Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science

Cover\n......Page 1
Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
List of Tables......Page 10
List of Figures......Page 11
Contributors......Page 13
Acknowledgments......Page 15
INTRODUCTION......Page 17
CHAPTER 1 Experimentation in Political Science......Page 19
1. The Evolution and Influence of Experiments in Political Science......Page 20
2. Diversity of Applications......Page 21
3. Diversity of Experimental Methods......Page 22
4. The Volume......Page 24
References......Page 25
Part I DESIGNING EXPERIMENTS......Page 29
1. What Is an Experiment?......Page 31
2. Random Assignment or Random Sampling?......Page 33
3. Internal and External Validity......Page 34
4. Documenting and Reporting Relationships......Page 36
5. Ethics and Natural Experiments......Page 37
6. Conclusion......Page 38
Appendix: Introduction to the Neyman-Rubin Causal Model......Page 39
Noncompliance......Page 40
References......Page 41
CHAPTER 3 Internal and External Validity......Page 43
1. Internal Validity......Page 44
Comparisons with Experimental Economics......Page 45
Threats to Internal Validity......Page 46
2. External Validity......Page 50
Threats to External Validity......Page 51
Ways to Improve......Page 53
3. Balance between Internal and External Validity......Page 54
References......Page 55
1. The “Problem” of Using Student Subjects......Page 57
Dimensions of External Validity......Page 58
Evaluating External Validity......Page 60
2. Statistical Framework......Page 61
3. Contrasting Student Samples with Other Samples......Page 66
4. Conclusion......Page 69
References......Page 71
CHAPTER 5 Economics versus Psychology Experiments: Stylization, Incentives, and Deception......Page 74
Logic of Stylization......Page 75
Limits of Stylization......Page 76
2. Use of Monetary Incentives......Page 77
Monetary Incentives as a Means of Controlling for Preferences......Page 78
Does the Scale of Monetary Incentives Matter?......Page 79
Potential Problems with Use of Monetary Incentives......Page 80
Lack of Deception in Experimental Economics......Page 81
Use of Deception in Experimental Political Psychology......Page 83
References......Page 84
Part II THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE......Page 87
CHAPTER 6 Laboratory Experiments in Political Science......Page 89
1. Causal Inference: The Strength of Experiments......Page 91
Racial Cues in Local News Coverage of Crime......Page 94
Facial Similarity as a Political Cue......Page 95
Mundane Realism......Page 97
Sampling Bias......Page 98
Expanding the Pool of Online Participants......Page 99
Sampling from Online Research Panels......Page 100
3. Conclusion......Page 101
References......Page 102
CHAPTER 7 Experiments and Game Theory’s Value to Political Science......Page 105
1. Cooperative Game Theory and Experiments......Page 107
Coalition Formation......Page 108
Voter Competence......Page 110
Jury Decision Making......Page 112
Contributions to Other Fields......Page 114
3. Conclusion......Page 115
References......Page 116
1. Logic of Discovery......Page 118
Manipulative Designs......Page 122
Permissive Designs......Page 123
Facilitative Designs......Page 124
3. Experimental Treatments and Political Predispositions......Page 125
The Null Hypothesis......Page 126
Survey Experiments and Counterfactual Conditionals: Majorities and Counter-Majorities under the Same Equilibrium Conditions......Page 127
4. A Final View......Page 128
References......Page 129
1. Definition......Page 131
Development of Field Experimentation in Political Science......Page 133
3. How Do Experiments Address Problems in Prior Research?......Page 137
4. Development and Diffusion of Field Experiments in Political Science......Page 140
5. Frequently Asked Questions......Page 142
Are Field Experiments Ethical?......Page 145
What about Treatment “Spillover” Effects?......Page 146
Unbiased Estimates. . .of What?......Page 147
Publication Process: Publication Bias, Proprietary Research, Replication......Page 149
7. Conclusion......Page 150
References......Page 151
Part III DECISION MAKING......Page 155
Defining Attitudes......Page 157
1. Measuring Attitudes......Page 158
2. Observational Research Designs......Page 160
3. Experimental Designs......Page 163
Weaknesses of Experimental Designs......Page 164
4. Findings from Experimental Attitude Change Research......Page 165
5. Recommendations for Future Research......Page 167
References......Page 168
CHAPTER 11 Conscious and Unconscious Information Processing with Implications for Experimental Political Science......Page 171
1. Conscious and Unconscious Processing in the Political Domain......Page 172
Online Information Processing......Page 173
2. Implicit Attitudes......Page 174
Unconsciously Presented or Unnoticed Stimuli......Page 180
3. Conclusion: The Unconscious Mind in a Conscious World......Page 182
References......Page 183
CHAPTER 12 Political Knowledge......Page 187
1. Experiments on Properties of Survey-Based Knowledge Measures......Page 188
2. When Do Citizens Need to Know the Facts?......Page 193
3. Conclusions......Page 197
References......Page 198
Part IV VOTE CHOICE, CANDIDATE EVALUATIONS, AND TURNOUT......Page 201
1. Clarification of Basic Concepts......Page 203
2. Shortcomings of Observational Studies......Page 204
3. Principal Characteristics of Experiments on Candidate Impressions and Evaluations......Page 205
4. Content of Candidate Impressions......Page 206
5. Cognitive Process Models of Candidate Evaluation......Page 209
6. Considering the Impact of Strategic Candidate Behaviors......Page 211
References......Page 213
CHAPTER 14 Media and Politics......Page 217
News......Page 219
New Media......Page 220
Priming and Agenda Setting......Page 221
3. Message Processing......Page 223
4. External Validity......Page 224
References......Page 227
CHAPTER 15 Candidate Advertisements......Page 230
1. Methodological Difficulties in Studying Real Campaigns through Observational Methods......Page 231
2. Negative Ads and the Likelihood of Voting......Page 234
3. Negative Ads and Candidate Evaluation/Vote Choice......Page 236
4. Competing Messages......Page 237
Real Candidates or Mock Candidates?......Page 238
College Sophomores versus Real People as Subjects?......Page 239
7. Conclusion......Page 240
References......Page 242
1. Observational Studies......Page 244
Pioneering Experiments......Page 245
Extensions to the First Experiments......Page 246
2. Problems Facing Field Experiments: Implementation......Page 248
3. Problems Facing Field Experiments: External Validity......Page 250
4. Problems Facing Field Experiments: Ethical Concerns......Page 251
5. Future Directions......Page 252
References......Page 254
Part V INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS......Page 257
CHAPTER 17 Trust and Social Exchange......Page 259
1. A Framework for Interpersonal Trust......Page 260
2. The Trust Game......Page 261
Methodological Issues......Page 262
Individual Characteristics......Page 263
4. Trust and Stereotypes......Page 264
5. Cross-Cultural Trust......Page 266
6. Trust and Institutions......Page 267
References......Page 269
CHAPTER 18 An Experimental Approach to Citizen Deliberation......Page 274
1. The Substantive Issues: Independent and Dependent Variables......Page 275
2. The Role of Experiments......Page 276
3. Some Helpful Examples......Page 278
4. Challenges......Page 283
References......Page 285
Cross-Sections......Page 289
Panels......Page 290
Network Analysis......Page 291
Randomly Constructed Network......Page 292
Small Groups......Page 293
Logistical and Ethical Concerns......Page 294
External Shocks to the Network......Page 297
Randomizing the Network Itself......Page 298
4. Conclusion......Page 299
References......Page 300
Part VI IDENTITY ETHNICITY, AND POLITICS......Page 303
CHAPTER 20 Candidate Gender and Experimental Political Science......Page 305
1. Gender Bias and Gender Stereotypes......Page 306
2. Type and Level of Elective Office......Page 308
3. Gendered Media Effects......Page 309
4. The Intersection of Gender and Party......Page 310
5. Future Directions......Page 311
6. Conclusion......Page 312
References......Page 313
CHAPTER 21 Racial Identity and Experimental Methodology......Page 315
2. Racial Identity in Political Behavior Research......Page 316
4. Experimental Opportunity......Page 319
References......Page 321
1. The Study of Prejudice in the Political Science Literature......Page 322
Racial Policy Preferences......Page 323
Nonracial Policy Preferences......Page 327
Experiments and Prejudice beyond the Black–White Divide in the United States......Page 328
2. Prejudice and Candidate Choice......Page 329
References......Page 333
1. Racial Priming......Page 336
Priming Racial Considerations among Blacks......Page 337
The Media\'s Crime Beat......Page 338
2. Attitude Change......Page 339
3. Racial Cues and Heuristics......Page 340
4. Political Mobilization: Get Out the Vote......Page 342
Generalizing from a Single Study......Page 344
Importance of Pre-Testing Measures......Page 345
Adding Realism through Competition and Over-Time Designs......Page 346
Integrating Theory and Design......Page 347
6. Conclusion......Page 348
References......Page 349
Part VII INSTITUTIONS AND BEHAVIOR......Page 353
CHAPTER 24 Experimental Contributions to Collective Action Theory......Page 355
1. Cooperation in the Prisoner\'s Dilemma......Page 356
2. Public Goods Experiments......Page 357
Communication......Page 358
Leadership......Page 360
3. Common Pool Resource Experiments......Page 361
Sanctioning......Page 362
4. Bringing the Lab to the Field......Page 363
Ethnic Diversity and the Mechanisms of Public Goods Provision......Page 364
Some Considerations......Page 365
References......Page 366
Limitations of Field Work on Legislative Instability......Page 369
Early Spatial Experiments: Fiorina and Plott......Page 370
Forward and Backward Agendas......Page 372
2. Preference-Based Constraints on Majority Rule Instability......Page 374
The Uncovered Set......Page 375
Testing the Uncovered Set......Page 376
The McKelvey Challenge: Endogenous Agendas in Legislatures......Page 379
Fairness and Other Nonordinal Considerations......Page 380
References......Page 382
CHAPTER 26 Electoral Systems and Strategic Voting (Laboratory Election Experiments)......Page 385
1. Methodology......Page 387
Tests of the Median Voter Theorem......Page 388
Models of Candidate Divergence......Page 389
Strategic Voting and Coordination in Three-Candidate Elections......Page 391
Sequential Voting......Page 392
Turnout Experiments......Page 394
3. Conclusion......Page 396
References......Page 398
CHAPTER 27 Experimental Research on Democracy and Development......Page 400
1. Field Experiments in Collaboration with Nongovernmental Organizations......Page 401
3. Natural Experiments......Page 403
4. Lab and Lab-in-the-Field Experiments......Page 404
Internal Validity......Page 405
External Validity......Page 407
On the Ethics of Getting Involved in Elections......Page 409
6. Concluding Remarks......Page 410
References......Page 411
Part VIII ELITE BARGAINING......Page 413
CHAPTER 28 Coalition Experiments......Page 415
1. Baron-Ferejohn Model......Page 416
2. Testing the Baron-Ferejohn Model......Page 417
3. Alternative Bargaining Protocols......Page 420
4. Context-Rich Experiments......Page 422
5. Comments on Context-Rich Experiments......Page 424
References......Page 426
The Context......Page 429
1. The Experimental Method......Page 430
Offer Strategies......Page 431
The Bargaining Environment......Page 432
3. Integrative Bargaining......Page 433
Integrative Strategies......Page 434
Problem-Solving Orientation......Page 435
Problem Solving in Situ......Page 436
4. Capturing Complexity in the Laboratory......Page 437
Situational Levers......Page 438
Electronic Mediation......Page 439
5. Comparing Simulations with Cases......Page 440
6. Conclusion: Experiments as Value-Added Knowledge......Page 441
References......Page 442
CHAPTER 30 The Experiment and Foreign Policy Decision Making......Page 446
1. Predispositions, Preferences, and Decisions......Page 447
2. Frames and Expectations......Page 450
3. Aggregating Individual Preferences into Government Decisions......Page 452
4. In Conclusion......Page 455
References......Page 456
Part IX ADVANCED EXPERIMENTAL METHODS......Page 459
CHAPTER 31 Treatment Effects......Page 461
1. Importance of Distributions to the Study of Treatment Heterogeneity......Page 462
2. Measured and Unmeasured Noncompliance and Treatment Effects......Page 463
3. Pre-Treatment and Treatment Effects......Page 466
4. Self-Selection as a Moderator of Treatment Effects......Page 467
5. Ecological Heterogeneity in Treatment Effects......Page 469
6. Beyond Internal and External Validity......Page 471
7. Conclusion......Page 472
References......Page 473
1. What Is a Manifest Effect?......Page 475
COVARIATES ALLOW PRECISION ENHANCEMENT......Page 476
Randomization Is the Primary Basis for Statistical Inference in Experiments......Page 477
2. Strategies for Enhancing Precision before Assignment......Page 478
An Example by Simulation......Page 479
One Graphical Mode of Assessment......Page 481
Understanding p Values in Balance Tests......Page 483
4. Covariates Allow Adjustment for Random Imbalance......Page 484
Linear Models Enable Adjustment but May Mislead the Unwary......Page 485
What Does It Mean to Say That an Estimate has been “Adjusted” for the “Covariance” of Other Variables?......Page 487
Randomization Alone Can Justify Statistical Inference Covariance-Adjusted Quantities......Page 490
5. The More You Know, the More You Know......Page 493
References......Page 495
CHAPTER 33 Design and Analysis of Experiments in Multilevel Populations......Page 497
1. Spillovers, Models of Diffusion, and the Reflection Problem......Page 498
3. Intent-to-Treat Effect......Page 500
4. Identifying a Multilevel Context......Page 501
5. Designing a Multilevel Experiment......Page 503
6. Empirical Tests of Spillovers and Estimation of the Intent-to-Treat Effect......Page 505
8. Recommendations for Experimental Design and Future Research......Page 506
CHAPTER 34 Analyzing the Downstream Effects of Randomized Experiments......Page 510
1. Extending the Benefits of Randomized Experiments......Page 511
Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effect......Page 512
3. Downstream Analysis in Practice......Page 516
Methodological Challenges......Page 518
Practical Challenges......Page 519
Ethical Challenges......Page 520
References......Page 521
CHAPTER 35 Mediation Analysis Is Harder Than It Looks......Page 524
2. Nonexperimental Mediation Analyses Are Prone to Bias......Page 525
3. Experimental Methods of Mediation Analysis......Page 528
4. Three Limitations of Experimental Mediation Analysis......Page 530
5. An Agenda for Mediation Analysis......Page 532
6. Defenses of Conventional Practice......Page 533
7. Conclusion......Page 534
References......Page 535
AFTERWORD......Page 539
CHAPTER 36 Campbell’s Ghost......Page 541
Name Index......Page 547
Subject Index......Page 564