C22.1-18 Canadian Electrical Code, Part I - Safety Standard for Electrical Installations

C22.1-18, Canadian Electrical Code, Part I
Standards Update Service
Committee on Canadian Electrical Code, Part I
Regulatory Authority Committee
Executive Committee
National Building Code/Canadian Electrical Code Liaison Committee
Section Subcommittees
Preface
Metric units
Conduit sizes
Reference publications
Section 0 — Object, scope, and definitions
	Object
	Scope
	Definitions
Section 2 — General Rules
	Administrative
	Technical
	General
	Protection of persons and property
	Maintenance and operation
	Enclosures
Section 4 — Conductors
Section 6 — Services and service equipment
	Scope
	General
	Control and protective equipment
	Wiring methods
	Metering equipment
Section 8 — Circuit loading and demand factors
	Scope
	General
	Calculated load for services and feeders
	Branch circuits
	Heater receptacles for vehicles powered by flammable or combustible fuels
	Electric vehicle energy management systems
Section 10 — Grounding and bonding
	Scope, object, and special terminology
	Grounding
	Grounding — General
	Solidly grounded systems
	Impedance grounded systems
	Ungrounded systems
	Bonding
	Bonding — General
	Equipment bonding
	Equipotential bonding
Section 12 — Wiring methods
	Scope
	General requirements
	Conductors
	General
	Open wiring
	Exposed wiring on exteriors of buildings and between buildings on the same premises
	Flexible cables
	Non-metallic-sheathed cable
	Armoured cable
	Mineral-insulated cable, aluminum-sheathed cable, and copper-sheathed cable
	Flat conductor cable Type FCC
	Raceways
	General
	Rigid and flexible metal conduit
	Rigid PVC conduit
	Rigid Types EB1 and DB2/ES2 PVC conduit
	Rigid RTRC conduit
	High-density polyethylene (HDPE) conduit and HDPE conductors-in-conduit
	Liquid-tight flexible conduit
	Electrical metallic tubing
	Electrical non-metallic tubing
	Surface raceways
	Underfloor raceways
	Cellular floors
	Auxiliary gutters
	Busways and splitters
	Wireways
	Cable trays
	Cablebus
	Extra-low-voltage suspended ceiling power distribution systems
	Manufactured wiring systems
	Bare busbars and risers
	Installation of boxes, cabinets, outlets, and terminal fittings
Section 14 — Protection and control
	Scope
	General requirements
	Protective devices
	General
	Fuses
	Circuit breakers
	Control devices
	General
	Switches
	Protection and control of miscellaneous apparatus
	Solid-state devices
Section 16 — Class 1 and Class 2 circuits
	General
	Class 1 circuits
	Class 2 circuits
	Class 2 power and data communication circuits
Section 18 — Hazardous locations
	Scope and introduction
	General
	Explosive gas atmospheres
	Installations in Zone 0 locations
	Installations in Zone 1 locations
	Installations in Zone 2 locations
	Explosive dust atmospheres
	Installations in Zone 20 locations
	Installations in Zone 21 locations
	Installations in Zone 22 locations
Section 20 — Flammable liquid and gasoline dispensing, service stations, garages, bulk storage plants, finishing processes, and aircraft hangars
	Gasoline dispensing and service stations
	Propane dispensing, container filling, and storage
	Compressed natural gas refuelling stations, compressors, and storage facilities
	Commercial repair garages
	Bulk storage plants
	Finishing processes
	Aircraft hangars
Section 22 — Locations in which corrosive liquids, vapours, or excessive moisture are likely to be present
	General
	Equipment
	Wiring
	Drainage, sealing, and exclusion of moisture and corrosive vapour
	Circuit control
	Materials
	Bonding
	Sewage lift and treatment plants
Section 24 — Patient care areas
	Patient care areas
	Isolated systems
	Essential electrical systems
Section 26 — Installation of electrical equipment
	General
	Isolating switches
	Circuit breakers
	Fuses and fusible equipment
	Capacitors
	Transformers
	Fences
	Electrical equipment vaults
	Cellulose nitrate film storage
	Lightning arresters
	Low-voltage surge protective devices
	Storage batteries
	Resistance devices
	Panelboards
	Branch circuits
	Receptacles
	Receptacles for residential occupancies
	Electric heating and cooking appliances
	Heating equipment
	Pipe organs
	Submersible pumps
	Data processing
Section 28 — Motors and generators
	Scope
	General
	Wiring methods
	Overcurrent protection
	Overload and overheating protection
	Undervoltage protection
	Control
	Disconnecting means
	Refrigerant motor-compressors
	Multi-winding and part-winding-start motors
	Protection and control of generators
Section 30 — Installation of lighting equipment
	General
	Location of lighting equipment
	Installation of lighting equipment
	Wiring of lighting equipment
	Luminaires in buildings of residential occupancy
	Lampholders
	Electric-discharge lighting systems operating at 1000 V or less
	Electric-discharge lighting systems operating at more than 1000 V
	Recessed luminaires
	Permanent outdoor floodlighting installations
	Exposed wiring for permanent outdoor lighting
	Extra-low-voltage lighting systems
Section 32 —  Fire alarm systems, smoke and carbon monoxide alarms, and fire pumps
	Fire alarm systems
	Smoke and carbon monoxide alarms
	Fire pumps
Section 34 — Signs and outline lighting
	General requirements
	Enclosures
	Neon supplies
	Wiring methods
Section 36 — High-voltage installations
	General
	Wiring methods
	Control and protective equipment
	Grounding and bonding
Section 38 — Elevators, dumbwaiters, material lifts, escalators, moving walks, lifts for persons with physical disabilities, and similar equipment
	Elevators
	Escalators
	Lifts for persons with physical disabilities
Section 40 —  Electric cranes and hoists
Section 42 — Electric welders
	General
	Transformer arc welders
	Motor-generator arc welders
	Resistance welders
Section 44 — Theatre installations
	Scope
	General
	Fixed stage switchboards
	Portable switchboards on stage
	Fixed stage equipment
	Portable stage equipment
Section 46 — Emergency power supply, unit equipment, exit signs, and life safety systems
	General
	Emergency power supply
	Unit equipment
	Exit signs
Section 52 — Diagnostic imaging installations
Section 54 — Community antenna distribution and radio and television installations
	Community antenna distribution
	Protection
	Grounding
	Conductors within buildings
	Equipment
	Conductors outside buildings
	Underground circuits
	Receiving equipment and amateur transmitting equipment
	Grounding for receiving equipment and amateur transmitting equipment
	Transmitting stations
Section 56 — Optical fiber cables
	Scope
	General
	Installation methods
Section 58 —  Passenger ropeways and similar equipment
	Scope
	General
	General requirements
	Conductors
	Wiring methods
	Protection and control
	Branch circuits
	Regenerative power
Section 60 — Electrical communication systems
	Scope
	General
	Protection
	Inside conductors
	Equipment
	Outside conductors
	Underground circuits
	Grounding
Section 62 — Fixed electric heating systems
	Scope
	General
	Electric space-heating systems
	Electric surface heating systems
	Other heating systems
Section 64 — Renewable energy systems
	General
	Inverters
	Solar photovoltaic systems
	Small wind systems
	Large wind systems
	Micro-hydropower systems
	Hydrokinetic power systems
	Stationary fuel cell systems
	Storage batteries
Section 66 — Amusement parks, midways, carnivals, film and TV sets, TV remote broadcasting locations, and travelling shows
	Scope and application
	General
	Grounding
	Services and distribution
	Wiring methods and equipment
	Single-conductor cables
	Motors
Section 68 — Pools, tubs, and spas
	Scope
	General
	Permanently installed swimming pools
	Storable swimming pools
	Hydromassage bathtubs
	Spas and hot tubs
Section 70 — Electrical requirements for factory-built relocatable structures and non-relocatable structures
	Scope
	Relocatable structures
	Non-relocatable structures (factory-built)
Section 72 — Mobile home and recreational vehicle parks
	Scope and application
	General
Section 74 — Airport installations
Section 76 — Temporary wiring
Section 78 — Marine wharves, docking facilities, fixed and floating piers, and boathouses
	General
	Marine wharves, fixed and floating piers, and docking facilities
Section 80 — Cathodic protection
Section 82 — Deleted
Section 84 — Interconnection of electric power production sources
Section 86 — Electric vehicle charging systems
	Scope
	General
	Equipment
	Control and protection
	Electric vehicle supply equipment locations
Tables
	Table 1 — Allowable ampacities for single copper conductors, bare, covered, or insulated, rated not more than 5000 V and unshielded, in free air (based on an ambient temperature of 30 °C*)
	Table 2 — Allowable ampacities for not more than three insulated copper conductors,rated not more than 5000 V and unshielded, in raceway or cable(based on an ambient temperature of 30 °C*)
	Table 3 — Allowable ampacities for single aluminum conductors, bare, covered, or insulated, rated not more than 5000 V and unshielded, in free air (based on an ambient temperature of 30 °C*)
	Table 4 — Allowable ampacities for not more than three insulated aluminum conductors, rated not more than 5000 V and unshielded, in raceway or cable(based on an ambient temperature of 30 °C*)
	Table 5A — Correction factors applying to Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 60 (ampacitycorrection factors for ambient temperatures above 30 °C)
	Table 5B — Correction factors for Tables 1 and 3 (where from two to four singleinsulated conductors are present and spaced less than25% of the largest cable diameter)
	Table 5C — Ampacity correction factors for Tables 2 and 4
	Table 5D — Current rating correction factors where spacings are maintained(in ventilated and ladder-type cable trays)
	Table 6 — Deleted
	Table 6A — Maximum number of 600 V thermoset insulated conductors without a jacket, Types R90, RW75,RW90, and RPV90, of one size in trade sizes of conduit or tubing
	Table 6B — Maximum number of 1000 V thermoset insulated conductors without a jacket, Types R90, RW75,RW90, and RPV90, of one size in trade sizes of conduit or tubing
	Table 6C — Maximum number of 600 V thermoset insulated conductors with a jacket, Types RW75, RW90,R90, and RPV90, of one size in trade sizes of conduit or tubing
	Table 6D — Maximum number of underground cables, Types RWU90 (1000 V), TWU (600 V), and TWU75(600 V), of one size in trade sizes of conduit or tubing
	Table 6E — Maximum number of 1000 V and 2000 V thermoset cables without a jacket, Type RPVU90, of onesize in trade sizes of conduit or tubing
	Table 6F — Maximum number of 1000 V and 2000 V thermoset cables with a jacket, Type RPVU90, of one sizein trade sizes of conduit or tubing
	Table 6G — Maximum number of 2000 V thermoset insulated conductors without a jacket, Type RPV90, of onesize in trade sizes of conduit or tubing
	Table 6H — Maximum number of 1000 V thermoset insulated conductors with a jacket, Type RPV90, of onesize in trade sizes of conduit or tubing
	Table 6I — Maximum number of 2000 V thermoset insulated conductors with a jacket, Type RPV90, of onesize in trade sizes of conduit or tubing
	Table 6J — Maximum number of 600 V thermoplastic insulated conductors, Types TW and TW75, of one sizein trade sizes of conduit or tubing
	Table 6K — Maximum number of 600 V thermoplastic insulated conductors, Types TWN75 and T90 NYLON, ofone size in trade sizes of conduit or tubing
	Table 7 — Radius of conduit or tubing bends
	Table 8 — Maximum allowable per cent conduit and tubing fill
	Table 9 — Deleted
	Table 9A — Cross-sectional areas of rigid metal conduit
	Table 9B — Cross-sectional areas of flexible metal conduit
	Table 9C — Cross-sectional areas of rigid PVC conduit
	Table 9D — Cross-sectional areas of rigid Type EB1 PVC conduit and rigid Type DB2/ES2 PVC conduit
	Table 9E — Cross-sectional areas of rigid RTRC conduit marked IPS
	Table 9F — Cross-sectional areas of rigid RTRC conduit marked ID
	Table 9G — Cross-sectional areas of liquid-tight flexible metal conduit
	Table 9H — Cross-sectional areas of non-metallic liquid-tight flexible conduit
	Table 9I — Cross-sectional areas of electrical metallic tubing
	Table 9J — Cross-sectional areas of electrical non-metallic tubing
	Table 9K — Cross-sectional areas of HDPE conduit Schedule 40
	Table 9L — Cross-sectional areas of HDPE conduit Schedule 80
	Table 9M — Cross-sectional areas of HDPE DR9 conduit
	Table 9N — Cross-sectional areas of HDPE DR11 conduit
	Table 9O — Cross-sectional areas of HDPE DR13.5 conduit
	Table 9P — Cross-sectional areas of HDPE DR15.5 conduit
	Table 10A — Dimensions of stranded insulated conductors for calculating conduit and tubing fill
	Table 10B — Dimensions of photovoltaic insulated conductors and cable for calculating conduit and tubingfill
	Table 10C — Dimensions of solid insulated conductors for calculating conduit and tubing fill
	Table 10D — Dimensions of DLO cable for calculating conduit and tubing fill
	Table 11 — Conditions of use, voltage, and temperature ratings of flexible cords, heater cords, tinsel cords,equipment wires, Christmas-tree cords, portable power cables, elevator cables, stage lighting,electric vehicle supply equipment cables, and festoon cables
	Table 12 — Allowable ampacity of flexible insulated copper conductor cord and equipment wire (based on anambient temperature of 30 °C)
	Table 12A — Allowable ampacities for portable insulated copper conductor power cables (amperes perinsulated conductor)
	Table 12B — Temperature correction factor
	Table 12C — Conductor insulation rating correction factor
	Table 12D — Layering correction factor
	Table 12E — Allowable ampacities for Type DLO cables in a permanent installation in cable tray
	Table 13 — Rating or setting of overcurrent devices protecting conductors*
	Table 14 — Watts per square metre and demand factors for services and feeders for various types ofoccupancy
	Table 15 — Bending radii — High-voltage cable
	Table 16 — Minimum size of field-installed system bonding jumpers and bonding conductors
	Table 16A  — Deleted
	Table 16B  — Deleted
	Table 17 — Deleted
	Table 18 — Equipment suitable for explosive atmospheres
	Table 19 — Conditions of use and maximum allowable insulation temperature of conductors and cables otherthan flexible cords, portable power cables, and equipment wires
	Table 20 — Spacings for insulated conductors
	Table 21 — Supporting of insulated conductors in vertical runs of raceways
	Table 22  — Space for insulated conductors in boxes
	Table 23  — Number of insulated conductors in boxes
	Table 24 — Minimum insulation resistances for installations
	Table 25 — Overcurrent trip coils for circuit breakers and overload devices for protecting motors
	Table 26  — This Table is now Table D16
	Table 27 — Determining conductor sizes for motors for different requirements of service
	Table 28 — Determining conductor sizes in the secondary circuits of motors
	Table 29 — Rating or setting of overcurrent devices for the protection of motor branch circuits
	Table 30 — Minimum clearances for bus support and rigid conductors
	Table 31 — Minimum horizontal separations of line conductors attached to the same supportingstructure
	Table 32 — Vertical isolation of unguarded live parts
	Table 33 — Horizontal clearances from adjacent structures (including protuberances)*
	Table 34 — Vertical ground clearances for open line conductors*
	Table 35 — Spacing for switches and fuses assembled in the field (not of the metal-enclosed type)
	Table 36A — Maximum allowable ampacity for aluminum conductor neutral supported cables
	Table 36B — Maximum allowable ampacity for copper conductor neutral supported cables
	Table 37 — Motor supply conductor insulation minimum temperature rating, °C (based on an ambienttemperature of 30 °C)
	Table 38 — Electric vehicle supply equipment demand factors
	Table 39 — Minimum permitted size for 3-wire 120/240 V and 120/208 V service conductors for singledwellings and feeder conductors or cables supplying single dwelling units of row housing,apartment, or similar buildings and terminating on equipment having a conductor terminationtemperature of not less than 75 °C
	Table 40 — External tapered threads for rigid metal conduit
	Table 41 — Minimum size of bonding jumper for service raceways
	Table 42 — Deleted
	Table 43 — Minimum conductor size for concrete-encased electrodes
	Table 44 — Three-phase ac motors
	Table 45 — Single-phase ac motors
	Table 46 — This Table is now Diagram 1
	Table 47 — This Table is now Diagram 2
	Table 48 — Size of conduit for mobile homes
	Table 49 — This Table is now Diagram 3
	Table 50 — Transformers rated over 750 V having primary and secondary overcurrent protection
	Table 51 — Minimum size of bare copper grounding conductors
	Table 52 — Tolerable touch and step voltages
	Table 53 — Minimum cover requirements for direct buried cables or insulated conductors in raceways
	Table 54 — This Table is now Diagram 4
	Table 55 — This Table is now Diagram 5
	Table 56 — Minimum working space around electrical equipment having exposed live parts
	Table 57 — Allowable ampacities for Class 2 copper conductors (based on an ambient temperature of30 °C†)
	Table 58 — Ampacities of up to four insulated copper conductors in raceway or cable for short-time-ratedcrane and hoist motors (based on an ambient temperature of 30 °C)
	Table 59 — Minimum size of protector grounding conductors for communications systems
	Table 60 — Allowable ampacities for copper, eight-conductor, Class 2 power and data communication circuitcables (based on an ambient temperature of 30 °C)
	Table 61 — Minimum buried cable horizontal separations from pools
	Table 62  — Feeder demand factors for elevators
	Table 63 — Hazardous areas for propane dispensing, container filling, and storage
	Table 64 — Hazardous locations at NGV fuelling facilities*
	Table 65 — Enclosure selection table for non-hazardous locations
	Table 66 — Ampacities of bare or covered conductors in free air, based on 40 °C ambient, 80 °C totalconductor temperature, and 610 mm/s wind velocity
	Table 67 — Clearance requirements for installed space heating systems
	Table 68 — Maximum insulated conductor length measured from the supply side of the consumer’s service tothe furthest point of utilization on a circuit using 90 °C rated copper insulated conductors at 30 °Cambient temperature for 120 V single-phase ac circuits (2-wire circuits) when used in dwellingunits
	Table 69 — Hazardous locations at bulk storage plants
Diagrams
	Diagram 1 — CSA configurations for non-locking receptacles
	Diagram 2 — CSA configurations for locking receptacles
	Diagram 3 — Ultimate point of conductor de-energization
	Diagram 4 — Extent of hazardous location for open-face spray booths
	Diagram 5 — Extent of hazardous location for spraying operations not conducted in spray booths
	Diagram 6 — Extent of hazardous location for spraying operations not conducted in spray booths — Ventilationsystem interlocked
	Diagram 7 — Extent of hazardous location for tank vehicle and tank car loading and unloading
	Diagram 8 — Extent of hazardous location for pumps, vapour compressors, gas-air mixers, and vaporizersoutdoors in open air
	Diagram 9 — Extent of hazardous location for container filling outdoors in open air
	Diagram 10 — Extent of hazardous location adjacent to openings in a closed spray booth or room
Appendix A — Safety standards for electrical equipment
Appendix B — Notes on Rules
Appendix C — The Technical Committee on the Canadian Electrical Code, Part I — Organization and rules of procedure
	Annex A — Standard format for subcommittee reports
	Annex B — Request for an amendment to the Canadian Electrical Code, Part I
	Annex C — Guide to Subcommittee chairs for evaluation of proposals submitted in accordance with Clause  C5.4.1 and for evaluation of Subcommittee reports required in accordance with Clause C5.4.5
	Annex D — Appendix A declaration checklist
	Annex E — Process for inclusion of reference Standards in Appendix
Appendix D — Tabulated general information
	Table D1 Type designations, voltage ratings, and construction of wires and cables other thanflexible cords
	Table D2 DC motors
	Table D3 Distance to centre of distribution for a 1% drop in voltage on nominal 120 V, 2-conductor copper circuits
	Table D4 Copper conductor sizes for 5% drop in voltage on 6 V — Two conductors
	Table D5 Strandings for building insulated conductors and cables
	Table D6 Recommended* tightening torques for wire-binding screws, connectors with slotted screws, and connectors for external drive wrenches
	Table D7 Recommended* tightening torques
	Diagram D8 Installation configurations — Direct buried
	Table D8A Allowable insulated copper conductor ampacities for cables rated not more than 5000 V and unshielded for the installation configurations of Diagram D8
	Table D8B Allowable insulated aluminum conductor ampacities for cables rated not more than 5000 V and unshielded for the installation configurations of Diagram D8
	Diagram D9 Installation configurations — Conduit or raceway
	Table D9A Allowable insulated copper conductor ampacities for insulated conductors or cables rated not more than 5000 V and unshielded for the installation configurations of Diagram D9
	Table D9B Allowable insulated aluminum conductor ampacities for insulated conductors or cables rated not more than 5000 V and unshielded for the installation configurations of Diagram D9
	Diagram D10 Installation configurations — Direct buried
	Table D10A Allowable insulated copper conductor ampacities for cables rated not more than 5000 V and unshielded for the installation configurations of Diagram D10
	Table D10B Allowable insulated aluminum conductor ampacities for cables rated not more than 5000 V and unshielded for the installation configurations of Diagram D10
	Diagram D11 Installation configurations — Conduit or raceway
	Table D11A Allowable insulated copper conductor ampacities for insulated conductors or cables rated not more than 5000 V and unshielded for the installation configurations of Diagram D11
	Table D11B Allowable insulated aluminum conductor ampacities for insulated conductors or cables rated not more than 5000 V and unshielded for the installation configurations of Diagram D11
	Table D12A Deleted
	Table D12B Deleted
	Table D13A Deleted
	Table D13B Deleted
	Table D14A Deleted
	Table D14B Deleted
	Table D15A Deleted
	Table D15B Deleted
	Table D16 Sizes of conductors, fuse ratings, and circuit breaker settings for motor overload protection and motor circuit overcurrent protection
	Table D17 series Ampacities for shielded cables rated 5 kV to 46 kV Index
	Table D17 Conditions of use for Tables D17A to D17N*††
	Table D17A Allowable ampacities for three single-conductor shielded cables, direct buried as shown in Diagram D17A
	Table D17B Allowable ampacities for two sets of three single shielded conductor cables, direct buried (two insulated conductors per phase) as shown in Diagram D17B
	Table D17C Allowable ampacities for three single shielded insulated conductors or single-conductor cables in buried conduit as shown in Diagram D17C
	Table D17D Allowable ampacities for two sets of three single shielded insulated conductors or single-conductor cables in buried conduit (two insulated conductors per phase) as shown in Diagram D17D
	Table D17E Allowable ampacities for 3-conductor shielded cable or three single shielded conductor cables in contact, direct buried as shown in Diagram D17E1 or D17E2
	Table D17F Allowable ampacities for two 3-conductor shielded cables or two sets of three single shielded conductor cables in contact, direct buried (two insulated conductors per phase) as shown in Diagram D17F1 or D17F2
	Table D17G Allowable ampacities for 3-conductor shielded cable or three single shielded conductor cables in contact in buried conduit as shown in Diagram D17G
	Table D17H Allowable ampacities for two 3-conductor shielded cables or two sets of three single shielded conductor cables in contact in buried conduit (two insulated conductors per phase) as shown in Diagram D17H
	Table D17I Allowable ampacities for three single shielded insulated conductors or single-conductor cables in a concrete-encased duct bank as shown in Diagram D17I
	Table D17J Allowable ampacities for two sets of three single shielded insulated conductors or single-conductor cables in a concrete-encased duct bank (two insulated conductors per phase) as shown in Diagram D17J
	Table D17K Allowable ampacities for 3-conductor shielded cable or three single shielded conductor cables in contact in a concrete-encased duct bank as shown in Diagram D17K
	Table D17L Allowable ampacities for two 3-conductor shielded cables or two sets of three single shielded conductor cables in contact in a concrete-encased duct bank (two insulated conductors per phase) as shown in Diagram D17L
	Table D17M Allowable ampacities for three single shielded conductor cables on ladder or ventilated cable tray as shown in Diagram D17M
	Table D17N Allowable ampacities for 3-conductor shielded cable or three single shielded conductor cables in contact on ladder or ventilated cable tray as shown in Diagram D17N1 or D17N2
Appendix E — Dust-free rooms
Appendix F — Engineering guidelines for preparing descriptive system documents for intrinsically safe electrical systems and non-incendive field wiring circuits
Appendix G — Electrical installations of fire protection systems
Appendix H — Combustible gas detection equipment for use in explosive gas atmospheres
Appendix I — Interpretations
Appendix J — Rules and Notes to Rules for installations using the Class and Division system of classification
	Annex J18 — Hazardous locations classified using the Division system
	Annex J20 — Flammable liquid and gasoline dispensing, service stations, garages, bulk storage plants, finishing processes, and aircraft hangars
	Annex JB — Notes to Rules for Annexes J18 and J20
	Annex JD — Diagrams for Annex J20
	Annex JT — Tables for Annex J20
Appendix K — Extract from IEC 60364-1
Appendix L — Engineering guidelines for determining hazardous area classifications
Appendix M — Translated caution and warning markings
Index