Business Models for the Circular Economy Opportunities and Challenges for Policy

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations and acronyms
Executive Summary
Chapter 1.  Introduction
	Notes
	References
Chapter 2.  Circular business models
	2.1. A typology of circular business models
	2.2. Individual circular business model characteristics
		2.2.1. Circular supply models
		2.2.2. Resource recovery models
			Downcycling
			Upcycling
			Industrial symbiosis
		2.2.3. Product life extension models
			Classic long life
			Direct reuse
			Maintenance and repair
			Refurbishment and remanufacturing
		2.2.4. Sharing models
			Co-ownership
			Co-access
		2.2.5. Product service systems models
			Product-oriented product service system models
			User-oriented product service system models
			Result-oriented product service system models
	2.3. Drivers of circular business model adoption more generally
		2.3.1. Traditional “linear” modes of production: emerging business risks
		2.3.2. Emerging technologies as a driver for the adoption of more circular modes of production
	Notes
	References
Chapter 3.  The current scale and potential scalability of circular business models
	3.1. Introduction
	3.2. Resource recovery business models: the example of metal recycling
		3.2.1. Current market penetration
		3.2.2. Future scalability
	3.3. Product life extension models: the example of remanufacturing
		3.3.1. Current market penetration
		3.3.2. Future scalability
	3.4. Sharing models: the example of short-term lodging
		3.4.1. Current market penetration
		3.4.2. Future scalability
	3.5. Product service systems: the example of user oriented product service systems – mobility
		3.5.1. Current market penetration
		3.5.2. Future scalability
	3.6. Conclusions
	Notes
	References
Chapter 4.  The environmental impacts of circular business models
	4.1. Introduction
	4.2. Insights from the circularity ladder concept
	4.3. Insights from the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) literature
		4.3.1. Circular supply and resource recovery business models
			General environmental considerations
			LCA data: the example of recycling
		4.3.2. Product life extension models
			General environmental considerations
			LCA data: the example of remanufacturing
		4.3.3. Sharing models
			General environmental considerations
			LCA and survey data: the example of sharing under-utilised accommodation
		4.3.4. Product-service systems
			General considerations
			LCA and survey data: the example of urban car sharing schemes
	4.4. How economic feedbacks influence environmental outcomes
		4.4.1. Direct environmental impacts of circular business model scale up
		4.4.2. Indirect environmental impacts of circular business model scale up
	4.5. Conclusions
	Notes
	References
Chapter 5.  Policy Implications
	5.1. The findings of this report
	5.2. The role of policy
		5.2.1. General considerations
		5.2.2. Common barriers to circular business model adoption and potential policy responses
	Notes
	References
		Annex A. Case examples
	Circular supply models: furniture manufacturing at Nico Spacecraft (from National Zero Waste Council, 2015 ([1]))
	Circular supply models: Cradle-to-Cradle® at Tarkett
	Resource recovery models: Industrial Symbiosis in Denmark
	Resource recovery models: upcycling at FREITAG
	Product life extension models: remanufacturing at Caterpillar
	Sharing models: sharing at the Toronto Tool Library (from the National Zero Waste Council (2015[1]))
	Sharing models: sharing at Peerby
	Product Service System models: light as a service at Philips
	Product Service System models: access to rather than ownership of garments at Rent Frock Repeat (from the National Zero Waste Council (2015[1]))
	References
Annex A. Case examples