Cambridge HSC Legal Studies

Contents
About the authors
Author acknowledgements
Introduction
How to use this resource
Components of Cambridge Legal Studies HSC
Glossary of key words
Publisher acknowledgements
Part I Crime
	Chapter 1 The nature of crime
		1.1 The meaning of crime
		1.2 Elements of crime
		1.3 Strict liability offences
		1.4 Causation
		1.5 Categories of crime
		1.6 Summary and indictable offences
		1.7 Parties to a crime
		1.8 Factors affecting criminal behaviour
		1.9 Crime prevention: situational and social
		Chapter summary
		Questions
	Chapter 2 The criminal investigation process
		2.1 Police powers
		2.2 Reporting crime
		2.3 Investigating crime
		2.4 Arrest, detention and charge
		2.5 Court attendance notice, bail or remand
		Chapter summary
		Questions
	Chapter 3 The criminal trial process
		3.1 Court jurisdiction: criminal courts
		3.2 The adversary system
		3.3 Legal personnel in a criminal trial
		3.4 Pleas and charge negotiation
		3.5 Legal representation and Legal Aid NSW
		3.6 Burden and standard of proof
		3.7 Use of evidence, including witnesses
		3.8 Defences to criminal charges
		3.9 The role of juries, including verdicts
		Chapter summary
		Questions
	Chapter 4 Sentencing and punishment
		4.1 Sentencing and punishment
		4.2 Statutory and judicial guidelines
		4.3 The purposes of punishment
		4.4 Factors affecting a sentencing decision
		4.5 The role of the victim in sentencing
		4.6 Appeals
		4.7 Types of penalties
		4.8 Alternative methods of sentencing
		4.9 Post-sentencing considerations
		Chapter summary
		Questions
	Chapter 5 Young offenders
		5.1 Young offenders and the law
		5.2 Age of criminal responsibility
		5.3 The rights of children and young people when questioned or arrested
		5.4 Children’s Court – procedures and operation
		5.5 Penalties for children
		5.6 Alternatives to court
		5.7 The effectiveness of the criminal justice system when dealing with young offenders
		Chapter summary
		Questions
	Chapter 6 International crime
		6.1 Defining international crime
		6.2 Categories of international crime
		6.3 Dealing with international crime
		6.4 The effectiveness of measures dealing with international crime
		Chapter summary
		Questions
Part II Human rights
	Chapter 7 The nature and development of human rights
		7.1 The definition of ‘human rights’
		7.2 The abolition of slavery
		7.3 Trade unionism and labour rights
		7.4 Universal suffrage
		7.5 Universal education
		7.6 Self-determination
		7.7 Environmental rights
		7.8 Peace rights
		7.9 Formal statements of human rights
		7.10 Early development of domestic and international documents and treaties
		Chapter summary
		Questions
	Chapter 8 Promoting and enforcing human rights
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Human rights in the international community
		8.3 State sovereignty
		8.4 The role of the United Nations
		8.5 The roles of other international groups
		8.6 Human rights in Australian domestic law
		8.7 The role of the Australian Constitution
		8.8 Other human rights roles in Australia
		8.9 A charter of rights for Australia
		Chapter summary
		Questions
	Chapter 9 Contemporary human rights issues
		Issue 1: Human trafficking and slavery
		9.1 Contemporary slavery
		9.2 Human trafficking and slavery
		9.3 Extent of human trafficking
		9.4 Responses to human trafficking and slavery
		Issue 2: Child soldiers
		9.5 Defining the issue of child soldiers
		9.6 Extent of the issue
		9.7 Responses to the issue of child soldiers
		Issue 1 summary
		Issue 1 questions
		Issue 2 summary
		Issue 2 questions
Part III Options
	Chapter 10 Option 1: Consumers
		10.1 The nature of consumer law
		10.2 Contracts
		10.3 Consumer protection
		10.4 Consumer redress and remedies
		10.5 Contemporary issue: Credit
		10.6 Contemporary issue: Product certification
		10.7 Contemporary issue: Marketing innovations
		10.8 Contemporary issue: Technology
		Chapter summary
		Questions
		Themes and challenges
	Chapter 11 Option 2: Global environmental protection
		11.1 The nature of global environmental protection
		11.2 The development of global environmental law
		11.3 The need for global environmental protection
		11.4 The importance of ecologically sustainable development
		11.5 The role of the state and state sovereignty in responses to global environmental protection
		11.6 The role of the UN in response to global environmental protection
		11.7 Other international responses to global environmental protection
		11.8 Effects of Australia’s federal structure in responding to global environmental protection
		11.9 Contemporary issue: The law’s role in relation to global environmental threats
		11.10 Contemporary issue: The demand for resources and global environmental protection
		11.11 Contemporary issue: Australia’s responses to international initiatives
		11.12 Contemporary issue: Barriers to achieving an international response to global environmental protection
		Chapter summary
		Questions
		Themes and challenges
	Chapter 12 Option 3: Family
		12.1 The nature of family law
		12.2 Responses to problems in family relationships
		12.3 Contemporary issue: Recognition of same-sex relationships
		12.4 Contemporary issue: The changing nature of parental responsibility
		12.5 Contemporary issue: Surrogacy and birth technologies
		12.6 Contemporary issue: Care and protection of children
		Chapter summary
		Questions
		Themes and challenges
	Chapter 15 Option 6: Workplace
		15.1 The changing nature of workplace law over time
		15.2 Contracts
		15.3 Awards, agreements and statutory conditions
		15.4 Regulation of the workplace
		15.5 Contemporary issue: Discrimination
		15.6 Contemporary issue: Safety
		15.7 Contemporary issue: Termination of employment
		15.8 Contemporary issue: Leave
		Chapter summary
		Questions
		Themes and challenges
	Chapter 16 Option 7: World order
		16.1 The nature of world order
		16.2 Responses to world order
		16.3 Contemporary issue: The principle of ‘Responsibility to Protect’ (R2P)
		16.4 Contemporary issue: Regional and global situations that threaten peace and security – the nuclear threat
		16.5 Contemporary issue: The success of global cooperation in achieving world order – East Timor and UN intervention
		16.6 Contemporary issue: Rules regarding the conduct of hostilities – international humanitarian law
		Chapter summary
		Questions
		Themes and challenges
	Answers to multiple-choice questions
	Glossary
	Index
Additional resources
	Chapter 7 The nature and development of human rights
		7.10 Early development of domestic and international documents and treaties
Additional resources
	Chapter 9 Contemporary humanrights issues
		Issue 3 Exploitation of workers
			9.8 Defining the issue of exploitation of workers
			9.9 Extent of the issue
			9.10 Responses to the issue of exploitation of workers
			Issue 3 summary
			Issue 3 questions
Additional resources
	Chapter 13 Option 4: Indigenous peoples
		13.1 Definition of indigenous peoples
		13.2 Rights and legal recognition
		13.3 Responses to indigenous peoples
		13.4 Australia’s federal structure
		13.5 Contemporary issue: Loss of cultural rights including language
		13.6 Contemporary issue: Land rights
		13.7 Contemporary issue: Legal rights to natural resources
		13.8 Contemporary issue: Intellectual property rights
		Chapter summary
		Questions
		Themes and challenges
Additional resources
	Chapter 14 Option 5: Shelter
	14.1 The nature of shelter
	14.2 Purchasing shelter
	14.3 Leasing
	14.4 Securing other types of shelter
	14.5 Dispute resolution mechanisms
	14.6 Contemporary issue: Affordability
	14.7 Contemporary issue: Discrimination
	14.8 Contemporary issue: Homelessness
	14.9 Contemporary issue: Social housing and community housing
	Chapter summary
	Questions
	Themes and challenges
Additional resources
	Chapter 16 Option 7: World order
		16.1 The nature of world order
		16.2 Responses to world order
		16.4 Contemporary issue: Regional and global situations
Cases, statutes and media reports (CSM)