Campbell Biology in Focus, Global Edition

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Preface
Organization and New Content
Featured Figures
Acknowledgments
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology
	Overview Inquiring About Life
	Concept 1.1 The study of life reveals unifying themes
		Theme: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization
		Theme: Life’s Processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information
		Theme: Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter
		Theme: Organisms Interact with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment
	Concept 1.2 The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life
		Classifying the Diversity of Life
		Unity in the Diversity of Life
		Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection
		The Tree of Life
	Concept 1.3 In studying nature, scientists form and test hypotheses
		Exploration and Discovery
		Gathering and Analyzing Data
		Forming and Testing Hypotheses
		The Flexibility of the Scientific Process
		A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Coat Coloration in Mouse Populations
		Variables and Controls in Experiments
		Theories in Science
		Science as a Social Process
Unit 1 Chemistry and Cells
	2 The Chemical Context of Life
		Overview The Importance of Chemistry to Life
		Concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds
			Elements and Compounds
			The Elements of Life
			Evolution of Tolerance to Toxic Elements
		Concept 2.2 An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
			Subatomic Particles
			Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
			Isotopes
			The Energy Levels of Electrons
			Electron Distribution and Chemical Properties
		Concept 2.3 The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
			Covalent Bonds
			Ionic Bonds
			Weak Chemical Interactions
			Molecular Shape and Function
		Concept 2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
		Concept 2.5 Hydrogen bonding gives water properties that help make life possible on Earth
			Cohesion of Water Molecules
			Moderation of Temperature by Water
			Floating of Ice on Liquid Water
			Water: The Solvent of Life
			Acids and Bases
	3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
		Overview Carbon Compounds and Life
		Concept 3.1 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
			The Formation of Bonds with Carbon
			Molecular Diversity Arising from Variation in Carbon Skeletons
			The Chemical Groups Most Important to Life
			ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular Processes
		Concept 3.2 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
			The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers
			The Diversity of Polymers
		Concept 3.3 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
			Sugars
			Polysaccharides
		Concept 3.4 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
			Fats
			Phospholipids
			Steroids
		Concept 3.5 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
			Amino Acid Monomers
			Polypeptides (Amino Acid Polymers)
			Protein Structure and Function
		Concept 3.6 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
			The Roles of Nucleic Acids
			The Components of Nucleic Acids
			Nucleotide Polymers
			The Structures of DNA and RNA Molecules
		Concept 3.7 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications
			DNA and Proteins as Tape Measures of Evolution
	4 A Tour of the Cell
		Overview The Fundamental Units of Life
		Concept 4.1 Biologists use microscopes and biochemistry to study cells
			Microscopy
			Cell Fractionation
		Concept 4.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
			Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
			A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell
		Concept 4.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
			The Nucleus: Information Central
			Ribosomes: Protein Factories
		Concept 4.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions
			The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory
			The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center
			Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments
			Vacuoles: Diverse Compartments
			The Endomembrane System: A Review
		Concept 4.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
			The Evolutionary Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
			Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion
			Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy
			Peroxisomes: Oxidation
		Concept 4.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
			Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support and Motility
			Components of the Cytoskeleton
		Concept 4.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities
			Cell Walls of Plants
			The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells
			Cell Junctions
		Concept 4.8 A cell is greater than the sum of its parts
	5 Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling
		Overview Life at the Edge
		Concept 5.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins
			The Fluidity of Membranes
			Evolution of Differences in Membrane Lipid Composition
			Membrane Proteins and Their Functions
			The Role of Membrane Carbohydrates in Cell-Cell Recognition
			Synthesis and Sidedness of Membranes
		Concept 5.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability
			The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer
			Transport Proteins
		Concept 5.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment
			Effects of Osmosis on Water Balance
			Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by Proteins
		Concept 5.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
			The Need for Energy in Active Transport
			How Ion Pumps Maintain Membrane Potential
			Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane Protein
		Concept 5.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
			Exocytosis
			Endocytosis
		Concept 5.6 The plasma membrane plays a key role in most cell signaling
			Local and Long-Distance Signaling
			The Three Stages of Cell Signaling: A preview
			Reception, the Binding of a Signaling Molecule to a Receptor Protein
			Transduction by Cascades of Molecular Interactions
			Response: Regulation of Transcription or Cytoplasmic Activities
	6 Introduction to Metabolism
		Overview The Energy of Life
		Concept 6.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy
			Metabolic Pathways
			Forms of Energy
			The Laws of Energy Transformation
		Concept 6.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously
			Free-Energy Change (DG), Stability, and Equilibrium
			Free Energy and Metabolism
		Concept 6.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
			The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP
			How ATP Provides Energy that Performs Work
			The Regeneration of ATP
		Concept 6.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
			The Activation Energy Barrier
			How Enzymes Speed Up Reactions
			Substrate Specificity of Enzymes
			Catalysis in the Enzyme’s Active Site
			Effects of Local Conditions on Enzyme Activity
			The Evolution of Enzymes
		Concept 6.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism
			Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes
			Organization of Enzymes Within the Cell
	7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
		Overview Life Is Work
		Concept 7.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
			Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP
			Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction
			The Stages of Cellular Respiration:
		Concept 7.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
		Concept 7.3 After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energyyielding oxidation of organic molecules
		Concept 7.4 During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
			The Pathway of Electron Transport
			Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism
			An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration
		Concept 7.5 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
			Types of Fermentation
			Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration
			The Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis
		Concept 7.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways
			The Versatility of Catabolism
			Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways)
	8 Photosynthesis
		Overview The Process That Feeds the Biosphere
		Concept 8.1 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
			Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants
			Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis
			The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview
		Concept 8.2 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
			The Nature of Sunlight
			Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors
			Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light
			A Photosystem: A Reaction-Center Complex Associated with Light-Harvesting Complexes
			Linear Electron Flow
			A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
		Concept 8.3 The calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar
			Evolution of Alternative Mechanisms of Carbon Fixation in Hot, Arid Climates
		Concept 8.4 Life depends on photosynthesis
	9 The Cell Cycle
		Overview The Key Roles of Cell Division
		Concept 9.1 Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
			Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material
			Distribution of Chromosomes During Eukaryotic Cell Division
		Concept 9.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle
			Phases of the Cell Cycle
			The Mitotic Spindle: A Closer Look
			Cytokinesis: A Closer Look
			Binary Fission in Bacteria
			The Evolution of Mitosis
		Concept 9.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system
			Evidence for Cytoplasmic Signals
			Checkpoints of the Cell Cycle Control System
			Loss of Cell Cycle Controls in Cancer Cells
Unit 2 Genetics
	10 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
		Overview Variations on a Theme
		Concept 10.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
			Inheritance of Genes
			Comparison of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
		Concept 10.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
			Sets of Chromosomes in Human Cells
			Behavior of Chromosome Sets in the Human Life Cycle
			The Variety of Sexual Life Cycles
		Concept 10.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
			The Stages of Meiosis
			Crossing over and Synapsis During Prophase
			A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
		Concept 10.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution
			Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring
			The Evolutionary Significance of Genetic Variation Within Populations
	11 Mendel and the Gene Idea
		Overview Drawing from the Deck of Genes
		Concept 11.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance
			Mendel’s Experimental, Quantitative Approach
			The Law of Segregation
			The Law of Independent Assortment
		Concept 11.2 Probability laws govern mendelian inheritance
			The Multiplication and Addition Rules Applied to Monohybrid Crosses
			Solving Complex Genetics Problems with the Rules of Probability
		Concept 11.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple mendelian genetics
			Extending Mendelian Genetics for a Single Gene
			Extending Mendelian Genetics for Two or More Genes
			Nature and Nurture: the Environmental Impact on Phenotype
			A Mendelian View of Heredity and Variation
		Concept 11.4 Many human traits follow mendelian patterns of inheritance
			Pedigree Analysis
			Recessively Inherited Disorders
			Dominantly Inherited Disorders
			Multifactorial Disorders
			Genetic Counseling Based on Mendelian Genetics
	12 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
		Overview Locating Genes Along Chromosomes
		Concept 12.1 Morgan showed that mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes: Scientific Inquiry
			Morgan’s Choice of Experimental Organism
			Correlating Behavior of a Gene’s Alleles with Behavior of a Chromosome Pair
		Concept 12.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
			The Chromosomal Basis of Sex
			Inheritance of X-Linked Genes
			X Inactivation in Female Mammals
		Concept 12.3 Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome
			How Linkage Affects Inheritance
			Genetic Recombination and Linkage
			Mapping the Distance Between Genes Using Recombination Data: Scientific Inquiry
		Concept 12.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders
			Abnormal Chromosome Number
			Alterations of Chromosome Structure
			Human Disorders Due to Chromosomal Alterations
	13 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
		Overview Life’s Operating Instructions
		Concept 13.1 DNA is the genetic material
			The Search for the Genetic Material: Scientific Inquiry
			Building a Structural Model of DNA: Scientific Inquiry
		Concept 13.2 Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair
			The Basic Principle: Base Pairing to a Template Strand
			DNA Replication: A Closer Look
			Proofreading and Repairing DNA
			Evolutionary Significance of Altered DNA Nucleotides
			Replicating the Ends of DNA Molecules
		Concept 13.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
		Concept 13.4 Understanding DNA structure and replication makes genetic engineering possible
			DNA Cloning: Making Multiple Copies of a Gene or Other DNA Segment
			Using Restriction Enzymes to Make a Recombinant DNA Plasmid
			Amplifying DNA: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Its Use in Cloning
			DNA Sequencing
			Editing Genes and Genomes
	14 Gene Expression: From Gene To Protein
		Overview The Flow of Genetic Information
		Concept 14.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
			Evidence from Studying Metabolic Defects
			Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation
			The Genetic Code
		Concept 14.2 Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: A Closer Look
			Molecular Components of Transcription
			Synthesis of an RNA Transcript
		Concept 14.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription
			Alteration of mRNA Ends
			Split Genes and RNA Splicing
		Concept 14.4 Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: A Closer Look
			Molecular Components of Translation
			Building a Polypeptide
			Completing and Targeting the Functional Protein
			Making Multiple Polypeptides in Bacteria and Eukaryotes
		Concept 14.5 Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function
			Types of Small-Scale Mutations
			New Mutations and Mutagens
			What Is a Gene? Revisiting the Question
	15 Regulation of Gene Expression
		Overview Beauty in the Eye of the Beholder
		Concept 15.1 Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating transcription
			Operons: The Basic Concept
			Repressible and Inducible Operons: Two Types of Negative Gene Regulation
			Positive Gene Regulation
		Concept 15.2 Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at many stages
			Differential Gene Expression
			Regulation of Transcription Initiation
			Regulation of Chromatin Structure
			Mechanisms of Post-transcriptional Regulation
		Concept 15.3 Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
			Effects on mRNAs by MicroRNAs and Small Interfering RNAs
			Chromatin Remodeling and Effects on Transcription by Noncoding RNAs
		Concept 15.4 Researchers can monitor expression of specific genes
			Studying the Expression of Single Genes
			Studying the Expression of Groups of Genes
	16 Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer
		Overview Orchestrating Life’s Processes
		Concept 16.1 A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism
			A Genetic Program for Embryonic Development
			Cytoplasmic Determinants and Inductive Signals
			Sequential Regulation of Gene Expression During Cellular Differentiation
			Pattern Formation: Setting Up the Body Plan
			Genetic Analysis of Early Development: Scientific Inquiry
		Concept 16.2 Cloning of organisms showed that differentiated cells could be “reprogrammed” and ultimately led to the production of stem cells
			Cloning Plants: Single-Cell Cultures
			Cloning Animals: Nuclear Transplantation
			Stem Cells of Animals
		Concept 16.3 Abnormal regulation of genes that affect the cell cycle can lead to cancer
			Types of Genes Associated with Cancer
			Interference with Cell-Signaling Pathways
			The Multistep Model of Cancer Development
			Inherited Predisposition and Other Factors Contributing to Cancer
	17 Viruses
		Overview A Borrowed Life
		Concept 17.1 A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
			Viral Genomes
			Capsids and Envelopes
		Concept 17.2 Viruses replicate only in host cells
			General Features of Viral Replicative Cycles
			Replicative Cycles of Phages
			Bacterial Defenses Against Phages
			Replicative Cycles of Animal Viruses
			Evolution of Viruses
		Concept 17.3 Viruses and prions are formidable pathogens in animals and plants
			Viral Diseases in Animals
			Emerging Viruses
			Viral Diseases in Plants
			Prions: Proteins as Infectious Agents
	18 Genomes and Their Evolution
		Overview Mining the Genome
		Concept 18.1 The human genome project fostered development of faster, less expensive sequencing techniques
		Concept 18.2 Scientists use bioinformatics to analyze genomes and their functions
			Centralized Resources for Analyzing Genome Sequences
			Understanding the Functions of Protein-Coding Genes
			Understanding Genes and Gene Expression at the Systems Level
		Concept 18.3 Genomes vary in size, number of genes, and gene density
			Genome Size
			Number of Genes
			Gene Density and Noncoding DNA
		Concept 18.4 Multicellular eukaryotes have a lot of noncoding DNA and many multigene families
			Transposable Elements and Related Sequences
			Other Repetitive DNA, Including Simple Sequence DNA
			Genes and Multigene Families
		Concept 18.5 Duplication, rearrangement, and mutation of DNA contribute to genome evolution
			Duplication of Entire Chromosome Sets
			Alterations of Chromosome Structure
			Duplication and Divergence of Gene-Sized Regions of Dna
			Rearrangements of Parts of Genes: Exon Duplication and Exon Shuffling
			How Transposable Elements Contribute to Genome Evolution
		Concept 18.6 Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development
			Comparing Genomes
			Widespread Conservation of Developmental Genes Among Animals
Unit 3 Evolution
	19 Descent with Modification
		Overview Endless Forms Most Beautiful
		Concept 19.1 The darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young earth inhabited by unchanging species
			Scala Naturae and Classification of Species
			Ideas About Change over Time
			Lamarck’s Hypothesis of Evolution
		Concept 19.2 Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life
			Darwin’s Research
			The Voyage of the Beagle
			Darwin’s Focus on Adaptation
			Ideas from The Origin of Species
			Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, and Adaptation
		Concept 19.3 Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
			Direct Observations of Evolutionary Change
			Homology
			The Fossil Record
			Biogeography
			What Is Theoretical About Darwin’s View of Life?
	20 Phylogeny
		Overview Investigating the Evolutionary History of Life
		Concept 20.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships
			Binomial Nomenclature
			Hierarchical Classification
			Linking Classification and Phylogeny
			What We Can and Cannot Learn from Phylogenetic Trees
			Applying Phylogenies
		Concept 20.2 Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data
			Morphological and Molecular Homologies
			Sorting Homology from Analogy
			Evaluating Molecular Homologies
		Concept 20.3 Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees
			Cladistics
			Phylogenetic Trees with Proportional Branch Lengths
			Maximum Parsimony
			Phylogenetic Trees as Hypotheses
		Concept 20.4 Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time
			Molecular Clocks
			Applying a Molecular Clock: Dating the Origin of Hiv
		Concept 20.5 New information continues to revise our understanding of evolutionary history
			From Two Kingdoms to Three Domains
			The Important Role of Horizontal Gene Transfer
	21 The Evolution of Populations
		Overview The Smallest Unit of Evolution
		Concept 21.1 Genetic variation makes evolution possible
			Genetic Variation
			Sources of Genetic Variation
		Concept 21.2 The hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving
			Gene Pools and Allele Frequencies
			The Hardy-Weinberg Equation
		Concept 21.3 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population
			Natural Selection
			Genetic Drift
			Gene Flow
		Concept 21.4 Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution
			Natural Selection: A Closer Look
			The Key Role of Natural Selection in Adaptive Evolution
			Balancing Selection
			Sexual Selection
			Why Natural Selection Cannot Fashion Perfect Organisms
	22 The Origin of Species
		Overview That “Mystery of Mysteries”
		Concept 22.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation
			The Biological Species Concept
			Other Definitions of Species
		Concept 22.2 Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation
			Allopatric (“Other Country”) Speciation
			Sympatric (“Same Country”) Speciation
			Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation: A Review
		Concept 22.3 Hybrid zones reveal factors that cause reproductive isolation
			Patterns Within Hybrid Zones
			Hybrid Zones and Environmental Change
			Hybrid Zones over Time
		Concept 22.4 Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and can result from changes in few or many genes
			The Time Course of Speciation
			Studying the Genetics of Speciation
			From Speciation to Macroevolution
	23 Broad Patterns of Evolution
		Overview A Surprise in the Desert
		Concept 23.1 The fossil record documents life’s history
			The Fossil Record
			How Rocks and Fossils Are Dated
			Fossils Frame the Geologic Record
			The Origin of New Groups of Organisms
		Concept 23.2 The rise and fall of groups of organisms reflect differences in speciation and extinction rates
			Plate Tectonics
			Mass Extinctions
			Adaptive Radiations
		Concept 23.3 Major changes in body form can result from changes in the sequences and regulation of developmental genes
			Effects of Developmental Genes
			The Evolution of Development
		Concept 23.4 Evolution is not goal oriented
			Evolutionary Novelties
			Evolutionary Trends
Unit 4 The Evolutionary History of Life
	24 Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes
		Overview The First Cells
		Concept 24.1 Conditions on early earth made the origin of life possible
			Synthesis of Organic Compounds on Early Earth
			Abiotic Synthesis of Macromolecules
			Protocells
			Self-Replicating RNA
			Fossil Evidence of Early Life
		Concept 24.2 Diverse structural and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes
			Cell-Surface Structures
			Motility
			Internal Organization and DNA
			Nutritional and Metabolic Adaptations
			Reproduction
			Adaptations of Prokaryotes: A Summary
		Concept 24.3 Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes
			Rapid Reproduction and Mutation
			Genetic Recombination
		Concept 24.4 Prokaryotes have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
			An Overview of Prokaryotic Diversity
			Bacteria
			Archaea
		Concept 24.5 Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere
			Chemical Recycling
			Ecological Interactions
			Impact on Humans
	25 The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes
		Overview Shape Changers
		Concept 25.1 Eukaryotes arose by endosymbiosis more than 1.8 billion years ago
			The Fossil Record of Early Eukaryotes
			Endosymbiosis in Eukaryotic Evolution
		Concept 25.2 Multicellularity has originated several times in eukaryotes
			Multicellular Colonies
			Independent Origins of Complex Multicellularity
			Steps in the Origin of Multicellular Animals
		Concept 25.3 Four “supergroups” of eukaryotes have been proposed based on morphological and molecular data
			Four Supergroups of Eukaryotes
			Excavates
			SAR: Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians
			Archaeplastids
			Unikonts
		Concept 25.4 Single-Celled eukaryotes play key roles in ecological communities and affect human health
			Structural and Functional Diversity in Protists
			Photosynthetic Protists
			Symbiotic Protists
			Effects on Human Health
	26 The Colonization of Land
		Overview The Greening of Earth
		Concept 26.1 Fossils show that plants colonized land more than 470 million years ago
			Evidence of Algal Ancestry
			Adaptations Enabling the Move to Land
			Derived Traits of Plants
			Early Plants
		Concept 26.2 Though not closely related to plants, fungi played a key role in the colonization of land
			The Origin of Fungi
			Fungal Adaptations for Life on Land
			Diversification of Fungi
		Concept 26.3 Early plants radiated into a diverse set of lineages
			Bryophytes: A Collection of Basal Plant Lineages
			Seedless Vascular Plants: The First Plants to Grow Tall
		Concept 26.4 Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land
			Terrestrial Adaptations in Seed Plants
			Early Seed Plants and the Rise of Gymnosperms
			The Origin and Diversification of Angiosperms
		Concept 26.5 Plants and fungi fundamentally changed chemical cycling and biotic interactions
			Physical Environment and Chemical Cycling
			Biotic Interactions
	27 The Rise of Animal Diversity
		Overview Life Becomes Dangerous
		Concept 27.1 Animals originated more than 700 million years ago
			Fossil and Molecular Evidence
			Early-Diverging Animal Groups
		Concept 27.2 The diversity of large animals increased dramatically during the “Cambrian explosion”
			Evolutionary Change in the Cambrian Explosion
			Dating the Origin of Bilaterians
		Concept 27.3 Diverse animal groups radiated in aquatic environments
			Animal Body Plans
			The Diversification of Animals
			Bilaterian Radiation I: Diverse Invertebrates
		Concept 27.4 Vertebrates have been the ocean’s dominant predators for more than 400 million years
			Bilaterian Radiation Ii: Aquatic Vertebrates
			Summary: Effects of Bilaterian Radiations I and Ii
		Concept 27.5 Several animal groups had features facilitating their colonization of land
			Early Land Animals
			Colonization of Land by Arthropods
			Terrestrial Vertebrates
		Concept 27.6 Amniotes have key adaptations for life in a wide range of terrestrial environments
			Terrestrial Adaptations in Amniotes
			The Origin and Radiation of Amniotes
			Human Evolution
		Concept 27.7 Animals have transformed ecosystems and altered the course of evolution
			Ecological Effects of Animals
			Evolutionary Effects of Animals
Unit 5 Plant Form and Function
	28 Vascular Plant Structure and Growth
		Overview Beauty Through Repetition
		Concept 28.1 Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells
			The Three Basic Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves
			Dermal, Vascular, and Ground Tissue
			Common Types of Plant Cells
		Concept 28.2 Different meristems generate new cells for primary and secondary growth
			Gene Expression and Control of Cell Differentiation
			Meristematic Control of the Transition to Flowering and the Life Spans of Plants
		Concept 28.3 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
			Primary Growth of Roots
			Primary Growth of Shoots
		Concept 28.4 Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants
			The Vascular Cambium and Secondary Vascular Tissue
			The Cork Cambium and the Production of Periderm
	29 Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants
		Overview A Whole Lot of Shaking Going on
		Concept 29.1 Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in the evolution of vascular plants
			Shoot Architecture and Light Capture
			Root Architecture and Acquisition of Water and Minerals
		Concept 29.2 Different mechanisms transport substances over short or long distances
			The Apoplast and Symplast: Transport Continuums
			Short-Distance Transport of Solutes Across Plasma Membranes
			Short-Distance Transport of Water Across Plasma Membranes
			Long-Distance Transport: the Role of Bulk Flow
		Concept 29.3 Plant roots absorb many types of essential elements from the soil
			Macronutrients and Micronutrients
			Symptoms of Mineral Deficiency
			Soil Management
			The Living, Complex Ecosystem of Soil
		Concept 29.4 Plant nutrition often involves relationships with other organisms
			Bacteria and Plant Nutrition
			Fungi and Plant Nutrition
			Epiphytes, Parasitic Plants, and Carnivorous Plants
		Concept 29.5 Transpiration drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylem
			Absorption of Water and Minerals by Root Cells
			Transport of Water and Minerals into the Xylem
			Bulk Flow Transport Via the Xylem
			Xylem Sap Ascent by Bulk Flow: A Review
		Concept 29.6 The rate of transpiration is regulated by stomata
			Stomata: Major Pathways for Water Loss
			Mechanisms of Stomatal Opening and Closing
			Stimuli for Stomatal Opening and Closing
			Effects of Transpiration on Wilting and Leaf Temperature
			Adaptations That Reduce Evaporative Water Loss
		Concept 29.7 Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem
			Movement from Sugar Sources to Sugar Sinks
			Bulk Flow by Positive Pressure: the Mechanism of Translocation in Angiosperms
	30 Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants
		Overview Getting Hooked
		Concept 30.1 Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of the angiosperm life cycle
			Flower Structure and Function
			Flower Formation
			The Angiosperm Life Cycle: an Overview
			Pollination: A Closer Look
			Seed Development and Structure
			Germination, Growth, and Flowering
			Fruit Structure and Function
		Concept 30.2 Flowering plants reproduce sexually, asexually, or both
			Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction
			Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Versus Sexual Reproduction
			Mechanisms That Prevent Self-Fertilization
			Totipotency, Vegetative Reproduction, and Tissue Culture
		Concept 30.3 People modify crops through breeding and genetic engineering
			Plant Breeding
			Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
			The Debate over Plant Biotechnology
	31 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
		Overview Stimuli and a Stationary Life
		Concept 31.1 Plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli
			The Discovery of Plant Hormones
			A Survey of Plant Hormones
		Concept 31.2 Responses to light are critical for plant success
			Photomorphogenesis
			Biological Clocks and Circadian Rhythms
			Photoperiodism and Responses to Seasons
		Concept 31.3 Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light
			Gravity
			Mechanical Stimuli
			Environmental Stresses
		Concept 31.4 Plants respond to attacks by herbivores and pathogens
			Defenses Against Herbivores
			Defenses Against Pathogens
Unit 6 Animal Form and Function
	32 The Internal Environment of Animals: Organization and Regulation
		Overview Diverse Forms, Common Challenges
		Concept 32.1 Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization
		Concept 32.2 The endocrine and nervous systems act individually and together in regulating animal physiology
			An Overview of Coordination and Control
			Endocrine Glands and Hormones
			Regulation of Endocrine Signaling
			Simple Endocrine Pathways
			Neuroendocrine Signaling
			Hormone Solubility
			Multiple Effects of Hormones
		Concept 32.3 Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals
			Regulating and Conforming
			Homeostasis
			Thermoregulation: A Closer Look
		Concept 32.4 A shared system mediates osmoregulation and excretion in many animals
			Osmosis and Osmolarity
			Osmoregulatory Challenges and Mechanisms
			Nitrogenous Wastes
			Excretory Processes
		Concept 32.5 The mammalian kidney’s ability to conserve water is a key terrestrial adaptation
			From Blood Filtrate to Urine: A Closer Look
			Concentrating Urine in the Mammalian Kidney
			Adaptations of the Vertebrate Kidney to Diverse Environments
			Homeostatic Regulation of the Kidney
	33 Animal Nutrition
		Overview The Need to Feed
		Concept 33.1 An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic building blocks, and essential nutrients
			Essential Nutrients
			Dietary Deficiencies
		Concept 33.2 Food processing involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
			Digestive Compartments
		Concept 33.3 Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive system
			The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus
			Digestion in the Stomach
			Digestion in the Small Intestine
			Absorption in the Small Intestine
			Processing in the Large Intestine
		Concept 33.4 Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet
			Dental Adaptations
			Stomach and Intestinal Adaptations
			Mutualistic Adaptations in Humans
			Mutualistic Adaptations in Herbivores
		Concept 33.5 Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy allocation, and appetite
			Regulation of Digestion
			Energy Allocation
			Regulation of Appetite and Consumption
	34 Circulation and Gas Exchange
		Overview Trading Places
		Concept 34.1 Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
			Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
			Organization of Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
		Concept 34.2 Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals
			Mammalian Circulation
			The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look
			Maintaining the Heart’s Rhythmic Beat
		Concept 34.3 Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels
			Blood Vessel Structure and Function
			Blood Flow Velocity
			Blood Pressure
			Capillary Function
			Fluid Return by the Lymphatic System
		Concept 34.4 Blood components function in exchange, transport, and defense
			Blood Composition and Function
			Cardiovascular Disease
		Concept 34.5 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces
			Partial Pressure Gradients in Gas Exchange
			Respiratory Media
			Respiratory Surfaces
			Gills in Aquatic Animals
			Tracheal Systems in Insects
			Lungs
		Concept 34.6 Breathing ventilates the lungs
			How a Mammal Breathes
			Control of Breathing in Humans
		Concept 34.7 Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases
			Coordination of Circulation and Gas Exchange
			Respiratory Pigments
			Carbon Dioxide Transport
			Respiratory Adaptations of Diving Mammals
	35 The Immune System
		Overview Recognition and Response
		Concept 35.1 In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathogens
			Innate Immunity of Invertebrates
			Innate Immunity of Vertebrates
			Evasion of Innate Immunity by Pathogens
		Concept 35.2 In adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-Specific recognition
			Antigen Recognition by B Cells and Antibodies
			Antigen Recognition by T Cells
			B Cell and T Cell Development
		Concept 35.3 Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells
			Helper T Cells: Activating Adaptive Immunity
			B Cells and Antibodies: A Response to Extracellular Pathogens
			Cytotoxic T Cells: A Response to Infected Host Cells
			Summary of the Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
			Immunization
			Active and Passive Immunity
			Antibodies as Tools
			Immune Rejection
			Disruptions in Immune System Function
			Cancer and Immunity
	36 Reproduction and Development
		Overview Let Me Count the Ways
		Concept 36.1 Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
			Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction
			Sexual Reproduction: An Evolutionary Enigma
			Reproductive Cycles
			Variation in Patterns of Sexual Reproduction
			External and Internal Fertilization
			Ensuring the Survival of Offspring
		Concept 36.2 Reproductive organs produce and transport gametes
			Variation in Reproductive Systems
			Human Male Reproductive Anatomy
			Human Female Reproductive Anatomy
			Gametogenesis
		Concept 36.3 The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates reproduction in mammals
			Biological Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation in Human Sexuality
			Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System
			Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
			Human Sexual Response
		Concept 36.4 Development of an egg into a mature embryo requires fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis
			Fertilization
			Cleavage
			Gastrulation
			Conception, Cleavage, and Embryo Implantation in Humans
			Embryonic Development in Humans
			Fetal Development and Birth
			Contraception
			Infertility and in Vitro Fertilization
	37 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
		overview Lines of Communication
		Concept 37.1 Neuron structure and organization reflect function in information transfer
			Neuron Structure and Function
			Introduction to Information Processing
		Concept 37.2 Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron
			Formation of the Resting Potential
			Modeling the Resting Potential
		Concept 37.3 Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons
			Hyperpolarization and Depolarization
			Graded Potentials and Action Potentials
			Generation of Action Potentials:
			Conduction of Action Potentials
		Concept 37.4 Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses
			Generation of Postsynaptic Potentials
			Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
			Modulated Signaling at Synapses
			Neurotransmitters
	38 Nervous and Sensory Systems
		Overview Command and Control Center
		Concept 38.1 Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells
			Glia
			Organization of the Vertebrate Nervous System
			The Peripheral Nervous System
		Concept 38.2 The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
			Functional Imaging of the Brain
			Arousal and Sleep
			Biological Clock Regulation
			Emotions
			The Brain’s Reward System and Drug Addiction
		Concept 38.3 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
			Language and Speech
			Lateralization of Cortical Function
			Information Processing
			Frontal Lobe Function
			Evolution of Cognition in Vertebrates
			Neuronal Plasticity
			Memory and Learning
			Future Directions in Brain Research
		Concept 38.4 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system
			Sensory Reception and Transduction
			Transmission
			Perception
			Amplification and Adaptation
			Types of Sensory Receptors
		Concept 38.5 In hearing and equilibrium, mechanoreceptors detect moving fluid or settling particles
			Sensing of Gravity and Sound in Invertebrates
			Hearing and Equilibrium in Mammals
		Concept 38.6 The diverse visual receptors of animals depend on light-absorbing pigments
			Evolution of Visual Perception
			The Vertebrate Visual System
	39 Motor Mechanisms and Behavior
		Overview The How and Why of Animal Activity
		Concept 39.1 The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function
			Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle
			Other Types of Vertebrate Muscle
		Concept 39.2 Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion
			Types of Skeletal Systems
			Types of Locomotion
		Concept 39.3 Discrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behaviors
			Fixed Action Patterns
			Migration
			Behavioral Rhythms
			Animal Signals and Communication
		Concept 39.4 Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior
			Experience and Behavior
			Learning
		Concept 39.5 Selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain diverse behaviors
			Evolution of Foraging Behavior
			Mating Behavior and Mate Choice
		Concept 39.6 Genetic analyses and the concept of inclusive fitness provide a basis for studying the evolution of behavior
			Genetic Basis of Behavior
			Genetic Variation and the Evolution of Behavior
			Altruism
			Inclusive Fitness
Unit 7 Ecology
	40 Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms
		Overview Discovering Ecology
		Concept 40.1 Earth’s climate influences the distribution of terrestrial biomes
			Global Climate Patterns
			Regional and Local Effects on Climate
			Climate and Terrestrial Biomes
			General Features of Terrestrial Biomes
		Concept 40.2 Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of earth
		Concept 40.3 Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species
			Dispersal and Distribution
			Biotic Factors
			Abiotic Factors
		Concept 40.4 Biotic and abiotic factors affect population density, dispersion, and demographics
			Density and Dispersion
			Demographics
		Concept 40.5 The exponential and logistic models describe the growth of populations
			Changes in Population Size
			Exponential Growth
			Carrying Capacity
			The Logistic Growth Model
			The Logistic Model and Real Populations
		Concept 40.6 Population dynamics are influenced strongly by life history traits and population density
			“Trade-Offs” and Life Histories
			Population Change and Population Density
			Mechanisms of Density-Dependent Population Regulation
			Population Dynamics
	41 Ecological Communities
		Overview Communities in Motion
		Concept 41.1 Interactions between species may help, harm, or have no effect on the individuals involved
			Competition
			Exploitation
			Positive Interactions
		Concept 41.2 Biological communities can be characterized by their diversity and trophic structure
			Species Diversity
			Diversity and Community Stability
			Trophic Structure
			Species with a Large Impact
			Bottom-Up and Top-Down Controls
		Concept 41.3 Disturbance influences species diversity and composition
			Characterizing Disturbance
			Ecological Succession
			Human Disturbance
		Concept 41.4 Biogeographic factors affect community diversity
			Latitudinal Gradients
			Area Effects
		Concept 41.5 Pathogens alter community structure locally and globally
			Effects on Community Structure
			Community Ecology and Zoonotic Diseases
	42 Ecosystems and Energy
		Overview Transformed to Tundra
		Concept 42.1 Physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems
			Conservation of Energy
			Conservation of Mass
			Energy, Mass, and Trophic Levels
		Concept 42.2 Energy and other limiting factors control primary production in ecosystems
			Ecosystem Energy Budgets
			Primary Production in Aquatic Ecosystems
			Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems
		Concept 42.3 Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient
			Production Efficiency
			Trophic Efficiency and Ecological Pyramids
		Concept 42.4 Biological and geochemical processes cycle nutrients and water in ecosystems
			Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling Rates
			Biogeochemical Cycles
			Case Study: Nutrient Cycling in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
		Concept 42.5 Restoration ecologists return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state
			Bioremediation
			Biological Augmentation
			Ecosystems: A Review
	43 Conservation Biology and Global Change
		Overview Psychedelic Treasure
		Concept 43.1 Human activities threaten earth’s biodiversity
			Three Levels of Biodiversity
			Biodiversity and Human Welfare
			Threats to Biodiversity
		Concept 43.2 Population conservation focuses on population size, genetic diversity, and critical habitat
			Small-Population Approach
			Declining-Population Approach
			Weighing Conflicting Demands
		Concept 43.3 Landscape and regional conservation help sustain biodiversity
			Landscape Structure and Biodiversity
			Establishing Protected Areas
		Concept 43.4 Earth is changing rapidly as a result of human actions
			Nutrient Enrichment
			Toxins in the Environment
			Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
		Concept 43.5 The human population is no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing rapidly
			The Global Human Population
			Global Carrying Capacity
		Concept 43.6 Sustainable development can improve human lives while conserving biodiversity
			Sustainable Development
			The Future of the Biosphere
Appendix A Answers
Appendix B Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix C The Metric System
Appendix D A Comparison of the Light Microscope and the Electron Microscope
Appendix E Classification of Life
Appendix F Scientific Skills Review
Credits
Glossary
Index
Back Cover