Mammals
		The Human Ancestry
			The Evolution of Primates
			The Emergence of Humankind
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Who Were the Hobbit People?
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Are We Still Evolving?
		Chapter Review
UNIT 4: Ecology
	18: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
		CHAPTER THREAD: Global Climate Change
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Penguins, Polar Bears, and People in Peril
		An Overview of Ecology
			Ecology and Environmentalism
			Interconnections of Systems: A Hierarchy of Interactions
		Living in Earth’s Diverse Environments
			Abiotic Factors of the Biosphere
			Energy Source
			The Evolutionary Adaptations of Organisms
			Adjusting to Environmental Variability
		Biomes
			Freshwater Biomes
			Marine Biomes
			How Climate Affects Terrestrial Biome Distribution
			Terrestrial Biomes
			Interconnections within Systems: The Water Cycle
			Human Impact on Biomes
			Forests
		Global Climate Change
			The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
			The Accumulation of Greenhouse Gases
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Does Climate Change Affect Species Distribution?
			Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystems
			Looking to Our Future
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Climate Change as an Agent of Natural Selection
		Chapter Review
	19: Population Ecology
		CHAPTER THREAD: Biological Invasions
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Invasion of the Lionfish
		An Overview of Population Ecology
			Population Density
			Population Age Structure
			Life Tables and Survivorship Curves
			Evolution: Life History Traits as Adaptations
		Population Growth Models
			The Exponential Population Growth Model: The Ideal of an Unlimited Environment
			The Logistic Population Growth Model: The Reality of a Limited Environment
			Regulation of Population Growth
		Applications of Population Ecology
			Conservation of Endangered Species
			Sustainable Resource Management
			Invasive Species
			Biological Control of Pests
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Biological Control Defeat Kudzu?
			Integrated Pest Management
		Human Population Growth
			The History of Human Population Growth
			Age Structures
			Our Ecological Footprint
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Humans as an Invasive Species
		Chapter Review
	20: Communities and Ecosystems
		CHAPTER THREAD: Biodiversity in Decline
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Why Biodiversity Matters
		The Loss of Biodiversity
			Genetic Diversity
			Species Diversity
			Ecosystem Diversity
			Causes of Declining Biodiversity
		Community Ecology
			Interspecific Interactions
			Trophic Structure
			Species Diversity in Communities
			Disturbances in Communities
			Ecological Succession
		Ecosystem Ecology
			Energy Transformations: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
			Interconnections within Systems: Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems
		Conservation and Restoration Biology
			Biodiversity “Hot Spots”
			Conservation at the Ecosystem Level
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Does Tropical Forest Fragmentation Affect Biodiversity?
			Restoring Ecosystems
			The Goal of Sustainable Development
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Can Biophilia Save Biodiversity?
		Chapter Review
UNIT 5: Animal Structure and Function
	21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
		CHAPTER THREAD: Controlling Body Temperature
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: An Avoidable Tragedy
		The Structural Organization of Animals
			Structure/Function: Anatomy and Physiology
			Tissues
			Interconnections within Systems: Organs and Organ Systems
		Exchanges with the External Environment
		Regulating the Internal Environment
			Homeostasis
			Negative and Positive Feedback
			Thermoregulation
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Does a Python Warm Her Eggs?
			Osmoregulation
			Interconnections within Systems: Homeostasis in the Urinary System
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Adaptations for Thermoregulation
		Chapter Review
	22: Nutrition and Digestion
		CHAPTER THREAD: Controlling Your Weight
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The “Secret” to Shedding Pounds
		An Overview of Animal Nutrition
			Animal Diets
			The Four Stages of Food Processing
			Digestive Compartments
		A Tour of the Human Digestive System
			System Map
			The Mouth
			The Pharynx
			The Esophagus
			The Stomach
			The Small Intestine
			The Large Intestine
		Human Nutritional Requirements
			Energy Transformations: Food as Fuel
			Food as Building Material
			Decoding Food Labels
		Nutritional Disorders
			Malnutrition
			Eating Disorders
			Obesity
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can a Gene Make You Fat?
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Fat and Sugar Cravings
		Chapter Review
	23: Circulation and Respiration
		CHAPTER THREAD: Athletic Endurance
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Avoiding “The Wall”
		Unifying Concepts of Animal Circulation
		The Human Cardiovascular System
			The Path of Blood
			How the Heart Works
			Blood Vessels
			Blood
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Live High, Train Low?
			Cardiovascular Disease
			Unifying Concepts of Animal Respiration
			The Human Respiratory System
				The Path of Air
				Information Flow: The Brain’s Control over Breathing
				The Role of Hemoglobin in Gas Transport
				Smoking Damages the Structure and Function of the Lungs
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolving Endurance
		Chapter Review
	24: The Body’s Defenses
		CHAPTER THREAD: Vaccines
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Herd Immunity
		An Overview of the Immune System
		Innate Immunity
			External Innate Defenses
			Internal Innate Defenses
		The Lymphatic System
			Circulatory Function
			Immune Function
		Adaptive Immunity
			Step 1: Recognizing the Invaders
			Step 2: Cloning the Responders
			Step 3: Responding to Invaders
			Step 4: Remembering Invaders
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Do We Know Vaccines Work?
		Immune Disorders
			Allergies
			Autoimmune Diseases
			Immunodeficiency Diseases
			AIDS
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Viral Evolution versus the Flu Vaccine
		Chapter Review
	25: Hormones
		CHAPTER THREAD: Steroid Abuse
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Should Steroids Be Allowed in Sports?
		Hormones: An Overview
		The Human Endocrine System
			Information Flow: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
			The Thyroid Regulates Metabolism and Development
			The Pancreas Regulates Blood Glucose
			The Adrenal Glands Respond to Stress
			The Gonads Produce Sex Hormones
			Structure/Function: Mimicking Sex Hormones
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do ‘Roids Cause Rage?
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Steroids and Male Aggression
		Chapter Review
	26: Reproduction and Development
		CHAPTER THREAD: High-Tech Babies
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: New Ways of Making Babies
		Unifying Concepts of Animal Reproduction
			Asexual Reproduction
			Sexual Reproduction
		Human Reproduction
			Male Reproductive Anatomy
			Female Reproductive Anatomy
			Gametogenesis
			The Female Reproductive Cycle
		Reproductive Health
			Contraception
			Sexually Transmitted Diseases
		Human Development
			Structure/Function: Fertilization by Sperm
			Basic Concepts of Embryonic Development
			Pregnancy and Early Development
			The Stages of Pregnancy
			Childbirth
		Reproductive Technologies
			Infertility
			In Vitro Fertilization
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Are Babies Conceived via In Vitro Fertilization as Healthy as Babies Conceived Naturally?
			The Ethics of IVF
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The “Grandmother Hypothesis”
		Chapter Review
	27: Nervous, Sensory, and Locomotor Systems
		CHAPTER THREAD: Extrahuman Senses
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Seismic Sense of Elephants
		An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems
			Neurons
			Organization of Nervous Systems
			Sending a Signal through a Neuron
			Passing a Signal from a Neuron to a Receiving Cell
		The Human Nervous System: A Closer Look
			The Central Nervous System
			The Peripheral Nervous System
			The Human Brain
		The Senses
			Sensory Input
			Vision
			Lighting the Retina
			Hearing
		Locomotor Systems
			The Skeletal System
			The Muscular System
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Do New Senses Arise?
			Stimulus and Response: Putting It All Together
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Seeing UV
		Chapter Review
UNIT 6: Plant Structure and Function
	28: The Life of a Flowering Plant
		CHAPTER THREAD: Agriculture
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Buzz on Coffee Plants
		The Structure and Function of a Flowering Plant
			Monocots and Eudicots
			Structure/Function: Roots, Stems, and Leaves
			Plant Tissues and Tissue Systems
			Plant Cells
		Plant Growth
			Primary Growth: Lengthening
			Secondary Growth: Thickening
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke?
			What Happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke?
			The Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant
				The Flower
				Overview of the Flowering Plant Life Cycle
				Pollination and Fertilization
				Seed Formation
				Fruit Formation
				Seed Germination
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Problem of the Disappearing Bees
		Chapter Review
	29: The Working Plant
		CHAPTER THREAD: The Interdependence of Organisms
		BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Planting Hope in the Wake of Disaster
		How Plants Acquire and Transport Nutrients
			Plant Nutrition
			From the Soil into the Roots
			Energy Transformations: The Role of Bacteria in Nitrogen Nutrition
			The Transport of Water
			The Transport of Sugars
		Plant Hormones
			Auxins
		THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do Chemical Signals Affect Plant Growth?
			Ethylene
			Cytokinins
			Gibberellins
			Abscisic Acid
		Response to Stimuli
			Tropisms
			Photoperiod
		EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Plants, Bugs, and People
		Chapter Review
Appendix A: Metric Conversion Table
Appendix B: The Periodic Table
Appendix C: Credits
Appendix D: Self-Quiz Answers
Glossary
Index