Campbell Essential Biology

essential biology, SIXTH EDITION......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 4
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright......Page 7
About the Authors......Page 8
Detailed Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 28
Acknowledgments......Page 31
Chapter 1. Introduction: Biology Today......Page 39
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: An Innate Passion for Life......Page 40
Discovery Science......Page 41
Hypothesis-Driven Science......Page 42
The Properties of Life......Page 44
Life in Its Diverse Forms......Page 45
Evolution: Evolution......Page 47
Information Flow:  Information Flow......Page 51
Energy Transformations:  Pathways that Transform Energy and Matter......Page 52
Interconnections within Systems: Interconnections within Biological Systems......Page 53
Chapter Review......Page 55
Unit 1: Cells......Page 58
Chapter 2: Essential Chemistry for Biology......Page 59
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Radiation and Health......Page 60
Matter: Elements and Compounds......Page 61
Atoms......Page 62
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Radioactive Tracers Identify Brain Diseases?......Page 63
Chemical Bonding and Molecules......Page 64
Chemical Reactions......Page 65
Water......Page 66
Acids, Bases, and pH......Page 68
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Radioactivity as an Evolutionary Clock......Page 70
Chapter Review......Page 71
Chapter 3: The Molecules of Life......Page 73
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Got Lactose?......Page 74
Carbon Chemistry......Page 75
Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks......Page 76
Carbohydrates......Page 77
Lipids......Page 80
Proteins......Page 83
Nucleic Acids......Page 86
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Lactose Intolerance in Humans......Page 88
Chapter Review......Page 89
Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell......Page 91
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Antibiotics: Drugs That Target Bacterial Cells......Page 92
The Microscopic World of Cells......Page 93
The Two Major Categories of Cells......Page 94
An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells......Page 95
Structure/ Function: The Plasma Membrane......Page 97
Cell Surfaces......Page 98
The Nucleus......Page 99
How DNA Directs Protein Production......Page 100
The Endoplasmic Reticulum......Page 101
The Golgi Apparatus......Page 102
Lysosomes......Page 103
Vacuoles......Page 104
Mitochondria......Page 105
Maintaining Cell Shape......Page 106
Cilia and Flagella......Page 107
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Humans......Page 108
Chapter Review......Page 109
Chapter 5: The Working Cell......Page 111
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Harnessing Cellular Structures......Page 112
Conservation of Energy......Page 113
Chemical Energy......Page 114
Food Calories......Page 115
Phosphate Transfer......Page 116
Activation Energy......Page 117
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Enzymes Be Engineered?......Page 118
Enzyme Inhibitors......Page 119
Passive Transport: Diffusion across Membranes......Page 120
Osmosis and Water Balance......Page 121
Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large Molecules......Page 123
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Origin of Membranes......Page 124
Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food......Page 127
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Getting the Most Out of Your Muscles......Page 128
Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration......Page 129
Energy Transformations: An Overview of Cellular Respiration......Page 131
The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration......Page 133
The Results of Cellular Respiration......Page 137
Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells......Page 138
Fermentation in Microorganisms......Page 139
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Importance of Oxygen......Page 140
Chapter Review......Page 141
Chapter 7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food......Page 143
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: A Greasy Crime Wave......Page 144
Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis......Page 145
Energy Transformations: An Overview of Photosynthesis......Page 146
The Nature of Sunlight......Page 147
Chloroplast Pigments......Page 148
How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy......Page 149
How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH......Page 150
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Creating a Better Biofuel Factory......Page 152
Chapter Review......Page 153
Unit 2: Genetics......Page 156
Chapter 8: Cellular Reproduction: Cells from Cells......Page 157
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Virgin Birth of a Dragon......Page 158
What Cell Reproduction Accomplishes......Page 159
Eukaryotic Chromosomes......Page 160
The Cell Cycle......Page 162
Mitosis and Cytokinesis......Page 163
Cancer Cells: Dividing Out of Control......Page 165
Homologous Chromosomes......Page 167
Gametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual Organism......Page 168
The Process of Meiosis......Page 169
Review: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis......Page 171
The Origins of Genetic Variation......Page 172
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do All Animals Have Sex?......Page 174
When Meiosis Goes Awry......Page 175
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Advantages of Sex......Page 177
Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance......Page 181
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Our Longest-Running Genetic Experiment......Page 182
In an Abbey Garden......Page 183
Mendel’s Law of Segregation......Page 184
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment......Page 187
The Rules of Probability......Page 189
Family Pedigrees......Page 190
Human Disorders Controlled by a Single Gene......Page 191
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Is the Genetic Basis of Coat Variation in Dogs?......Page 193
Incomplete Dominance in Plants and People......Page 195
ABO Blood Groups: An Example of Multiple Alleles and Codominance......Page 196
Polygenic Inheritance......Page 197
Epigenetics and the Role of Environment......Page 198
Linked Genes......Page 199
Sex-Linked Genes......Page 200
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Barking Up the Evolutionary Tree......Page 202
Chapter Review......Page 203
Chapter 10: The Structure and Function of DNA......Page 207
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The First 21st-Century Pandemic......Page 208
DNA and RNA Structure......Page 209
Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Double Helix......Page 210
Structure/ Function: DNA Replication......Page 212
How an Organism’s Genotype Determines Its Phenotype......Page 213
Acids: An Overview......Page 214
The Genetic Code......Page 215
Transcription: From DNA to RNA......Page 216
Translation: The Players......Page 217
Translation: The Process......Page 219
Review: DNA RNA Protein......Page 220
Mutations......Page 221
Bacteriophages......Page 223
Animal Viruses......Page 225
HIV, the AIDS Virus......Page 227
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Emerging Viruses......Page 229
Chapter Review......Page 230
Chapter 11: How Genes Are Controlled......Page 233
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Tobacco’s Smoking Gun......Page 234
Gene Regulation in Bacteria......Page 235
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells......Page 237
Homeotic Genes......Page 240
DNA Microarrays: Visualizing Gene Expression......Page 241
The Genetic Potential of Cells......Page 242
Reproductive Cloning of Animals......Page 243
Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells......Page 245
Genes That Cause Cancer......Page 246
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Are Childhood Tumors Different?......Page 247
Cancer Risk and Prevention......Page 249
Chapter Review......Page 250
Chapter 12: DNA Technology......Page 253
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Using DNA to Establish Guilt and Innocence......Page 254
Recombinant DNA Techniques......Page 255
Pharmaceutical Applications......Page 258
Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture......Page 259
Human Gene Therapy......Page 261
DNA Profiling Techniques......Page 262
Investigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA......Page 265
Genomics......Page 266
The Human Genome......Page 267
Applied Genomics......Page 269
Interconnections within Systems: Systems Biology......Page 270
Safety and Ethical Issues......Page 271
The Controversy over Genetically Modified Foods......Page 272
Ethical Questions Raised by Human DNA Technologies......Page 273
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Y Chromosome as a Window on History......Page 274
Chapter Review......Page 275
Unit 3: Evolution and Diversity......Page 278
Chapter 13: How Populations Evolve......Page 279
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Evolution Today......Page 280
Naming and Classifying the Diversity of Life......Page 281
Explaining the Diversity of Life......Page 282
Darwin’s Journey......Page 283
Evidence from Fossils......Page 285
Evidence from Homologies......Page 287
Evolutionary Trees......Page 289
Natural Selection as the Mechanism for Evolution......Page 290
Natural Selection in Action......Page 291
Sources of Genetic Variation......Page 292
Populations as the Units of Evolution......Page 294
Analyzing Gene Pools......Page 295
Genetic Drift......Page 296
Natural Selection: A Closer Look......Page 299
Chapter 14: How Biological Diversity Evolves......Page 305
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Sixth Mass Extinction......Page 306
The Origin of Species......Page 307
What Is a Species?......Page 308
Reproductive Barriers between Species......Page 309
Evolution: Mechanisms of Speciation......Page 311
The Fossil Record......Page 315
Plate Tectonics and Biogeography......Page 317
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Did a Meteor Kill the Dinosaurs?......Page 319
Large Effects from Small Genetic Changes......Page 320
The Evolution of Biological Novelty......Page 321
Classification and Phylogeny......Page 323
Classification: A Work in Progress......Page 325
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Rise of the Mammals......Page 326
Chapter Review......Page 327
Chapter 15: The Evolution of Microbial Life......Page 329
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Our Invisible Inhabitants......Page 330
Major Episodes in the History of Life......Page 331
A Four-Stage Hypothesis for the Origin of Life......Page 333
From Chemical Evolution to Darwinian Evolution......Page 335
They’re Everywhere!......Page 336
Structure/ Function: Prokaryotes......Page 337
The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes......Page 340
The Two Main Branches of Prokaryotic Evolution: Bacteria and Archaea......Page 341
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Are Intestinal Microbiota to Blame for Obesity?......Page 343
Protists......Page 344
Protozoans......Page 345
Slime Molds......Page 346
Seaweeds......Page 347
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Sweet Life of Streptococcus mutans......Page 348
Chapter Review......Page 349
Chapter 16: The Evolution of Plants and Fungi......Page 351
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Diamond of the Kitchen......Page 352
Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants......Page 353
Highlights of Plant Evolution......Page 355
Bryophytes......Page 356
Ferns......Page 358
Gymnosperms......Page 359
Angiosperms......Page 361
Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource......Page 364
Fungi......Page 365
Structure/ Function: Characteristics of Fungi......Page 366
The Ecological Impact of Fungi......Page 367
Commercial Uses of Fungi......Page 368
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: A Mutually Beneficial Symbiosis......Page 369
Chapter Review......Page 370
Chapter 17: The Evolution of Animals......Page 373
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Discovery of the Hobbit People......Page 374
What Is an Animal?......Page 375
Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion......Page 376
Evolution: Animal Phylogeny......Page 377
Sponges......Page 378
Cnidarians......Page 379
Molluscs......Page 380
Flatworms......Page 381
Annelids......Page 382
Roundworms......Page 383
Arthropods......Page 384
Echinoderms......Page 390
Characteristics of Chordates......Page 391
Fishes......Page 393
Amphibians......Page 394
Reptiles......Page 395
Mammals......Page 397
The Evolution of Primates......Page 398
The Emergence of Humankind......Page 400
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Who Were the Hobbit People?......Page 402
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Are We Still Evolving?......Page 404
Chapter Review......Page 405
Unit 4: Ecology......Page 408
Chapter 18: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere......Page 409
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Penguins, Polar Bears, and People in Peril......Page 410
Ecology and Environmentalism......Page 411
Interconnections within systems: A Hierarchy of Interactions......Page 412
Energy Source......Page 413
Adjusting to Environmental Variability......Page 415
Freshwater Biomes......Page 417
Marine Biomes......Page 419
How Climate Affects Terrestrial Biome Distribution......Page 421
Terrestrial Biomes......Page 422
Interconnections within systems: The Water Cycle......Page 428
Forests......Page 429
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming......Page 431
The Accumulation of Greenhouse Gases......Page 432
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Does Climate Change Affect Species Distribution?......Page 433
Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystems......Page 434
Looking to Our Future......Page 435
Chapter Review......Page 436
Chapter 19: Population Ecology......Page 439
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Invasion of the Lionfish......Page 440
An Overview of Population Ecology......Page 441
Population Age Structure......Page 442
Evolution: Life History Traits as Adaptations......Page 443
The Exponential Population Growth Model: The Ideal of an Unlimited Environment......Page 445
The Logistic Population Growth Model: The Reality of a Limited Environment......Page 446
Regulation of Population Growth......Page 447
Sustainable Resource Management......Page 449
Invasive Species......Page 450
Biological Control of Pests......Page 451
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Biological Control Defeat Kudzu?......Page 452
Integrated Pest Management......Page 453
The History of Human Population Growth......Page 454
Age Structures......Page 455
Our Ecological Footprint......Page 456
Chapter Review......Page 458
Chapter 20: Communities and Ecosystems......Page 461
BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Why Biodiversity Matters......Page 462
Species Diversity......Page 463
Causes of Declining Biodiversity......Page 464
Interspecific Interactions......Page 465
Trophic Structure......Page 469
Species Diversity in Communities......Page 472
Ecological Succession......Page 473
Ecosystem Ecology......Page 474
Energy Transformations: Energy Flow in Ecosystems......Page 475
Interconnections within Systems: Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems......Page 477
Biodiversity “Hot Spots”......Page 481
Conservation at the Ecosystem Level......Page 482
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Does Tropical Forest Fragmentation Affect Biodiversity?......Page 483
Restoring Ecosystems......Page 484
The Goal of Sustainable Development......Page 485
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Can Biophilia Save Biodiversity?......Page 486
Chapter Review......Page 487
Appendix A:  Metric Conversion Table......Page 490
Appendix B: The Periodic Table......Page 492
Appendix C: Credits......Page 494
Appendix D: Self-Quiz Answers......Page 498
Glossary......Page 502
Index......Page 518