Campbell Biology, 12th Edition

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Preface
Skills Exercises
Featured Figures
Acknowledgments
Detailed Contents
1 Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry
	Concept 1.1 The study of life reveals unifying themes
		Theme: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization
		Theme: Life’s Processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information
		Theme: Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter
		Theme: From Molecules to Ecosystems, Interactions Are Important in Biological Systems
	Concept 1.2 The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life
		Classifying the Diversity of Life
		Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection
		The Tree of Life
	Concept 1.3 In studying nature, scientists form and test hypotheses
		Exploration and Observation
		Gathering and Analyzing Data
		Forming and Testing Hypotheses
		The Flexibility of the Scientific Process
		A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Coat Coloration in Mouse Populations
		Variables and Controls in Experiments
		Theories in Science
	Concept 1.4 Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints
		Building on the Work of Others
		Science, Technology, and Society
		The Value of Diverse Viewpoints in Science
Unit 1 The Chemistry of Life
	Interview: Kenneth Olden
	2 The Chemical Context of Life
		Concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds
			Elements and Compounds
			The Elements of Life
			Case Study: Evolution of Tolerance to Toxic Elements
		Concept 2.2 An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
			Subatomic Particles
			Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
			Isotopes
			The Energy Levels of Electrons
			Electron Distribution and Chemical Properties
			Electron Orbitals
		Concept 2.3 The formation and function of molecules and ionic compounds depend on chemical bonding between atoms
			Covalent Bonds
			Ionic Bonds
			Weak Chemical Interactions
			Molecular Shape and Function
		Concept 2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
	3 Water and Life
		Concept 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding
		Concept 3.2 Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s suitability for life
			Cohesion of Water Molecules
			Moderation of Temperature by Water
			Floating of Ice on Liquid Water
			Water: The Solvent of Life
			Possible Evolution of Life on Other Planets
		Concept 3.3 Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms
			Acids and Bases
			The pH Scale
			Buffers
			Acidification: A Threat to Our Oceans
	4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
		Concept 4.1 Organic chemistry is key to the origin of life
		Concept 4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
			The Formation of Bonds with Carbon
			Molecular Diversity Arising from Variation in Carbon Skeletons
		Concept 4.3 A few chemical groups are key to molecular function
			The Chemical Groups Most Important in the Processes of Life
			ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular Processes
			The Chemical Elements of Life: A Review
	5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
		Concept 5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
			The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers
			The Diversity of Polymers
		Concept 5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
			Sugars
			Polysaccharides
		Concept 5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
			Fats
			Phospholipids
			Steroids
		Concept 5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
			Amino Acids (Monomers)
			Polypeptides (Amino Acid Polymers)
			Protein Structure and Function
		Concept 5.5 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
			The Roles of Nucleic Acids
			The Components of Nucleic Acids
			Nucleotide Polymers
			The Structures of DNA and RNA Molecules
		Concept 5.6 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications
			DNA and Proteins as Tape Measures of Evolution
Unit 2 The Cell
	6 A Tour of the Cell
		Concept 6.1 Biologists use microscopes and biochemistry to study cells
			Microscopy
			Cell Fractionation
		Concept 6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
			Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
			A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell
		Concept 6.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
			The Nucleus: Information Central
			Ribosomes: Protein Factories
		Concept 6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions
			The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory
			The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center
			Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments
			Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments
			The Endomembrane System: A Review
		Concept 6.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
			The Evolutionary Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
			Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion
			Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy
			Peroxisomes: Oxidation
		Concept 6.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
			Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support and Motility
			Components of the Cytoskeleton
		Concept 6.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities
			Cell Walls of Plants
			The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells
			Cell Junctions
		Concept 6.8 A cell is greater than the sum of its parts
	7 Membrane Structure and Function
		Concept 7.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins
			The Fluidity of Membranes
			Evolution of Differences in Membrane Lipid Composition
			Membrane Proteins and Their Functions
			The Role of Membrane Carbohydrates in Cell-Cell Recognition
			Synthesis and Sidedness of Membranes
		Concept 7.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability
			The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer
			Transport Proteins
		Concept 7.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment
			Effects of Osmosis on Water Balance
			Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by Proteins
		Concept 7.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
			The Need for Energy in Active Transport
			How Ion Pumps Maintain Membrane Potential
			Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane Protein
		Concept 7.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
			Exocytosis
			Endocytosis
	8 An Introduction to Metabolism
		Concept 8.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy
			Metabolic Pathways
			Forms of Energy
			The Laws of Energy Transformation
		Concept 8.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously
			Free-Energy Change,
			Free Energy, Stability, and Equilibrium
			Free Energy and Metabolism
		Concept 8.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
			The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP
			How ATP Provides Energy That Performs Work
			The Regeneration of ATP
		Concept 8.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
			The Activation Energy Barrier
			How Enzymes Speed Up Reactions
			Substrate Specificity of Enzymes
			Catalysis in the Enzyme’s Active Site
			Effects of Local Conditions on Enzyme Activity
			The Evolution of Enzymes
		8.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism
			Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes
			Localization of Enzymes Within the Cell
	9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
		Concept 9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
			Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP
			Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction
			The Stages of Cellular Respiration:
		Concept 9.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
		Concept 9.3 After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
			Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
			The Citric Acid Cycle
		Concept 9.4 During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
			The Pathway of Electron Transport
			Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism
			An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration
		Concept 9.5 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
			Types of Fermentation
			Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration
			The Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis
		Concept 9.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways
			The Versatility of Catabolism
			Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways)
			Regulation of Cellular Respiration via Feedback Mechanisms
	10 Photosynthesis
		Concept 10.1 Photosynthesis feeds the biosphere
		Concept 10.2 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
			Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants
			Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis
			The Two Stages of Photosynthesis:
		Concept 10.3 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
			The Nature of Sunlight
			Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors
			Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light
			A Photosystem: A Reaction-Center Complex Associated with Light-Harvesting Complexes
			Linear Electron Flow
			Cyclic Electron Flow
			A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
		Concept 10.4 The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar
			C4 Plants
		Concept 10.5 Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates
			Photorespiration: An Evolutionary Relic?
			C4 Plants
			CAM Plants
		Concept 10.6 Photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth: a review
	11 Cell Communication
		Concept 11.1 External signals are converted to responses within the cell
			Evolution of Cell Signaling
			Local and Long-Distance Signaling
			The Three Stages of Cell Signaling:
		Concept 11.2 Signal reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor, causing it to change shape
			Receptors in the Plasma Membrane
			Intracellular Receptors
		Concept 11.3 Signal transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions transmit signals from receptors to relay molecules in the cell
			Signal Transduction Pathways
			Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
			Small Molecules and Ions as Second Messengers
		Concept 11.4 Cellular response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities
			Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Responses
			Regulation of the Response
		Concept 11.5 Apoptosis requires integration of multiple cell-signaling pathways
			Apoptosis in the Soil Worm Caenorhabditis elegans
			Apoptotic Pathways and the Signals That Trigger Them
	12 The Cell Cycle
		Concept 12.1 Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
			Key Roles of Cell Division
			Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material
			Distribution of Chromosomes During Eukaryotic Cell Division
		Concept 12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle
			Phases of the Cell Cycle
			The Mitotic Spindle: A Closer Look
			Cytokinesis: A Closer Look
			Binary Fission in Bacteria
			The Evolution of Mitosis
		Concept 12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system
			The Cell Cycle Control System
			Loss of Cell Cycle Controls in Cancer Cells
Unit 3 Genetics
	Interview: Francisco Mojica
	13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
		Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
			Inheritance of Genes
			Comparison of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
		Concept 13.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
			Sets of Chromosomes in Human Cells
			Behavior of Chromosome Sets in the Human Life Cycle
			The Variety of Sexual Life Cycles
		Concept 13.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
			The Stages of Meiosis
			Crossing Over and Synapsis During Prophase
			A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
		Concept 13.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution
			Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring
			The Evolutionary Significance of Genetic Variation Within Populations
	14 Mendel and the Gene Idea
		Concept 14.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance
			Mendel’s Experimental, Quantitative Approach
			The Law of Segregation
			The Law of Independent Assortment
		Concept 14.2 Probability laws govern Mendelian inheritance
			The Multiplication and Addition Rules Applied to Monohybrid Crosses
			Solving Complex Genetics Problems with the Rules of Probability
		Concept 14.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics
			Extending Mendelian Genetics for a Single Gene
			Extending Mendelian Genetics for Two or More Genes
			Nature and Nurture: The Environmental Impact on Phenotype
			A Mendelian View of Heredity and Variation
		Concept 14.4 Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance
			Pedigree Analysis
			Recessively Inherited Disorders
			Dominantly Inherited Disorders
			Multifactorial Disorders
			Genetic Testing and Counseling
	15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
		Concept 15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes
			Morgan’s Choice of Experimental Organism
			Correlating Behavior of a Gene’s Alleles with Behavior of a Chromosome Pair:
		Concept 15.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
			The Chromosomal Basis of Sex
			Inheritance of X-Linked Genes
			X Inactivation in Female Mammals
		Concept 15.3 Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome
			How Linkage Affects Inheritance
			Genetic Recombination and Linkage
			Mapping the Distance Between Genes Using Recombination Data: Scientific Inquiry
		Concept 15.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders
			Abnormal Chromosome Number
			Alterations of Chromosome Structure
			Human Conditions Due to Chromosomal Alterations
		Concept 15.5 Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard Mendelian inheritance
			Genomic Imprinting
			Inheritance of Organelle Genes
	16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
		Concept 16.1 DNA is the genetic material
			The Search for the Genetic Material:
			Building a Structural Model of DNA
		Concept 16.2 Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair
			The Basic Principle: Base Pairing to a Template Strand
			DNA Replication: A Closer Look
			Proofreading and Repairing DNA
			Evolutionary Significance of Altered DNA Nucleotides
			Replicating the Ends of DNA Molecules
		Concept 16.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
	17 Gene Expression: From Geneto Protein
		Concept 17.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
			Evidence from Studying Metabolic Defects
			Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation
			The Genetic Code
		Concept 17.2 Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: A Closer Look
			Molecular Components of Transcription
			Synthesis of an RNA Transcript
		Concept 17.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription
			Alteration of mRNA Ends
			Split Genes and RNA Splicing
		Concept 17.4 Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide:
			Molecular Components of Translation
			Building a Polypeptide
			Completing and Targeting the Functional Protein
			Making Multiple Polypeptides in Bacteria and Eukaryotes
		Concept 17.5 Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function
			Types of Small-Scale Mutations
			New Mutations and Mutagens
			Using CRISPR to Edit Genes and Correct Disease-Causing Mutations
			What Is a Gene? Revisiting the Question
	18 Regulation of Gene Expression
		Concept 18.1 Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating transcription
			Operons: The Basic Concept
			Repressible and Inducible Operons: Two Types of Negative Gene Regulation
			Positive Gene Regulation
		Concept 18.2 Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at many stages
			Differential Gene Expression
			Regulation of Chromatin Structure
			Regulation of Transcription Initiation
			Mechanisms of Post-transcriptional Regulation
		Concept 18.3 Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
			Effects on mRNAs by MicroRNAs and Small Interfering RNAs
			Chromatin Remodeling and Effects on Transcription by ncRNAs
		Concept 18.4 A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism
			A Genetic Program for Embryonic Development
			Cytoplasmic Determinants and Inductive Signals
			Sequential Regulation of Gene Expression During Cellular Differentiation
			Pattern Formation: Setting Up the Body Plan
		Concept 18.5 Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control
			Types of Genes Associated with Cancer
			Interference with Normal Cell-Signaling Pathways
			The Multistep Model of Cancer Development
			Inherited Predisposition and Environmental Factors Contributing to Cancer
			The Role of Viruses in Cancer
	19 Viruses
		Concept 19.1 A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
			The Discovery of Viruses: Scientific Inquiry
			Structure of Viruses
		Concept 19.2 Viruses replicate only in host cells
			General Features of Viral Replicative Cycles
			Replicative Cycles of Phages
			Replicative Cycles of Animal Viruses
			Evolution of Viruses
		Concept 19.3 Viruses and prions are formidable pathogens in animals and plants
			Viral Diseases in Animals
			Emerging Viral Diseases
			Viral Diseases in Plants
			Prions: Proteins as Infectious Agents
	20 DNA Tools and Biotechnology
		Concept 20.1 DNA sequencing and DNA cloning are valuable tools for genetic engineering and biological inquiry
			DNA Sequencing
			Making Multiple Copies of a Gene or Other DNA Segment
			Using Restriction Enzymes to Make a Recombinant DNA Plasmid
			Amplifying DNA: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Its Use in DNA Cloning
			Expressing Cloned Eukaryotic Genes
		Concept 20.2 Biologists use DNA technology to study gene expression and function
			Analyzing Gene Expression
			Determining Gene Function
		Concept 20.3 Cloned organisms and stem cells are useful for basic research and other applications
			Cloning Plants: Single-Cell Cultures
			Cloning Animals: Nuclear Transplantation
			Stem Cells of Animals
		Concept 20.4 The practical applications of DNA-based biotechnology affect our lives in many ways
			Medical Applications
			Forensic Evidence and Genetic Profiles
			Environmental Cleanup
			Agricultural Applications
			Safety and Ethical Questions Raised by DNA Technology
	21 Genomes and Their Evolution
		Concept 21.1 The Human Genome Project fostered development of faster, less expensive sequencing techniques
		Concept 21.2 Scientists use bioinformatics to analyze genomes and their functions
			Centralized Resources for Analyzing Genome Sequences
			Identifying Protein-Coding Genes and Understanding Their Functions
			Understanding Genes and Gene Expression at the Systems Level
		Concept 21.3 Genomes vary in size, number of genes, and gene density
			Genome Size
			Number of Genes
			Gene Density and Noncoding DNA
		Concept 21.4 Multicellular eukaryotes have a lot of noncoding DNA and many multigene families
			Transposable Elements and Related Sequences
			Other Repetitive DNA, Including Simple Sequence DNA
			Genes and Multigene Families
		Concept 21.5 Duplication, rearrangement, and mutation of DNA contribute to genome evolution
			Duplication of Entire Chromosome Sets
			Alterations of Chromosome Structure
			Duplication and Divergence of Gene-Sized Regions of DNA
			Rearrangements of Parts of Genes: Exon Duplication and Exon Shuffling
			How Transposable Elements Contribute to Genome Evolution
		Concept 21.6 Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development
			Comparing Genomes
			Widespread Conservation of Developmental Genes Among Animals
Unit 4 Mechanisms of Evolution
	22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
		Concept 22.1 The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species
			Endless Forms Most Beautiful
			Scala Naturae and Classification of Species
			Ideas About Change over Time
			Lamarck’s Hypothesis of Evolution
		Concept 22.2 Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life
			Darwin’s Research
			Ideas from The Origin of Species
			Key Features of Natural Selection
		Concept 22.3 Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
			Direct Observations of Evolutionary Change
			Homology
			The Fossil Record
			Biogeography
			What Is Theoretical About Darwin’s View of Life?
	23 The Evolution of Populations
		Concept 23.1 Genetic variation makes evolution possible
			Genetic Variation
			Sources of Genetic Variation
		Concept 23.2 The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving
			Gene Pools and Allele Frequencies
			The Hardy-Weinberg Equation
		Concept 23.3 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population
			Natural Selection
			Genetic Drift
			Gene Flow
		Concept 24.4 Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution
			Natural Selection: A Closer Look
			The Key Role of Natural Selection in Adaptive Evolution
			Sexual Selection
			Balancing Selection
			Why Natural Selection Cannot Fashion Perfect Organisms
	24 The Origin of Species
		Concept 24.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation
			The Biological Species Concept
			Other Definitions of Species
		Concept 24.2 Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation
			Allopatric (“Other Country”) Speciation
			Sympatric (“Same Country”) Speciation
			Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation: A Review
		Concept 24.3 Hybrid zones reveal factors that cause reproductive isolation
			Patterns Within Hybrid Zones
			Hybrid Zones and Environmental Change
			Hybrid Zones over Time
		Concept 24.4 Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and can result from changes in few or many genes
			The Time Course of Speciation
			Studying the Genetics of Speciation
			From Speciation to Macroevolution
	25 The History of Life on Earth
		Concept 25.1 Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible
			Synthesis of Organic Compounds on Early Earth
			Abiotic Synthesis of Macromolecules
			Protocells
			Self-Replicating RNA
		Concept 25.2 The fossil record documents the history of life
			The Fossil Record
			How Rocks and Fossils Are Dated
			The Origin of New Groups of Organisms
		Concept 25.3 Key events in life’s history include the origins of unicellular and multicellular organisms and the colonization of land
			The First Single-Celled Organisms
			The Origin of Multicellularity
			The Colonization of Land
		Concept 25.4 The rise and fall of groups of organisms reflect differences in speciation and extinction rates
			Plate Tectonics
			Mass Extinctions
			Adaptive Radiations
		Concept 25.5 Major changes in body form can result from changes in the sequences and regulation of developmental genes
			Effects of Developmental Genes
			The Evolution of Development
		Concept 25.6 Evolution is not goal oriented
			Evolutionary Novelties
			Evolutionary Trends
Unit 5 The Evolutionary History
of Biological Diversity
	Interview: Penny Chisholm
	26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
		Concept 26.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships
			Binomial Nomenclature
			Hierarchical Classification
			Linking Classification and Phylogeny
			What We Can and Cannot Learn from Phylogenetic Trees
			Applying Phylogenies
		Concept 26.2 Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data
			Morphological and Molecular Homologies
			Sorting Homology from Analogy
			Evaluating Molecular Homologies
		Concept 26.3 Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees
			Cladistics
			Phylogenetic Trees with Proportional Branch Lengths
			Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood
			Phylogenetic Trees as Hypotheses
		Concept 26.4 An organism’s evolutionary history is documented in its genome
			Gene Duplications and Gene Families
			Genome Evolution
		Concept 26.5 Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time
			Molecular Clocks
			Applying a Molecular Clock: Dating the Origin of HIV
		Concept 26.6 Our understanding of the tree of life continues to change based on new data
			From Two Kingdoms to Three Domains
			The Important Role of Horizontal Gene Transfer
	27 Bacteria and Archaea
		Concept 27.1 Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success
			Cell-Surface Structures
			Motility
			Reproduction
			Internal Organization and DNA
		Concept 27.2 Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes
			Rapid Reproduction and Mutation
			Genetic Recombination
		Concept 27.3 Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes
			The Role of Oxygen in Metabolism
			Nitrogen Metabolism
			Metabolic Cooperation
		Concept 27.4 Prokaryotes have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
			An Overview of Prokaryotic Diversity
			Bacteria
			Archaea
		Concept 27.5 Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere
			Chemical Recycling
			Ecological Interactions
		Concept 27.6 Prokaryotes have both beneficial and harmful impacts on humans
			Mutualistic Bacteria
			Antibiotic Resistance
			Pathogenic Bacteria
			Prokaryotes in Research and Technology
	28 Protists
		Concept 28.1 Most eukaryotes are singlecelled organisms
			Structural and Functional Diversity in Protists
			Endosymbiosis in Eukaryotic Evolution
			Four Supergroups of Eukaryotes
		Concept 28.2 Excavates include protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella
			Diplomonads and Parabasalids
			Euglenozoans
		Concept 28.3 SAR is a highly diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities
			Stramenopiles
			Alveolates
			Rhizarians
		Concept 28.4 Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of plants
			Red Algae
			Green Algae
		Concept 28.5 Unikonts include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals
			Amoebozoans
			Opisthokonts
		Concept 28.6 Protists play key roles in ecological communities
			Symbiotic Protists
			Photosynthetic Protists
	29.1 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land
		Concept 29.1 Plants evolved from green algae
			Evidence of Algal Ancestry
			Adaptations Enabling the Move to Land
			Derived Traits of Plants
			The Origin and Diversification of Plants
		29.2 Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes
			Bryophyte Gametophytes
			Bryophyte Sporophytes
			The Ecological and Economic Importance of Mosses
		Concept 29.3 Ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall
			Origins and Traits of Vascular Plants
			Classification of Seedless Vascular Plants
			The Significance of Seedless Vascular Plants
	30 Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants
		Concept 30.1 Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land
			Advantages of Reduced Gametophytes
			Heterospory: The Rule Among Seed Plants
			Ovules and Production of Eggs
			Pollen and Production of Sperm
			The Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds
		Concept 30.2 Gymnosperms bear “naked” seeds, typically on cones
			The Life Cycle of a Pine
			Early Seed Plants and the Rise of Gymnosperms
			Gymnosperm Diversity
		Concept 30.3 The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits
			Characteristics of Angiosperms
			Angiosperm Evolution
			Angiosperm Diversity
		Concept 30.4 Human welfare depends on seed plants
			Products from Seed Plants
			Threats to Plant Diversity
	31 Fungi
		Concept 31.1 Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption
			Nutrition and Ecology
			Body Structure
			Specialized Hyphae in Mycorrhizal Fungi
		Concept 31.2 Fungi produce spores through sexual or asexual life cycles
			Sexual Reproduction
			Asexual Reproduction
		Concept 31.3 The ancestor of fungi was an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist
			The Origin of Fungi
			The Move to Land
		Concept 31.4 Fungi have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
			Cryptomycetes and Microsporidians
			Zoopagomycetes
			Mucoromycetes
			Ascomycetes
			Basidiomycetes
		Concept 31.5 Fungi play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare
			Fungi as Decomposers
			Fungi as Mutualists
			Practical Uses of Fungi
	32 An Overview of Animal Diversity
		Concept 32.1 Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers
			Nutritional Mode
			Cell Structure and Specialization
			Reproduction and Development
		Concept 32.2 The history of animals spans more than half a billion years
			Steps in the Origin of Multicellular Animals
			Neoproterozoic Era (1 Billion–541 Million Years Ago)
			Paleozoic Era (541–252 Million Years Ago)
			Mesozoic Era (252–66 Million Years Ago)
			Cenozoic Era (66 Million Years Ago to the Present)
		Concept 32.3 Animals can be characterized by body plans
			Symmetry
			Tissues
			Body Cavities
			Protostome and Deuterostome Development
		Concept 32.4 Views of animal phylogeny continue to be shaped by new molecular and morphological data
			The Diversification of Animals
			Future Directions in Animal Systematics
	33 An Introduction to Invertebrates
		Concept 33.1 Sponges are basal animals that lack tissues
		Concept 33.2 Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans
			Medusozoans
			Anthozoans
		Concept 33.3 Lophotrochozoans, a clade identified by molecular data, have the widest range of animal body forms
			Flatworms
			Rotifers and Acanthocephalans
			Ectoprocts and Brachiopods
			Molluscs
			Annelids
		Concept 33.4 Ecdysozoans are the most species-rich animal group
			Nematodes
			Arthropods
		Concept 33.5 Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes
			Echinoderms
			Chordates
	34 The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates
		Concept 34.1 Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
			Derived Characters of Chordates
			Lancelets
			Tunicates
			Early Chordate Evolution
		Concept 34.2 Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone
			Derived Characters of Vertebrates
			Hagfishes and Lampreys
			Early Vertebrate Evolution
		Concept 34.3 Gnathostomes are vertebrates that have jaws
			Derived Characters of Gnathostomes
			Fossil Gnathostomes
			Chondrichthyans (Sharks, Rays, and Their Relatives)
			Ray-Finned Fishes and Lobe-Fins
		Concept 34.4 Tetrapods are gnathostomes that have limbs
			Derived Characters of Tetrapods
			The Origin of Tetrapods
			Amphibians
		Concept 34.5 Amniotes are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg
			Derived Characters of Amniotes
			Early Amniotes
			Reptiles
		Concept 34.6 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk
			Derived Characters of Mammals
			Early Evolution of Mammals
			Monotremes
			Marsupials
			Eutherians (Placental Mammals)
		Concept 34.5 Humans are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion
			Derived Characters of Humans
			The Earliest Hominins
			Australopiths
			Bipedalism
			Tool Use
			Early Homo
			Neanderthals
			Homo sapiens
Unit 6 Plant Form and Function
	35 Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
		Concept 35.1 Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells
			Vascular Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves
			Dermal, Vascular, and Ground Tissues
			Common Types of Plant Cells
		Concept 35.2 Different meristems generate new cells for primary and secondary growth
		Concept 35.3 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
			Primary Growth of Roots
			Primary Growth of Shoots
		Concept 35.4 Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants
			The Vascular Cambium and Secondary Vascular Tissue
			The Cork Cambium and the Production of Periderm
			Evolution of Secondary Growth
		Concept 35.5 Growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation produce the plant body
			Model Organisms: Revolutionizing the Study of Plants
			Growth: Cell Division and Cell Expansion
			Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation
			Gene Expression and the Control of Cell Differentiation
			Shifts in Development: Phase Changes
			Genetic Control of Flowering
	36 Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants
		Concept 36.1 Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in the evolution of vascular plants
			Shoot Architecture and Light Capture
			Root Architecture and Acquisition of Water and Minerals
		Concept 36.2 Different mechanisms transport substances over short or long distances
			The Apoplast and Symplast: Transport Continuums
			Short-Distance Transport of Water Across Plasma Membranes
			Short-Distance Transport of Solutes Across Plasma Membranes
			Long-Distance Transport: The Role of Bulk Flow
		Concept 36.3 Transpiration drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylem
			Absorption of Water and Minerals by Root Cells
			Transport of Water and Minerals into the Xylem
			Bulk Flow Transport via the Xylem
			Xylem Sap Ascent by Bulk Flow:
		Concept 36.4 The rate of transpiration is regulated by stomata
			Stomata: Major Pathways for Water Loss
			Mechanisms of Stomatal Opening and Closing
			Stimuli for Stomatal Opening and Closing
			Effects of Transpiration on Wilting and Leaf Temperature
			Adaptations That Reduce Evaporative Water Loss
		Concept 36.5 Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem
			Movement from Sugar Sources to Sugar Sinks
			Bulk Flow by Positive Pressure: The Mechanism of Translocation in Angiosperms
		Concept 36.6 The symplast is highly dynamic
			Changes in Plasmodesmatal Number and Pore Size
			Phloem: An Information Superhighway
			Electrical Signaling in the Phloem
	37 Soil and Plant Nutrition
		Concept 37.1 Soil contains a living, complex ecosystem
			Soil Texture
			Topsoil Composition
			Soil Conservation and Sustainable Agriculture
		Concept 37.2 Plant roots absorb many types of essential elements from the soil
			Essential Elements
			Symptoms of Mineral Deficiency
			Global Climate Change and Food Quality
		Concept 37.3 Plant nutrition often involves relationships with other organisms
			Bacteria and Plant Nutrition
			Fungi and Plant Nutrition
			Epiphytes, Parasitic Plants, and Carnivorous Plants
	38 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology
		Concept 38.1 Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are key features of the angiosperm life cycle
			Flower Structure and Function
			Methods of Pollination
			The Angiosperm Life Cycle: An Overview
			Development of Female Gametophytes (Embryo Sacs)
			Development of Male Gametophytes in Pollen Grains
			Seed Development and Structure
			Sporophyte Development from Seed to Mature Plant
			Fruit Structure and Function
		Concept 38.2 Flowering plants reproduce sexually, asexually, or both
			Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction
			Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
			Mechanisms That Prevent Self-Fertilization
			Totipotency, Vegetative Reproduction, and Tissue Culture
		Concept 38.3People modify crops by breeding and genetic engineering
			Plant Breeding
			Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
			The Debate over Plant Biotechnology
	39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
		Concept 39.1 Signal transduction pathways link signal reception to response
			Reception
			Transduction
			Response
		Concept 39.2 Plants use chemicals to communicate
			General Characteristics of Plant Hormones
			A Survey of Plant Hormones
		Concept 39.3 Responses to light are critical for plant success
			Blue-Light Photoreceptors
			Phytochrome Photoreceptors
			Biological Clocks and Circadian Rhythms
			The Effect of Light on the Biological Clock
			Photoperiodism and Responses to Seasons
		Concept 39.4 Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light
			Gravity
			Mechanical Stimuli
			Environmental Stresses
		Concept 39.5 Plants respond to attacks by pathogens and herbivores
			Defenses Against Pathogens
			Defenses Against Herbivores
Unit 7 Animal Form and Function
	Interview: Steffanie Strathdee
	40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
		Concept 40.1 Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization
			Evolution of Animal Size and Shape
			Exchange with the Environment
			Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans
			Coordination and Control
		Concept 40.2 Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals
			Regulating and Conforming
			Homeostasis
		Concept 40.3 Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behavior
			Endothermy and Ectothermy
			Variation in Body Temperature
			Balancing Heat Loss and Gain
			Acclimatization in Thermoregulation
			Physiological Thermostats and Fever
		Concept 40.4 Energy requirements are related to animal size, activity, and environment
			Energy Allocation and Use
			Quantifying Energy Use
			Minimum Metabolic Rate and Thermoregulation
			Influences on Metabolic Rate
			Torpor and Energy Conservation
	41 Animal Nutrition
		Concept 41.1 An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic building blocks, and essential nutrients
			Essential Nutrients
			Variation in Diet
			Dietary Deficiencies
			Assessing Nutritional Needs
		Concept 41.2 Food processing involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
			Digestive Compartments
		Concept 41.3 Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive system
			The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus
			Digestion in the Stomach
			Digestion in the Small Intestine
			Absorption in the Small Intestine
			Processing in the Large Intestine
		Concept 41.4 Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet
			Dental Adaptations
			Stomach and Intestinal Adaptations
			Mutualistic Adaptations
		Concept 41.5 Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy storage, and appetite
			Regulation of Digestion
			Regulation of Energy Storage
			Regulation of Appetite and Consumption
	42 Circulation and Gas Exchange
		Concept 42.1 Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
			Gastrovascular Cavities
			Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
			Organization of Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
		Concept 42.2 Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals
			Mammalian Circulation
			The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look
			Maintaining the Heart’s Rhythmic Beat
		Concept 42.3 Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels
			Blood Vessel Structure and Function
			Blood Flow Velocity
			Blood Pressure
			Capillary Function
			Fluid Return by the Lymphatic System
		Concept 42.4 Blood components function in exchange, transport, and defense
			Blood Composition and Function
			Cardiovascular Disease
		Concept 42.5 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces
			Partial Pressure Gradients in Gas Exchange
			Respiratory Media
			Respiratory Surfaces
			Gills in Aquatic Animals
			Tracheal Systems in Insects
			Lungs
		Concept 42.6 Breathing ventilates the lungs
			How an Amphibian Breathes
			How a Bird Breathes
			How a Mammal Breathes
			Control of Breathing in Humans
		Concept 42.7 Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases
			Coordination of Circulation and Gas Exchange
			Respiratory Pigments
			Respiratory Adaptations of Diving Mammals
	43 The Immune System
		Concept 43.1 In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathogens
			Innate Immunity of Invertebrates
			Innate Immunity of Vertebrates
			Evasion of Innate Immunity by Pathogens
		Concept 43.2 In adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition
			Antigen Recognition by B Cells and Antibodies
			Antigens as the Trigger for Adaptive Immunity
			Antigen Recognition by T Cells
			B Cell and T Cell Development
		Concept 43.3 Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells
			Helper T Cells: Activating Adaptive Immunity
			B Cells and Antibodies: A Response to Extracellular Pathogens
			Cytotoxic T Cells: A Response to Infected Host Cells
			Summary of the Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
			Immunization
			Active and Passive Immunity
			Antibodies as Tools
			Immune Rejection
		Concept 43.4 Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease
			Exaggerated, Self-Directed, and Diminished Immune Responses
			Evolutionary Adaptations of Pathogens That Underlie Immune System Avoidance
			Cancer and Immunity
	44 Osmoregulation and Excretion
		Concept 44.1 Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes
			Osmoregulatory Challenges and Mechanisms
			Osmosis and Osmolarity
			Energetics of Osmoregulation
			Transport Epithelia in Osmoregulation
		Concept 44.2 An animal’s nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat
			Forms of Nitrogenous Waste
			The Influence of Evolution and Environment on Nitrogenous Wastes
		Concept 44.3 Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme
			Survey of Excretory Systems
		Concept 44.4 The nephron is organized for stepwise processing of blood filtrate
			From Blood Filtrate to Urine:
			Solute Gradients and Water Conservation
			Adaptations of the Vertebrate Kidney to Diverse Environments
		Concept 44.5 Hormonal circuits link kidney function, water balance, and blood pressure
			Homeostatic Regulation of the Kidney
	45 Hormones and the Endocrine System
		Concept 45.1 Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways
			Intercellular Information Flow
			Chemical Classes of Hormones
			Cellular Hormone Response Pathways
			Endocrine Tissues and Organs
		Concept 45.2 Feedback regulation and coordination with the nervous system are common in hormone pathways
			Simple Endocrine Pathways
			Simple Neuroendocrine Pathways
			Feedback Regulation
			Coordination of the Endocrine and Nervous Systems
			Thyroid Regulation: A Hormone Cascade Pathway
			Hormonal Regulation of Growth
		Concept 45.3 Endocrine glands respond to diverse stimuli in regulating homeostasis, development, and behavior
			Parathyroid Hormone and Vitamin D: Control of Blood Calcium
			Adrenal Hormones: Response to Stress
			Sex Hormones
			Hormones and Biological Rhythms
			Evolution of Hormone Function
	46 Animal Reproduction
		Concept 46.1 Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
			Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction
			Variation in Patterns of Sexual Reproduction
			Reproductive Cycles
			Sexual Reproduction: An Evolutionary Enigma
		Concept 46.2 Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bring together sperm and eggs of the same species
			Ensuring the Survival of Offspring
			Gamete Production and Delivery
		Concept 46.3 Reproductive organs produce and transport gametes
			Human Male Reproductive Anatomy
			Human Female Reproductive Anatomy
			Gametogenesis
		Concept 46.4 The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates reproduction in mammals
			Biological Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation in Human Sexuality
			Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System
			Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
			Human Sexual Response
		Concept 46.5 In placental mammals, an embryo develops fully within the mother’s uterus
			Conception, Embryonic Development, and Birth
			Maternal Immune Tolerance of the Embryo and Fetus
			Contraception and Abortion
			Modern Reproductive Technologies
	47 Animal Development
		Concept 47.1 Fertilization and cleavage initiate embryonic development
			Fertilization
			Cleavage
		Concept 47.2 Morphogenesis in animals involves specific changes in cell shape, position, and survival
			Gastrulation
			Developmental Adaptations of Amniotes
			Organogenesis
			The Cytoskeleton in Morphogenesis
		Concept 47.3 Cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals regulate cell fate
			Fate Mapping
			Axis Formation
			Restricting Developmental Potential
			Cell Fate Determination and Pattern Formation by Inductive Signals
			Cilia and Cell Fate
	48 Neurons, Synapses,and Signaling
		Concept 48.1 Neuron structure and organization reflect function in information transfer
			Neuron Structure and Function
			Introduction to Information Processing
		Concept 48.2 Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron
			Formation of the Resting Potential
			Modeling the Resting Potential
		Concept 48.3 Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons
			Hyperpolarization and Depolarization
			Graded Potentials and Action Potentials
			Generation of Action Potentials:
			Conduction of Action Potentials
		Concept 48.4 Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses
			Generation of Postsynaptic Potentials
			Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
			Termination of Neurotransmitter Signaling
			Modulated Signaling at Synapses
			Neurotransmitters
	49 Nervous Systems
		Concept 49.1 Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells
			Organization of the Vertebrate Nervous System
			The Peripheral Nervous System
			Glia
		Concept 48.2 The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
			Arousal and Sleep
			Biological Clock Regulation
			Emotions
			Functional Imaging of the Brain
		Concept 48.3 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
			Information Processing
			Language and Speech
			Lateralization of Cortical Function
			Frontal Lobe Function
			Evolution of Cognition in Vertebrates
		Concept 48.4 Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning
			Neuronal Plasticity
			Memory and Learning
			Long-Term Potentiation
		Concept 48.5 Many nervous system disorders can now be explained in molecular terms
			Schizophrenia
			Depression
			Alzheimer’s Disease
			The Brain’s Reward System and Drug Addiction
			Parkinson’s Disease
			Future Directions in Brain Research
	50 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
		Concept 50.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system
			Sensory Reception and Transduction
			Transmission
			Perception
			Amplification and Adaptation
			Types of Sensory Receptors
		Concept 50.2 In hearing and equilibrium, mechanoreceptors detect moving fluid or settling particles
			Sensing of Gravity and Sound in Invertebrates
			Hearing and Equilibrium in Mammals
			Hearing and Equilibrium in Other Vertebrates
		Concept 50.3 The diverse visual receptors of animals depend on lightabsorbing pigments
			Evolution of Visual Perception
			The Vertebrate Visual System
		Concept 50.4 The senses of taste and smell rely on similar sets of sensory receptors
			Taste in Mammals
			Smell in Humans
		Concept 50.5 The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function
			Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle
			Other Types of Muscle
		Concept 50.6 Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion
			Types of Skeletal Systems
			Types of Locomotion
	51 Animal Behavior
		Concept 51.1 Discrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behaviors
			Fixed Action Patterns
			Migration
			Behavioral Rhythms
			Animal Signals and Communication
		Concept 51.2 Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior
			Experience and Behavior
			Learning
		Concept 51.3 Selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain diverse behaviors
			Evolution of Foraging Behavior
			Mating Behavior and Mate Choice
		Concept 51.4 Genetic analyses and the concept of inclusive fitness provide a basis for studying the evolution of behavior
			Genetic Basis of Behavior
			Genetic Variation and the Evolution of Behavior
			Altruism
			Inclusive Fitness
			Evolution and Human Culture
Unit 8 Ecology
	52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
		Concept 52.1 Earth’s climate varies by latitude and season and is changing rapidly
			Global Climate Patterns
			Regional and Local Effects on Climate
			Effects of Vegetation on Climate
			Microclimate
			Global Climate Change
		Concept 52.2 The distribution of terrestrial biomes is controlled by climate and disturbance
			Climate and Terrestrial Biomes
			General Features of Terrestrial Biomes
			Disturbance and Terrestrial Biomes
		Concept 52.3 Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth
			Zonation in Aquatic Biomes
		Concept 52.4 Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species
			Dispersal and Distribution
			Abiotic Factors
			Biotic Factors
		Concept 52.5 Ecological change and evolution affect one another over long and short periods of time
	53 Population Ecology
		Concept 53.1 Biotic and abiotic factors affect population density, dispersion, and demographics
			Density and Dispersion
			Demographics
		Concept 53.2 The exponential model describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment
			Changes in Population Size
			Exponential Growth
		Concept 53.3 The logistic model describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity
			The Logistic Growth Model
			The Logistic Model and Real Populations
		Concept 53.4 Life history traits are products of natural selection
			Diversity of Life Histories
			“Trade-offs” and Life Histories
		Concept 53.5 Density-dependent factors regulate population growth
			Population Change and Population Density
			Mechanisms of Density-Dependent Population Regulation
			Population Dynamics
		Concept 53.6 The human population is no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing extremely rapidly
			The Global Human Population
			Global Carrying Capacity
	54 Community Ecology
		Concept 54.1 Interactions between species can help, harm, or have no effect on the individuals involved
			Competition
			Exploitation
			Positive Interactions
		Concept 54.2 Diversity and trophic structure characterize biological communities
			Species Diversity
			Diversity and Community Stability
			Trophic Structure
			Species with a Large Impact
			Bottom-Up and Top-Down Controls
		Concept 53.3 Disturbance influences species diversity and composition
			Characterizing Disturbance
			Ecological Succession
			Human Disturbance
		Concept 53.4 Biogeographic factors affect community diversity
			Latitudinal Gradients
			Area Effects
			Island Equilibrium Model
		Concept 53.5 Pathogens alter community structure locally and globally
			Effects on Community Structure
			Community Ecology and Zoonotic Diseases
	55 Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology
		Concept 55.1 Physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems
			Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling
			Conservation of Energy
			Conservation of Mass
			Energy, Mass, and Trophic Levels
		Concept 55.2 Energy and other limiting factors control primary production in ecosystems
			Ecosystem Energy Budgets
			Primary Production in Aquatic Ecosystems
			Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems
		Concept 55.3 Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient
			Production Efficiency
			Trophic Efficiency and Ecological Pyramids
		Concept 55.4 Biological and geochemical processes cycle nutrients and water in ecosystems
			Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling Rates
			Biogeochemical Cycles
			Case Study: Nutrient Cycling in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
		Restoration ecologists return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state
			Bioremediation
			Ecosystems:
			Biological Augmentation
	56 Conservation Biology and Global Change
		Concept 56.1 Human activities threaten earth’s biodiversity
			Three Levels of Biodiversity
			Biodiversity and Human Welfare
			Threats to Biodiversity
			Can Extinct Species Be Resurrected?
		Concept 56.2 Population conservation focuses on population size, genetic diversity, and critical habitat
			Extinction Risks in Small Populations
			Critical Habitat
			Weighing Conflicting Demands
		Concept 56.3 Landscape and regional conservation help sustain biodiversity
			Landscape Structure and Biodiversity
			Establishing Protected Areas
			Urban Ecology
		Concept 56.4 Earth is changing rapidly as a result of human actions
			Nutrient Enrichment
			Toxins in the Environment
			Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
			Depletion of Atmospheric Ozone
		Concept 56.5 Sustainable development can improve human lives while conserving biodiversity
			Sustainable Development
			The Future of the Biosphere
Appendix A Answers
Appendix B Classification of Life
Appendix C A Comparison of the Light Microscope and the
Electron Microscope
Appendix D Scientific Skills Review
Credits
Glossary
Index