By the people: debating American government

Cover......Page 1
Electoral College Votes in the 2016 Presidential Election......Page 2
Half Title Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Brief Contents......Page 9
Contents......Page 10
About the Authors......Page 20
Preface......Page 21
Acknowledgments......Page 29
 1: The Spirit of American Politics......Page 34
  Who Governs?......Page 37
   Ideas......Page 39
   Institutions......Page 40
   Interests......Page 41
   History......Page 42
   Context: Government in Society......Page 43
   No Big Government!......Page 44
   What Government Does......Page 45
   The Hidden Government......Page 46
   The Best of Government......Page 47
  Who Are We?......Page 49
   What Do You Think?: Getting Engaged in Politics—Or Not......Page 50
   INFO/DATA: Changing Face of America: Percentage of Total U.S. Population by Race and Ethnicity, 1960–2060......Page 51
  CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 52
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 53
 2: The Ideas That Shape America......Page 54
  A Nation of Ideas......Page 55
   BY THE NUMBERS: American Ideas......Page 56
  Liberty......Page 57
   The Two Sides of Liberty......Page 58
   The Idea of Freedom Is Always Changing......Page 59
   One Side of Self-Rule: Democracy......Page 61
   Another Side of Self-Rule: A Republic......Page 62
   A Mixed System......Page 63
   The Origins of Limited Government......Page 64
   And Yet . . . the United States Has a Big Government......Page 65
   Limits on Government Action......Page 66
   When Ideas Clash: Self-Rule and Limited Government......Page 67
  Individualism......Page 68
   Community Versus Individualism......Page 69
    Golden Opportunity.......Page 70
   Who We Are: Individualism and Solidarity?......Page 71
  What Do You Think?: Individualism Versus Solidarity......Page 72
    Is the System Tilted Toward the Wealthy?......Page 73
    Does the American Dream Promote the Wrong Values?......Page 74
  COMPARING NATION S 2.2 Social Mobility Around the World......Page 75
   Three Types of Equality......Page 76
  INFO/DATA: In the United States, Fewer Believe There Is “Opportunity to Get Ahead”......Page 77
   How Much Economic Inequality Is Too Much?......Page 78
   Opportunity or Outcome?......Page 79
  Religion......Page 80
   So Many Religions......Page 81
   Politics of Religion......Page 82
  How Do Ideas Affect Politics?......Page 83
   Ideas in Political Institutions......Page 84
   Culture or Institutions?......Page 85
  CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 86
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 87
 3: The Constitution......Page 88
  BY THE NUMBERS: The Constitution......Page 90
   COMPARING NATIONS 3.1 The U.S. Constitution in Comparative Context......Page 91
   The Colonial Complaint: Representation......Page 93
   The Conflict Begins with Blood on the Frontier......Page 94
   The Townshend Acts Worsen the Conflict......Page 95
   Revolution!......Page 96
   The Principle: “We Hold These Truths . . .”......Page 97
  The First American Government: The Articles of Confederation......Page 99
   Some Success . . .......Page 100
   . . . And Some Problems......Page 101
   Secrecy......Page 102
   1. How Much Power to the People?......Page 104
   2. National Government Versus State Government......Page 105
    The Virginia Plan.......Page 106
    The Connecticut Compromise.......Page 107
    The Electoral College.......Page 108
    The President: Too Strong or Too Weak?......Page 109
   5. Separation of Powers......Page 110
    The Three-Fifths Compromise.......Page 111
    The Slave Trade.......Page 112
    “The National Calamity.”......Page 113
   Article 1: Congress......Page 114
   Article 2: The President......Page 115
   COMPARING NATIONS 3.2 The U.S. Government Is Different from Most Democracies......Page 116
   Article 5: Amendments......Page 117
  Ratification......Page 118
   The Federalists......Page 119
   A Very Close Vote......Page 120
   A Popular Surge Propels People into Politics......Page 122
   The Bill of Rights......Page 123
   The Constitution Today......Page 125
  What Do You Think?: How Strictly Should We Interpret the Constitution?......Page 126
  INFO/DATA: Limits to Free Speech? Most Americans say “No!”......Page 127
  CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 128
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 129
 4: Federalism and Nationalism......Page 130
  Forging Federalism......Page 132
   BY THE NUMBERS: Federalism......Page 133
   Advantages of State-Level Policy......Page 135
   The Advantages of National Policy......Page 136
  What Do You Think?: Preserving Local Values or Continuing a Terrible Injustice?......Page 137
   The Constitution Sets the Ground Rules......Page 138
    The Constitution Authorizes Shared Power.......Page 139
   Dual Federalism (1789–1933)......Page 141
   Cooperative Federalism (1933–1981)......Page 142
   New Federalism......Page 143
    Healthcare.......Page 144
   The Problems We Face: How Government Grows......Page 145
   On Both Sides of the Issue......Page 146
   In a Nutshell: Our Three-Dimensional Political Chess......Page 147
  INFO/DATA: Regulatory Policies Differ by State......Page 148
   Federalism in the Courts......Page 149
   America’s Weak National Government......Page 151
    Authority.......Page 152
    Independence.......Page 153
  CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 154
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 155
 5: Civil Liberties......Page 156
   Civil Rights and Civil Liberties......Page 158
    BY THE NUMBERS: Civil Liberties......Page 159
   The Slow Rise of Rights......Page 160
   Penumbras and Emanations......Page 161
    Roe v. Wade......Page 163
    Planned Parenthood v. Casey......Page 164
   Clashing Principles......Page 165
   The Establishment Clause......Page 166
   Free Exercise of Religion......Page 167
  What Do You Think?: May the Christian Youth Club Meet in School?......Page 168
   A Preferred Position......Page 169
   Comparing Nations 5.1 Civil Liberties Around the World......Page 170
   Test Yourself: The Simpsons Versus the First Amendment—Which Do You Know Better?......Page 171
   Limits to Free Speech: Fighting Words......Page 172
  What Do You Think?: Free Speech on Campus......Page 173
   Limited Protections: Student Speech......Page 174
   Prior Restraint......Page 175
   Obscenity......Page 176
   Libel......Page 177
   The Palladium of All Liberties?......Page 178
  INFO/DATA: Guns on Campus......Page 179
   The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure......Page 180
   The Fifth Amendment: Rights at Trials......Page 182
   The Sixth Amendment: The Right to Counsel......Page 183
   The Eighth Amendment: The Death Penalty......Page 184
  What Do You Think?: End the Death Penalty?......Page 185
   Contacts with Forbidden Groups......Page 186
   Surveillance......Page 187
  CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 188
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 189
 6: The Struggle for Civil Rights......Page 190
   Seven Steps to Political Equality......Page 192
    BY THE NUMBERS: Civil Rights......Page 193
    Quasi-Suspect Categories.......Page 194
   The Clash over Slavery......Page 195
    Politics.......Page 196
   The Second American Founding: A New Birth of Freedom?......Page 197
   Freedom Fails......Page 198
   The Modern Civil Rights Campaign Begins......Page 200
   The Courts......Page 201
   The Civil Rights Movement......Page 202
   Congress and the Civil Rights Act......Page 203
   Divisions in the Movement......Page 204
   Affirmative Action in the Workplace......Page 205
  What Do You Think?: Higher Education and Affirmative Action......Page 206
   Suffrage......Page 207
   The Civil Rights Act of 1964......Page 209
   Comparing Nations 6.1 Percentage of Women in National Legislatures: Selected Countries......Page 210
   The Courts......Page 211
  What Do You Think?: Reproductive Politics......Page 212
   Challenging Discrimination......Page 213
    Three Categories.......Page 214
    Undocumented Immigrants.......Page 215
   Political Mobilization......Page 216
   Anti-Asian Discrimination......Page 218
  Native Americans......Page 219
   Indians and the Federal Government......Page 220
   Native Americans and the Courts......Page 221
   People with Disabilities......Page 222
   Gender Identity......Page 223
   Voting Rights Today......Page 224
    Income.......Page 225
  INFO/DATA: Political Equality: Voter Turnout Rates by Race and Ethnicity......Page 226
  Conclusion: Civil Rights . . . By the People......Page 227
  CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 228
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 229
 7: Public Opinion......Page 230
  Sources of Public Opinion......Page 232
   Political Socialization......Page 233
    Race.......Page 234
   Party......Page 235
   Elite Influence......Page 236
   Wars and Other Focusing Events......Page 237
   Polling 101......Page 238
  INFO/DATA: Surveys Face Growing Difficulty Reaching and Persuading Potential Respondents......Page 239
   Wording.......Page 240
   Technology and Error.......Page 241
   How Did They Do?......Page 242
    Do Opinion Surveys Influence Us?......Page 243
  Public Opinion in a Democracy......Page 244
   The Rational Public......Page 245
  What Do You Think?: Calling the Election Early?......Page 246
   Do the People Know What They Want?......Page 247
   Do Leaders Respond to Public Opinion?......Page 248
  Conclusion: Government by the People......Page 250
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 251
 8: Political Participation......Page 252
    Voting.......Page 254
    BY THE NUMBERS: Political Participation......Page 255
     Political Voice.......Page 256
   Direct Action......Page 257
   An Underlying Question......Page 258
  Why People Get Involved......Page 259
   Race.......Page 260
  INFO/DATA: Higher Engagement and Ideology......Page 261
   Friends, Family, and Social Capital......Page 262
  Talking POLITICS: HOW MOBILIZERS SEE US......Page 263
   Context......Page 264
  What Discourages Political Participation?......Page 265
   Alienation......Page 266
   Institutional Barriers......Page 267
   COMPARING NATIONS 8.2 Trust in Government......Page 268
   Complacency......Page 269
  New Avenues for Participation: The Internet, Social Media, and the Millennial Generation......Page 270
   Scenario 1: Rebooting Democracy......Page 271
   Does Social Media Increase Political Participation?......Page 272
   How the Millennial Generation Participates......Page 274
  Conclusion......Page 276
   What Do You Think?: Should Voting Be Required by Law?......Page 277
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 278
 9: Media, Technology, and Government......Page 280
   Providing Information......Page 283
   Shaping the Political Agenda......Page 284
   Where People Go for News......Page 286
    The First Mass Media.......Page 287
    Should We Worry?......Page 288
   Television: From News to Infotainment......Page 289
    Infotainment.......Page 290
  The Rise of the New Media......Page 291
   Reporters Are Democrats......Page 293
   Drama Delivers Audiences......Page 294
   Investigative “Bias”......Page 296
   The First Amendment Protects Print Media from Regulation......Page 297
   Regulating Broadcasters......Page 298
  Media Around the World......Page 299
   INFO/DATA: Media Consolidation......Page 300
   The Rise of Commercial Media......Page 301
   American Media in the World......Page 302
   Covering Wars and Terrorism......Page 303
   The Campaign as Drama......Page 304
   Candidate Profiles......Page 305
  Conclusion: At the Crossroads of the Media World......Page 306
  What Do You Think?: Does the Media Enhance Democracy?......Page 307
  CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 308
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 309
 10: Campaigns and Elections......Page 310
  BY THE NUMBERS: Campaigns and Elections......Page 313
   COMPARING NATIONS 10.1 Election Timetables for National Government......Page 314
   Over 520,000 Elected Officials......Page 315
    Too Much Money?......Page 316
   Democracy for the Rich?......Page 317
   Major Donors: Easier to Give.......Page 318
  INFO/DATA: Money in Elections: The New Rules......Page 319
   Who Runs for President?......Page 320
   Winning the Nomination......Page 322
  What Do You Think?: Why Iowa and New Hampshire?......Page 323
   Organizing the Convention......Page 324
   The General Election......Page 325
    Demographics.......Page 326
    The Campaign Organization.......Page 327
   Predicting Presidential Elections......Page 328
  Congressional Elections......Page 329
   Candidates: Who Runs for Congress?......Page 330
   The Power of Incumbency......Page 331
   Congressional Election Results......Page 333
   Redrawing the Lines: The Art of the Gerrymander......Page 334
   Nonpartisan Districting and Minority Representation......Page 336
   The Rise of Candidate-Centered Elections......Page 337
    Key 2: Organization.......Page 338
    Key 3: Strategy......Page 339
    Key 4: Message......Page 340
  Conclusion: Reforming American Elections......Page 341
  CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 344
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 345
 11: Political Parties......Page 346
    Parties Mobilize the Voters.......Page 349
    Parties Help Integrate New Groups into the Political Process.......Page 350
   Two-Party America......Page 351
   COMPARING NATIONS 11.1 Organizing Electoral/Governing Systems......Page 352
   Third Parties in American Politics......Page 353
  America’s Party Systems: Origins and Change......Page 354
   Beginnings: First Party System (1789–1828)......Page 355
   Rise: Second Party System (1828–1860)......Page 356
   War and Reconstruction: Third Party System (1860–1896)......Page 357
   Business and Reform: Fourth Party System (1896–1932)......Page 358
   Depression and the New Deal: Fifth Party System (1933–1968)......Page 359
   The Sixth Party System: The Parties at Equal Strength (1969–Present)......Page 360
   Why the Party Period Matters......Page 361
   Building Party Identification......Page 362
  What Do You Think?: Personality and Party......Page 363
   Libertarians.......Page 364
   The Civil Rights Caucus.......Page 365
   The Party Bureaucracy.......Page 366
   The Big Tent.......Page 367
   Parties Rise Again......Page 368
   Competition and Partisanship Intensifies......Page 369
  INFO/DATA: Party Control by State......Page 370
  What Do You Think?: Partisanship......Page 371
   2. Reduce the Barriers to Third-Party Competition in Elections.......Page 372
   3. Reduce Partisanship in Government.......Page 373
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 374
 12: Interest Groups......Page 376
  BY THE NUMBERS: Interest Groups......Page 378
   Informing Members......Page 379
   Mobilizing the Public......Page 380
   What Do Interest Groups Do for Democracy?......Page 381
   Economic Groups......Page 383
   Citizen or Public Interest Groups......Page 384
   Intergovernmental and Reverse Lobbying......Page 385
   1960s Advocacy Explosion......Page 386
  Interest-Group Lobbyists in Action......Page 387
    Social Butterflies.......Page 388
  Talking POLITICS: WASHINGTON LOBBYING......Page 389
  Interest Groups and the Federal Branches of Government......Page 390
   Rise of the Issue Network......Page 391
    Filing Amicus Curiae (“Friend of Court”) Briefs.......Page 392
  Interest Groups and Power......Page 393
   Interest Group Spending......Page 394
   INFO/DATA: Interest Group Campaign Spending: Sector Totals, 2015–2016......Page 396
   Regulating Interest Groups......Page 397
    2. Division and Demosclerosis.......Page 398
   Four Defenses of Interest Groups......Page 399
    3. Mobilizing and Organizing the Public.......Page 400
   4. Stability.......Page 401
  CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 402
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 403
 13: Congress......Page 404
  Introducing Congress......Page 406
   BY THE NUMBERS: Congress......Page 407
   Two Houses, Different Styles......Page 408
  What Do You Think?: Senate Filibusters......Page 409
   Does Congress Reflect America?......Page 410
  What Do You Think?: Who Really Represents You?......Page 411
    Do the Right Thing.......Page 412
  What Do You Think?: Two Views of Representation......Page 413
   The Permanent Campaign......Page 414
   A Government of Strangers......Page 415
   The City on the Hill......Page 416
  Talking POLITICS: CAPITOL HILL BUZZWORDS......Page 417
   Minnows and Whales: Congressional Leadership......Page 418
   House Leadership......Page 419
   Committees: Workhorses of Congress......Page 420
   The Enduring Power of Committees......Page 421
   COMPARING NATIONS 13.1 A Unique U.S. System......Page 423
   Drafting a Bill......Page 424
   Submitting the Bill......Page 425
    1. Committees Hold Hearings on Policy Topics.......Page 426
    2. Committees Prepare Legislation for Floor Consideration.......Page 427
    Getting to the Floor.......Page 428
    On the Floor.......Page 429
   The Vote......Page 430
   Presidential Action: Separated Powers Revisited......Page 431
   Partisan Polarization in Congress......Page 433
  INFO/DATA: Historic Partisan Polarization......Page 434
   Divided Government......Page 436
   Limit Lobbyists......Page 437
   Educate the Public......Page 438
  Conclusion: Congress and the Challenge of Governing......Page 439
  CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 440
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 441
 14: The Presidency......Page 442
  Defining the Presidency......Page 444
   Defined by Controversy......Page 445
   The President’s Powers......Page 446
   An Imperial Presidency?......Page 448
   A Weak Office?......Page 449
  What Presidents Do......Page 450
   Commander in Chief......Page 451
   Top Diplomat......Page 452
    Presidential “Batting Average.”......Page 454
    Executive Orders.......Page 457
  INFO/DATA: Executive Orders Issued by Each President, Per Day in Office......Page 458
   The Head of State......Page 459
   The Bully Pulpit: Introducing Ideas......Page 460
   The Impossible Job......Page 461
   Managing the Public......Page 462
  What Do You Think?: Ranking the President......Page 463
   Presidential Greatness......Page 464
    Step 2: The Order Refreshed.......Page 467
   Presidential Style......Page 468
  What Do You Think?: The President in Action......Page 469
   The Burden of the Office......Page 470
   The Vice President......Page 471
   The Cabinet......Page 472
   The Executive Office of the President......Page 473
    The National Security Council (NSC).......Page 474
  Talking POLITICS: SPEAK LIKE A WEST WING INSIDER......Page 475
   The First Spouse......Page 476
  Conclusion: The Most Powerful Office on Earth?......Page 477
  CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 478
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 479
 15: Bureaucracy......Page 480
   Birth of the Bureaucracy......Page 483
    Economics.......Page 484
    Hierarchy.......Page 485
    Fixed Routines.......Page 486
   Bureaucratic Pathologies......Page 487
  What Bureaucracies Do......Page 489
   Rule-Making......Page 490
   Implementation......Page 491
  How the Bureaucracy Is Organized......Page 492
    The Challenge of Governing.......Page 493
   COMPARING NATIONS 15.1 Parliamentary Systems......Page 495
    The Rotating Bureaucracy.......Page 496
    The Cabinet and Diversity.......Page 497
    Independent Regulatory Commissions.......Page 498
   INFO/DATA: The Formation of Regulatory Commissions......Page 499
    An Army of Their Own.......Page 500
    Private Contractors.......Page 501
   The President......Page 502
   Congress......Page 503
   Bureaucratic Autonomy......Page 504
   Democracy Revisited......Page 505
    Inertia.......Page 506
    Open Up the System.......Page 507
   Privatization.......Page 508
  Conclusion: The Real Solution Lies with You......Page 509
  CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 510
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 511
 16: The Judicial Branch......Page 512
   Embracing the Law—and Lawsuits......Page 514
   Declining Trust......Page 515
   COMPARING NATIONS 16.1 N umber of Lawyers, Per Capita......Page 516
   Divided We Rule......Page 517
   Judicial Selection......Page 518
   Federal Courts......Page 519
   Diversity in the Federal Judiciary......Page 521
  What Do You Think?: Identity on the Bench......Page 522
   Judicial Review......Page 523
   Activism Versus Restraint......Page 524
   Too Much Power?......Page 526
   . . . Or Still the “Least Dangerous” Branch?......Page 527
  The Supreme Court and How It Operates......Page 528
   Selecting Cases: Formal Requirements......Page 529
   Selecting Cases: Informal Factors......Page 530
   Conference Sessions and Written Decisions......Page 531
   Confirmation Battles......Page 532
   Ideology and Partisanship......Page 535
  INFO/DATA: How Americans View the Supreme Court: Liberal or Conservative?......Page 537
   Institutional Concerns......Page 538
    2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)......Page 539
   Critiquing the Judiciary......Page 547
    4. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)......Page 540
    7. Lochner v. New York (1905)......Page 541
    10. National Labor Relations Board v. Jonesand Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937)......Page 542
    13. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)......Page 543
    16. Roe v. Wade (1973)......Page 544
    18. Bush v. Gore (2000)......Page 545
   What DoYou Think?: Name Another Landmark Case......Page 546
   Ideas for Reform: More Resources......Page 548
  Conclusion: Democracy and the Courts......Page 549
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 550
 17: Public Policymaking and Budgeting......Page 552
  Public Policymaking in Five (Not-So-Easy) Stages......Page 554
   1. Agenda Setting......Page 555
   2. Framing......Page 556
    Analyzing Policy, Ex Ante.......Page 557
    From Cost-Benefit Analysis to Politics.......Page 559
    Rule-Making Revisited.......Page 560
    Top-Down Delivery.......Page 561
    Bottom-Up Delivery.......Page 562
   5. Policy Evaluation and Feedback......Page 563
    A Case in Point: Gang Violence.......Page 564
    Policy Feedback.......Page 565
   Wars and Social Policy......Page 566
   Old-Age Insurance: Social Security......Page 567
   Health and Disability: Medicare/Medicaid......Page 568
  What Do You Think?: Should We Reform Social Security and Medicare?......Page 569
   Fiscal Policy......Page 571
   Monetary Policy......Page 572
   President’s Budget Proposal......Page 573
  INFO/DATA: The Federal Budget in Context......Page 575
   Comparing Nations 17.1 Budget Policymaking......Page 576
   Reign of the Cardinals: Appropriations Committee Action......Page 577
   Moral Policies: Justice or Democracy?......Page 579
   Economically Efficient Policies......Page 580
   Capitalism Goes to the Movies......Page 581
   Systemic Reform......Page 582
    Act with Speed.......Page 583
    Learn How to Lose.......Page 584
  CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 585
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 586
 18: Foreign Policy......Page 588
   COMPARING NATIONS 18.1 Military Spending Worldwide......Page 590
   Basis for Primacy: Realism......Page 591
   A Different View: Liberalism......Page 592
   Soft Power......Page 593
   COMPARING NATIONS 18.2 Official Development Assistance (ODA) Expenditures......Page 594
   Economic Superpower or Nation in Decline?......Page 595
   Free Trade......Page 596
   Challenges to Free Trade......Page 597
   Economic Weapons......Page 598
  Foreign-Policy Goal No. 3: Spreading American Ideals......Page 599
  What Do You Think?: Is America Exceptional?......Page 600
   Engage the World? Isolationism Versus Intervention......Page 601
   Four Approaches......Page 603
  What Do You Think?: Foreign-Policy Perspectives......Page 604
   Congress......Page 605
   The State Department......Page 606
  Talking POLITICS: SOUND LIKE A FOREIGN-POLICY PRO......Page 607
   Success or Fragmentation?......Page 610
   Other Executive Agencies......Page 608
  INFO/DATA: Are You a Global Citizen?......Page 609
   The Cold War (1945–1991)......Page 612
   The War on Terror (2001–Present)......Page 614
  What Do You Think?: Terrorists and the Rule of Law......Page 615
  Conclusion: The Next Grand Strategy......Page 616
  CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 618
  STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 619
Appendix I: The Declaration of Independence......Page 621
Appendix II: The Constitution of theUnited St ates of America......Page 623
Appendix III: The Federalist Papers......Page 640
Glossary......Page 649
Notes......Page 657
Credits......Page 669
Index......Page 673
Presidential Elections, Congressional Control, 1789–2016......Page 696