Cambridge handbook of psychology, health and medicine

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 13
Preface......Page 23
Part I Psychology, health and illness......Page 25
Section I Psychological aspects of health and illness......Page 27
Health behaviour change during adolescence......Page 29
Predictors and correlates of health behaviours......Page 30
Structural and demographic factors......Page 31
REFERENCES......Page 32
Age and physical functioning......Page 34
Conclusion and directions for future research......Page 36
REFERENCES......Page 37
Age and intelligence......Page 39
Age and working memory......Page 40
Health and cognitive functioning......Page 41
Conclusions and implications for intervention......Page 42
REFERENCES......Page 43
Cardiovascular system......Page 44
Immune system......Page 45
REFERENCES......Page 46
Overview......Page 47
REFERENCES......Page 49
A model for understanding attributions......Page 50
Attributions in response to illness threats: are they made?......Page 51
Attributions of symptoms......Page 52
Attributions and adjustment to illness......Page 53
Attributional styles and long-term effects on health......Page 54
REFERENCES......Page 55
Allostasis and allostatic load......Page 57
Stress and cortisol in healthy children......Page 58
Physiological responsivity in school transition rising fives onwards)......Page 59
REFERENCES......Page 60
Theories of children’s perceptions and attitudes......Page 62
Children’s perceptions of peers with illness or disorders......Page 63
Conclusion......Page 64
Coping with bereavement......Page 65
Contemporary theoretical appraches......Page 66
The dual process model of coping with bereavement......Page 67
Conclusions......Page 68
REFERENCES......Page 69
Adjustments required......Page 70
Influences on coping......Page 71
REFERENCES......Page 72
The problem- and emotion-focused coping model......Page 74
The cognitive and behavioural coping model......Page 75
The fear-avoidance model......Page 76
Acknowledgements......Page 77
REFERENCES......Page 78
Coping with death and dying......Page 79
Resistance to change......Page 80
Influencing the transition......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 82
Age differences in coping with medical procedures......Page 83
Assisting patients coping with stressful procedures: what troubles them?......Page 84
Assisting patient coping with stress procedures: planning interventions......Page 85
REFERENCES......Page 86
Intersection of culture and health......Page 88
Ethnic domain......Page 90
Acculturative stress......Page 91
Acknowledgement......Page 92
REFERENCES......Page 93
Measurement of patient delay......Page 94
Symptom appraisal......Page 95
Influence of the healthcare system......Page 96
REFERENCES......Page 97
Eating a healthy diet......Page 99
Associative learning......Page 100
A weight concern model of eating behaviour......Page 101
REFERENCES......Page 102
Medical model of disability......Page 104
Research evidence......Page 105
Clinical implications......Page 106
REFERENCES......Page 107
Emotional expression and health......Page 108
Cognitive processes......Page 109
REFERENCES......Page 110
Expectations and health......Page 111
Behaviour–outcome expectancy......Page 112
Self-efficacy expectancy......Page 113
Conclusions......Page 114
REFERENCES......Page 115
The legacy of early critiques of women’s health......Page 116
Women’s mental health......Page 117
The level of materiality......Page 118
Conclusion......Page 119
REFERENCES......Page 120
Structure of the HBM......Page 121
Research using the HBM to predict health-related behaviour......Page 122
Extending the HBM......Page 123
Conclusions......Page 124
REFERENCES......Page 125
Introduction......Page 126
Changing demographics of health-related behaviours......Page 127
Common determinants of health-related behaviours......Page 128
Summary and conclusions......Page 130
REFERENCES......Page 131
Stressors......Page 133
Individual differences......Page 134
Communication and information......Page 135
REFERENCES......Page 136
Hospitalization in children......Page 137
Illness severity......Page 138
Children’s coping with medical events......Page 139
Psychological techniques......Page 140
REFERENCES......Page 141
Historical perspective and early research......Page 143
Equivocal results obtained in Type A behaviour and hostility research......Page 144
Modification of hostility and Type A behaviour......Page 145
REFERENCES......Page 146
Social learning and self-management......Page 148
Heuristics give meaning to somatic experience......Page 149
Coherence and the selection of indicators......Page 150
REFERENCES......Page 151
Life events, difficulties and meaning......Page 152
Vulnerability to the impact of life events and difficulties......Page 153
Specificity of life-event stress resonates with specificity of vulnerability to produce specific illnesses......Page 154
REFERENCES......Page 155
Why men’s health?......Page 156
Risky behaviour......Page 157
Social roles and health......Page 158
REFERENCES......Page 159
Noise: nature and measurement......Page 161
Stress reactions and cardiovascular disorders......Page 162
Social behaviour......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 164
Pain: a multidimensional perspective......Page 165
Focus on chronic pain......Page 166
Operant conditioning......Page 167
Biopsychosocial model......Page 168
Summary and concluding comments......Page 169
REFERENCES......Page 170
Locus of control and related constructs......Page 172
Altering perceived control......Page 173
REFERENCES......Page 174
The structure of traits......Page 175
The five factors and their relevance to medical practice......Page 176
Openness to experience......Page 177
REFERENCES......Page 178
Physical activity exercise and fitness......Page 179
Physical activity and population health outcomes......Page 180
Theories of physical activity behaviour and their applications......Page 181
Interventions derived from SCT and the TTM......Page 182
Conclusions......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 184
Are placebos effective?......Page 185
Psychological mechanisms underlying the placebo effect......Page 187
Placebo psychotherapy......Page 188
REFERENCES......Page 189
Potential mechanisms linking stress and immune disease......Page 191
Academic stressors......Page 192
Traumatic events......Page 193
Implications and future directions......Page 194
REFERENCES......Page 195
Recent developments......Page 197
Life events and difficulties......Page 198
Psychological consequences of physical illness......Page 199
Conclusion......Page 200
REFERENCES......Page 201
QoL assessment......Page 202
Population studies......Page 203
Response shift......Page 204
REFERENCES......Page 205
Religion and health......Page 206
Other studies of physical health......Page 207
Stress and coping......Page 208
REFERENCES......Page 209
Framing health-risk decisions......Page 211
Estimating the size of risks......Page 212
The design process......Page 213
REFERENCES......Page 214
Self-efficacy in health functioning......Page 215
Impact of prognostic judgements on efficacy beliefs and health outcomes......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 217
Pregnancy-related risk......Page 218
Sexual behaviour risk......Page 219
Gender and power......Page 220
REFERENCES......Page 221
What is sleep?......Page 222
Autonomic nervous system balance......Page 223
Circadian rhythms......Page 224
REFERENCES......Page 225
Conceptualization and measurement of social support......Page 226
Support and recovery from illness......Page 227
Reactivity and inflammatory processes......Page 228
Debates......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 230
Main observations......Page 231
Social selection......Page 232
Behavioural factors......Page 233
Biological factors......Page 234
REFERENCES......Page 235
Stigma......Page 237
REFERENCES......Page 238
Stress and health......Page 239
Theories of stress......Page 240
Links between stress and health......Page 241
Conclusion......Page 242
Introduction......Page 243
Noticing symptoms......Page 244
The influence of emotions......Page 245
REFERENCES......Page 246
Theory of planned behaviour......Page 247
Extensions of the TPB......Page 249
Intervention studies......Page 250
REFERENCES......Page 251
Measures......Page 252
Experimental match–mismatch studies......Page 253
REFERENCES......Page 254
Some conceptual and methodological issues......Page 256
Impact of unemployment on mortality and morbidity......Page 257
Impact of unemployment on biological and behavioural risk factors......Page 258
Impact of job insecurity, downsizing and under-employment......Page 259
REFERENCES......Page 260
Section II Psychological assessment......Page 261
Brain imaging and function......Page 263
Functional neuroimaging......Page 264
REFERENCES......Page 265
Communication assessment......Page 266
Language......Page 267
REFERENCES......Page 268
Overview of the field......Page 269
Coping as a profile......Page 270
Comprehensive coping profiles......Page 271
Conclusion......Page 273
REFERENCES......Page 274
Overview of structured interviews......Page 275
The MINI......Page 276
The SADS......Page 277
Axis II interviews......Page 278
REFERENCES......Page 279
Purposes of assessment......Page 280
Measurement requirements......Page 281
Handicap and participation......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 283
Self-report methods for assessing health cognitions......Page 284
Measuring attitude......Page 285
Measuring self-representations......Page 286
Measuring disposition to act......Page 287
Alternatives to self-report measures......Page 288
REFERENCES......Page 289
Health status assessment......Page 290
REFERENCES......Page 291
Interviews......Page 292
Questionnaires......Page 293
Causal attributions......Page 294
REFERENCES......Page 295
The Intelligence Quotient (IQ)......Page 297
The history of IQ testing......Page 298
Louis Thurstone: primary mental abilities......Page 299
Socially defined racial/ethnic group differences......Page 300
REFERENCES......Page 301
Assessment of mood......Page 302
Depression......Page 303
Content......Page 304
The time frame of mood assessment......Page 305
Acknowledgements......Page 307
REFERENCES......Page 308
Dimensions and level of assessment......Page 311
Approaches to assessment of cognitive functions......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 313
Assessment measures of attention......Page 314
Executive functioning......Page 315
Assessment measures of executive functioning......Page 316
REFERENCES......Page 317
Neuropsychological assessment of learning and memory......Page 318
Defining learning and memory......Page 319
Psychometric assessment......Page 320
Executive functions and ‘frontal lobe’ factors......Page 322
REFERENCES......Page 323
Pain assessment......Page 324
Cognitive and affective measures of the pain experience......Page 325
Functional aspects of pain......Page 326
REFERENCES......Page 327
Overview......Page 328
Purposes of patient satisfaction assessment......Page 329
Patient satisfaction assessment paradigms......Page 330
Risk adjustment......Page 331
REFERENCES......Page 332
Assays of cell numbers......Page 333
Cell activity and lytic capcity......Page 334
B cell activity......Page 335
Delayed-type hypersensitivity......Page 336
REFERENCES......Page 337
Qualitative data......Page 338
Documentary evidence......Page 339
Phenomenological analysis......Page 340
Evaluation......Page 341
REFERENCES......Page 342
Quality of life assessment......Page 343
REFERENCES......Page 344
Measures of enacted support......Page 345
Construct validity for perceived social support......Page 346
Incremental validity......Page 347
Summary and conclusions......Page 348
REFERENCES......Page 349
Overview......Page 350
Measuring appraisal......Page 351
Stress responses......Page 352
REFERENCES......Page 353
Section III Psychological intervention......Page 355
Behaviour therapy......Page 357
REFERENCES......Page 358
The biofeedback technique......Page 359
The growth in the utilization of biofeedback techniques......Page 361
Biofeedback and the placebo effect......Page 362
REFERENCES......Page 363
Defining CBT......Page 364
Defining procedural features of CBT......Page 365
Controversies and developments......Page 366
REFERENCES......Page 367
Community-based interventions......Page 368
Changing social norms......Page 369
Lack of knowledge, distrust and discouragement......Page 370
REFERENCES......Page 371
Introduction......Page 372
Counselling in the medical context......Page 373
Evaluation of counselling......Page 374
REFERENCES......Page 375
The experiential approach......Page 376
Efficacy of group therapy......Page 377
REFERENCES......Page 378
The planning of health promotion......Page 379
Quality of the planning......Page 380
Intervention mapping......Page 381
REFERENCES......Page 382
Trance and the induction of hypnosis......Page 383
The clinical application of hypnosis......Page 384
Specific clinical applications of hypnosis......Page 385
REFERENCES......Page 386
Mode of delivery......Page 387
Evidence on the effectiveness of MI......Page 388
Conclusion......Page 389
REFERENCES......Page 390
Cognition, emotion, social functioning and behaviour are interlinked (the holistic approach)......Page 391
Neuropsychological rehabilitation requires a broad theoretical base......Page 392
REFERENCES......Page 393
Chronic pain as a construct......Page 394
Relaxation and biofeedback......Page 395
Evidence of effectiveness......Page 396
Future developments and conclusions......Page 397
REFERENCES......Page 398
Physical activity and mental health......Page 399
Transtheoretical model......Page 400
REFERENCES......Page 401
Early experience and the internal world......Page 403
The therapeutic frame......Page 404
Research evidence......Page 405
REFERENCES......Page 406
Rationale......Page 407
Behaviour therapies......Page 408
Depression in medically ill older adults......Page 409
Conclusions......Page 410
REFERENCES......Page 411
Progressive relaxation......Page 413
Cognitive techniques......Page 414
Clinical application......Page 415
REFERENCES......Page 416
Theoretical influences......Page 417
Content of self-management interventions......Page 418
Efficacy......Page 419
REFERENCES......Page 420
Rationale for support interventions......Page 421
Who attends and benefits from support groups?......Page 422
The effectiveness of support groups......Page 423
Individual supportive allies......Page 424
REFERENCES......Page 425
Stress management in occupational settings......Page 427
Critical incident stress management (CISM)......Page 428
New approaches to stress management......Page 429
REFERENCES......Page 430
Overview......Page 431
Reach......Page 432
Adoption......Page 433
Using research evidence and theory to aid WHP practice......Page 434
REFERENCES......Page 436
Section IV Healthcare practice......Page 439
Why adherence interventions have had limited effect......Page 441
Operationalizing the salient beliefs influencing treatment adherence: the example of general and specific beliefs about medication......Page 442
Developing complex intervention to facilitate adherence......Page 443
REFERENCES......Page 444
Professional choices about access to health services......Page 445
REFERENCES......Page 446
Guidelines and recommendations......Page 447
The patient’s perspective......Page 448
Summary......Page 449
REFERENCES......Page 450
Consequences of burnout......Page 451
Lack of control......Page 452
Implications for intervention......Page 453
REFERENCES......Page 454
Evaluating probabilistic information through comparisons......Page 455
Informing choices......Page 456
Conclusions......Page 457
REFERENCES......Page 458
Input factors in communication......Page 459
Outcomes of the consultation......Page 460
Communicating with different groups......Page 461
REFERENCES......Page 462
The healthcare system......Page 463
Organizational structure and policies......Page 464
Patient outcomes: satisfaction, involvement in care and improvement......Page 465
Process consultation and continuous quality improvement......Page 466
REFERENCES......Page 467
Development of doctrine of informed consent......Page 468
Voluntariness......Page 469
Psychotherapy......Page 470
Cultural diversity......Page 471
REFERENCES......Page 472
Blazing the trail......Page 473
The block model......Page 474
Comparing theoretical perspectives......Page 475
Opening channels for communication......Page 476
REFERENCES......Page 477
Clinical judgement......Page 478
Communication and understanding of probabilities......Page 480
Ascertaining utilities......Page 481
REFERENCES......Page 482
Introduction......Page 483
Content......Page 484
Process......Page 486
Conclusion......Page 487
REFERENCES......Page 491
The definition of patient-centred healthcare......Page 492
Research on patient-centred healthcare......Page 493
Discussion......Page 494
REFERENCES......Page 495
Iatrogenic disease and patient harm......Page 496
The nature and frequency of adverse events and critical incidents......Page 497
Understanding adverse events......Page 498
Reporting and learning systems......Page 499
REFERENCES......Page 500
The concept of satisfaction......Page 501
Relationship to other outcomes......Page 502
Factors that influence patient satisfaction......Page 503
The measurement of patient satisfaction......Page 504
REFERENCES......Page 505
A conceptual framework for social support......Page 506
Appraisal support......Page 507
Developing psychological support systems......Page 508
Effects of social support......Page 509
REFERENCES......Page 510
Why does reassurance fail?......Page 511
Improving reassurance......Page 512
REFERENCES......Page 513
Offering screening......Page 514
Screening uptake......Page 515
Informed consent, and informed and shared decision making......Page 516
Psychological and behavioural consequences of screening......Page 517
REFERENCES......Page 518
Sleep, fatigue and mental health......Page 520
Pregnancy and reproductive disorders......Page 521
Conclusions......Page 522
REFERENCES......Page 523
Stress......Page 524
Burnout......Page 525
Stress, personality and working conditions......Page 526
Stress-reduction techniques......Page 527
REFERENCES......Page 528
Surgery......Page 529
Physiological responses......Page 530
Surgical stress and postoperative recovery......Page 531
Outcomes......Page 532
REFERENCES......Page 533
Background......Page 534
Needs of undergraduate and postgraduate learners......Page 535
Models of the medical interview......Page 536
Teaching methods/approaches......Page 537
Role-play with simulated patients......Page 538
Conclusion......Page 539
REFERENCES......Page 540
Do written materials address patients’ needs?......Page 541
Is written communication based on psychological theories?......Page 542
How much are patients involved?......Page 543
REFERENCES......Page 544
Part II Medical topics......Page 547
Induced abortions......Page 549
REFERENCES......Page 550
Models of injury control......Page 551
Psychological factors and injury control......Page 552
Introduction......Page 554
The effects of dermatological difference......Page 555
REFERENCES......Page 556
Alcohol abuse......Page 558
Cue exposure......Page 559
Alcoholism: contextual issues......Page 560
Features......Page 561
Medical treatment......Page 562
REFERENCES......Page 563
Diagnosis......Page 564
Behavioural and psychological aspects......Page 565
REFERENCES......Page 566
Mechanisms......Page 567
Treatment......Page 568
REFERENCES......Page 569
Amnesia......Page 570
REFERENCES......Page 571
Phantom limb phenomena......Page 572
Phantom limb pain......Page 573
REFERENCES......Page 574
Task duration and short-term effort......Page 575
Older adults......Page 576
REFERENCES......Page 577
Antenatal care......Page 578
REFERENCES......Page 579
Recovery......Page 580
Psychosocial and emotional adjustment......Page 581
REFERENCES......Page 582
Asthma......Page 583
Learning theory techniques......Page 584
Illness representation approaches......Page 585
REFERENCES......Page 586
Pain and pain responses......Page 587
REFERENCES......Page 588
Blindness and visual disability......Page 589
Blood donation – an overview......Page 591
Increasing the donor pool......Page 592
REFERENCES......Page 593
Parental attitudes to and social and professional support for breastfeeding......Page 594
REFERENCES......Page 595
Body image dissatisfaction and social anxiety......Page 596
Individual differences......Page 597
The future: positive psychology versus a ‘pathologizing’ culture......Page 598
REFERENCES......Page 599
Treatments for breast cancer and their psychological consequences......Page 601
Assessing distress in breast cancer patients......Page 602
REFERENCES......Page 603
Cancer of the upper digestive tract......Page 605
Cancer of the lower digestive tract......Page 606
REFERENCES......Page 607
Diagnosis......Page 608
Radiotherapy......Page 610
Cross-modality problems and efforts to reduce treatment distress......Page 611
Conclusion......Page 612
REFERENCES......Page 613
Survivorship......Page 615
Psychosocial interventions......Page 617
REFERENCES......Page 618
Psychological morbidity......Page 619
Psychological interventions......Page 620
REFERENCES......Page 621
Psychological morbidity......Page 622
Predictors of morbidity......Page 623
REFERENCES......Page 624
Overview......Page 625
Quality of life......Page 626
Behavioural interventions......Page 627
REFERENCES......Page 628
Research evidence......Page 629
REFERENCES......Page 630
Informed decision-making about treatment......Page 631
Conclusions......Page 632
REFERENCES......Page 633
Measuring sun protection......Page 634
Early detection......Page 635
REFERENCES......Page 636
Carotid artery disease and treatment......Page 637
REFERENCES......Page 638
Psychological impact......Page 640
REFERENCES......Page 641
Incidence......Page 643
Safe pregnancy and childbirth (maternity services)......Page 644
Secondary prevention......Page 645
Conclusion......Page 647
REFERENCES......Page 648
Attentional deficits......Page 649
Tuberous sclerosis......Page 650
REFERENCES......Page 651
Diagnosis......Page 653
REFERENCES......Page 654
Psychology and COPD......Page 655
Closing remarks......Page 656
REFERENCES......Page 657
Parent–child relationships......Page 658
Clinical implications......Page 659
REFERENCES......Page 660
Cold, common......Page 661
REFERENCES......Page 662
Popular CAM therapies......Page 663
Looking to the future......Page 664
Introduction......Page 665
Male condom use......Page 666
REFERENCES......Page 667
Behavioural change......Page 668
Consequences of emotional distress......Page 669
REFERENCES......Page 670
Depression......Page 672
Psychosocial interventions......Page 673
Psychological interventions......Page 674
The current state of behavioural cardiology/cardiac psychology......Page 675
REFERENCES......Page 676
Quality of life and mood......Page 678
REFERENCES......Page 679
Content......Page 680
Adjunctive psychological treatments......Page 681
REFERENCES......Page 682
Psychological responses to cardiac surgery......Page 683
Factors associated with neuropsychological dysfunction......Page 684
REFERENCES......Page 685
The disease......Page 686
Treatment burden and adherence......Page 687
REFERENCES......Page 688
Psychological profile of people with acquired hearing loss......Page 689
Psychological treatment approaches......Page 690
Dementias......Page 691
Discriminating dementia from geriatric depression......Page 692
Treatment......Page 693
Introduction......Page 694
Facilitating diabetes consultations......Page 695
Conclusion......Page 696
REFERENCES......Page 697
Domestic violence, intimate partner violence and wife battering......Page 698
Drug dependency: benzodiazepines......Page 699
Recreational benzodiazepine abuse......Page 700
Management of dependence: benzodiazepine withdrawal......Page 701
REFERENCES......Page 702
Psychological treatments......Page 703
Pharmacotherapies......Page 704
Treatment outcome......Page 705
REFERENCES......Page 706
Other effects......Page 707
REFERENCES......Page 708
Alcohol......Page 709
Antidepressants......Page 710
REFERENCES......Page 711
Surface dyslexia......Page 712
REFERENCES......Page 713
Aetiology of eating disorders......Page 714
Treatment of eating disorders......Page 715
REFERENCES......Page 716
Introduction: prevalence and prognosis......Page 717
Medical treatment......Page 718
Acknowledgements......Page 719
Hypothyroidism......Page 720
Diabetes mellitus......Page 721
REFERENCES......Page 722
Causation......Page 724
Treatment......Page 725
Definition, prevalence and incidence......Page 726
Professional care......Page 727
REFERENCES......Page 728
Psychoneuroimmunology and elevated Epstein–Barr virus titres......Page 729
Infectious mononucleosis as a risk factor for the development of chronic fatigue syndrome......Page 730
REFERENCES......Page 731
Factors playing a part in adjustment......Page 732
Conclusion......Page 733
REFERENCES......Page 734
Screening and diagnosis......Page 735
Non-routine assessment of fetal health......Page 736
REFERENCES......Page 737
Gastric and duodenal ulcers......Page 738
Stress mechanisms......Page 739
Definition......Page 740
REFERENCES......Page 741
Treatment of haemophilia......Page 742
Psychosocial problems of haemophilia......Page 743
Head injury......Page 744
Neuropsychological......Page 745
Neuroimaging......Page 746
REFERENCES......Page 747
Pathophysiology......Page 748
Applied psychophysiology......Page 749
REFERENCES......Page 750
Psychological effects......Page 751
REFERENCES......Page 752
A revolution with HAART......Page 753
Psychosocial adjustment to HIV/AIDS......Page 754
REFERENCES......Page 755
Physical and psychological symptoms of menopause......Page 756
Embodied experience......Page 757
REFERENCES......Page 758
Hospital acquired infection......Page 760
REFERENCES......Page 761
Huntington’s disease......Page 762
Hyperactivity......Page 764
Hypertension......Page 766
Psychological and behavioural interventions aimed at prevention and reduction of hypertension......Page 767
REFERENCES......Page 768
Quality of life......Page 769
REFERENCES......Page 770
Symptoms and diagnosis......Page 771
REFERENCES......Page 772
Psychosocial impact of hysterectomy......Page 773
REFERENCES......Page 774
Stress and immunization......Page 775
Conclusions and clinical implications......Page 776
REFERENCES......Page 777
Incontinence......Page 778
REFERENCES......Page 779
Behavioural and psychological factors in the aetiology of infertility......Page 780
Directions for research and application......Page 781
REFERENCES......Page 782
Interventions......Page 783
Overview......Page 784
For ICU treatment......Page 785
REFERENCES......Page 786
Patient factors......Page 787
REFERENCES......Page 788
Irritable bowel syndrome......Page 789
Treating IBS......Page 790
REFERENCES......Page 791
Psychosocial issues......Page 792
Evidence base......Page 793
REFERENCES......Page 794
Early studies......Page 795
Impairments associated with other manifestations of falciperum malaria......Page 796
REFERENCES......Page 797
Mastalgia aetiology......Page 798
Non-hormonal options......Page 799
Overview......Page 800
Research evidence and clinical implications......Page 801
REFERENCES......Page 802
Menopause and postmenopause......Page 803
REFERENCES......Page 804
Parental attitudes......Page 805
Conclusion......Page 806
REFERENCES......Page 807
Mood......Page 808
REFERENCES......Page 809
Emotional responses......Page 810
Caregivers......Page 811
REFERENCES......Page 812
Myasthenia gravis......Page 813
Neurofibromatosis......Page 814
REFERENCES......Page 816
Musculoskeletal disorders......Page 817
Management......Page 818
REFERENCES......Page 819
Aetiology: the toxic environment......Page 821
Overcoming obesity: the tension between treatment and prevention......Page 822
Conclusion......Page 823
REFERENCES......Page 824
Psychological approaches in oral care......Page 825
REFERENCES......Page 826
Epidemiology of osteoarthritis......Page 827
Psycho-educational interventions......Page 828
REFERENCES......Page 829
Osteoporosis......Page 831
REFERENCES......Page 832
Psychiatric problems and psychosocial functioning......Page 833
REFERENCES......Page 834
Risk factors......Page 835
Treatments......Page 836
REFERENCES......Page 837
Post-traumatic stress disorder......Page 838
Disasters......Page 839
Predictors of PTSD......Page 840
REFERENCES......Page 841
Vulnerability factors and precipitants......Page 844
Healthcare systems......Page 845
REFERENCES......Page 846
Early childhood mortality......Page 847
Psychosocial factors: life events and social support......Page 848
Behavioural factors: smoking......Page 849
REFERENCES......Page 850
Survival rates......Page 851
Language development......Page 852
REFERENCES......Page 853
Premenstrual syndrome......Page 854
A material–discursive–intrapsychic model of premenstrual distress......Page 855
REFERENCES......Page 856
Psoriasis......Page 857
REFERENCES......Page 859
Incidence of psychosocial problems......Page 860
Counselling and psychotherapy interventions......Page 861
REFERENCES......Page 862
Rape and sexual assault......Page 863
REFERENCES......Page 864
Treatment decision-making......Page 865
The benefits of surgery......Page 866
REFERENCES......Page 867
Psychological problems and quality of life......Page 868
REFERENCES......Page 869
Personality......Page 870
Muscle tension and co-contraction......Page 871
REFERENCES......Page 872
Rheumatoid arthritis......Page 874
REFERENCES......Page 875
Violations......Page 876
REFERENCES......Page 877
Screening Choices......Page 878
Choices about diagnostic tests......Page 879
REFERENCES......Page 880
Screening: cancer......Page 881
Understanding screening......Page 882
Conclusions and questions to ask......Page 883
REFERENCES......Page 884
Response to information about increased risk......Page 885
Response to information about minimal risk......Page 886
REFERENCES......Page 887
Screening: genetic......Page 888
Cognitions......Page 889
Demographic and individual differences......Page 890
Emotional outcomes......Page 891
REFERENCES......Page 892
Self-examination in practice......Page 894
REFERENCES......Page 895
Assessment and treatment......Page 896
REFERENCES......Page 897
Stress and recurrence of infection......Page 899
REFERENCES......Page 900
Genetic testing and screening......Page 901
Hospital pain management......Page 902
REFERENCES......Page 903
Vulnerability to stress......Page 904
Relaxation training and guided imagery......Page 905
REFERENCES......Page 906
Introduction......Page 907
Daytime consequences of nocturnal events......Page 908
REFERENCES......Page 909
Epidemiology and diagnostic criteria......Page 911
Treatment......Page 912
Spina bifida......Page 913
Impact on the family......Page 914
REFERENCES......Page 915
Psychological reactions......Page 916
Coping......Page 917
REFERENCES......Page 918
Sterilization and vasectomy......Page 919
Post-sterilization regret......Page 920
Definitions, epidemiology and impact......Page 921
Families and carers......Page 922
Working with families and carers......Page 923
REFERENCES......Page 924
The development of stuttering......Page 925
Psychological approaches......Page 926
REFERENCES......Page 927
Psychiatric disorder......Page 928
REFERENCES......Page 929
Explaining the severity......Page 930
REFERENCES......Page 931
Health effects of tobacco use......Page 932
Why people use tobacco......Page 933
Stopping smoking......Page 934
REFERENCES......Page 935
Methodological issues......Page 936
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)......Page 937
REFERENCES......Page 938
Transplantation......Page 939
REFERENCES......Page 941
Aetiology......Page 943
Treatment & self-management......Page 944
Vertigo and dizziness......Page 945
Influence of affect, cognitions and arousal......Page 946
REFERENCES......Page 947
Squint......Page 948
REFERENCES......Page 949
Management and treatment......Page 950
Volatile substance abuse......Page 951
Measurement of nausea and vomiting......Page 953
Psychological assessment and interventions......Page 954
REFERENCES......Page 955
Index......Page 957