Building services handbook

Front Cover......Page 1
Building Services Handbook......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
Part One: Introduction......Page 16
The industry......Page 17
Construction team......Page 18
Legislative and support documents......Page 19
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act......Page 20
The Building Act......Page 25
The Water Industry Act......Page 26
International Standards......Page 29
Loss Prevention Certification Board......Page 30
Design and installation standards......Page 31
Part Two: Cold Water and Supply Systems......Page 34
Rain cycle – sources of water supply......Page 35
Acidity and alkalinity in water......Page 36
Filtration of water......Page 37
Sterilisation and disinfection......Page 38
Storage and distribution of water......Page 39
Water mains......Page 43
Valves and taps......Page 47
Joints on water pipes......Page 53
Pipe jointing materials......Page 54
Direct system of cold water supply......Page 55
Indirect system of cold water supply......Page 56
Hard and soft water......Page 58
Water softening......Page 60
Water conditioning and treatment......Page 62
Backflow protection......Page 67
Secondary backflow protection......Page 68
Cold water storage cisterns......Page 70
Cold water storage calculations......Page 74
Boosted cold water systems......Page 75
Delayed action float valve......Page 78
Pump laws......Page 81
Pipe sizing......Page 83
Hydraulics and fluid flow......Page 88
Part Three: Hot Water Supply Systems......Page 94
Direct system of hot water supply......Page 97
Indirect system of hot water supply......Page 98
Unvented hot water storage system......Page 99
Expansion and temperature relief valves......Page 102
Hot water storage cylinders......Page 105
Primatic hot water storage cylinder......Page 106
Medium and high rise building supply systems......Page 107
Sealed indirect hot water system for a high rise building......Page 109
Primary thermal stores......Page 110
Types of boiler......Page 112
Secondary circulation......Page 117
Duplication of plant......Page 118
Electric and gas water heaters......Page 119
Solar heating of water......Page 126
Hot water storage capacity......Page 133
Boiler rating......Page 134
Pipe sizing......Page 135
Pressurized Systems......Page 136
Circulation pump rating......Page 138
Legionnaires' disease in hot water systems......Page 139
SEDBUK......Page 140
Galvanic or electrolytic action......Page 143
Water treatment......Page 144
Part Four: Heating Systems......Page 148
Heat emitters......Page 149
Low temperature, hot water heating systems......Page 152
Panel and underfloor heating......Page 159
Expansion facilities in heating systems......Page 165
Expansion vessels......Page 166
Solar space heating......Page 167
High temperature, pressurised hot water systems......Page 169
Steam heating systems......Page 171
District heating......Page 176
Combined heat and power......Page 179
Pipework expansion......Page 180
Thermostatic control of heating systems......Page 182
Timed control of heating systems......Page 183
Zoned controls......Page 189
Energy management systems......Page 193
Warm air heating system......Page 196
Heating design......Page 197
Domestic heating circulator/pump......Page 207
Part Five: Fuel Characteristics and Storage......Page 214
Fuels – factors affecting choice......Page 215
Solid fuel – properties and storage......Page 216
Domestic solid fuel boilers......Page 218
Solid fuel – biomass......Page 219
Solid fuel – flues......Page 222
Oil – properties......Page 225
Oil – storage and supply......Page 227
Oil-fired burners and appliances......Page 232
Oil – flues......Page 236
Natural gas – properties......Page 238
Liquid petroleum gas – properties and storage......Page 239
Electric boiler......Page 241
Electricity – electrode boiler......Page 242
Part Six: Ventilation Systems......Page 244
Ventilation requirements......Page 246
Guide to ventilation rates......Page 247
Domestic accommodation......Page 248
Mechanical ventilation......Page 254
Types of fan......Page 260
Fan laws......Page 261
Sound attenuation in ductwork......Page 262
Air filters......Page 263
Low velocity air flow in ducts......Page 266
Air diffusion......Page 267
Ventilation design......Page 268
Resistances to air flow......Page 276
Part Seven: Air Conditioning......Page 280
Air conditioning – principles and applications......Page 281
Central plant system......Page 282
Air processing unit......Page 283
Humidifiers......Page 284
Variable air volume......Page 285
Induction (air/water) system......Page 286
Fan-coil (air/water) unit and induction diffuser......Page 287
Dual duct system......Page 288
Chilled beams and ceilings......Page 289
Cooling systems......Page 290
Refrigerant and system characteristics......Page 291
Packaged air conditioning systems......Page 295
Psychrometrics – processes and applications......Page 297
Heat pumps......Page 305
Heat recovery devices......Page 310
Health considerations and building related illnesses......Page 311
Part Eight: Drainage Systems, Sewage Treatment and Refuse Disposal......Page 314
Combined and separate systems......Page 315
Partially separate system......Page 316
Rodding point system......Page 317
Sewer connection......Page 318
Drainage ventilation......Page 319
Unventilated spaces......Page 321
Drain laying......Page 322
Means of access......Page 323
Bedding of drains......Page 328
Drains under or near buildings......Page 330
Drain pipe materials......Page 331
Joints used on drain pipes......Page 332
Anti-flood devices......Page 333
Garage drainage......Page 334
Drainage pumping......Page 335
Subsoil drainage......Page 338
Tests on drains......Page 341
Soakaways......Page 342
Cesspools and septic tanks......Page 343
Drainage fields and mounds......Page 348
Rainwater management......Page 352
Drainage design......Page 356
Waste and refuse processing......Page 367
Part Nine: Sanitary Fitments and Appliances: Discharge and Waste Systems......Page 374
Flushing cisterns, troughs and valves......Page 375
Water closets......Page 380
Bidets......Page 382
Showers......Page 383
Baths......Page 389
Sinks......Page 390
Wash basins and troughs......Page 392
Unplugged appliances......Page 394
Thermostatic temperature control......Page 395
Urinals......Page 401
Hospital sanitary appliances......Page 403
Sanitary conveniences......Page 404
Sanitary conveniences for disabled people......Page 408
Traps and waste valve......Page 411
Single stack system and variations......Page 415
One- and two-pipe systems......Page 419
Pumped waste system......Page 421
Wash basins – waste arrangements......Page 422
Waste pipes from washing machines and dishwashers......Page 423
Air test......Page 424
Sanitation – data......Page 425
Offsets......Page 427
Ground floor appliances – high rise buildings......Page 428
Fire stops and seals......Page 429
Flow rates and discharge units......Page 430
Sanitation design – discharge stack sizing......Page 432
Part Ten: Gas Installation, Components and Controls......Page 436
Natural gas – combustion......Page 437
Mains gas supply and installation......Page 438
Gas service pipe intake......Page 440
Meters......Page 444
Gas controls and safety features......Page 446
Gas ignition devices......Page 452
Purging and testing......Page 453
Gas appliances......Page 456
Balanced flue appliances......Page 459
Open flue appliances......Page 463
Flue blocks......Page 466
Open flue terminals......Page 467
Stainless steel flue lining......Page 469
Shared flues......Page 470
Fan assisted gas flues......Page 474
Ventilation requirements......Page 476
Combusted gas analysis......Page 479
Gas laws......Page 480
Gas consumption......Page 484
Gas pipe and flue sizing......Page 485
Part Eleven: Electrical Supply and Installations......Page 490
Three-phase generation and supply......Page 491
Electricity distribution......Page 492
Electricity intake to a building......Page 494
Earthing systems and bonding......Page 495
Consumer unit......Page 500
Power and lighting circuits......Page 504
Overload protection......Page 512
Electric wiring......Page 515
Testing completed installation......Page 517
Cable rating......Page 519
Diversity......Page 520
Industrial installations......Page 521
Electric space heating......Page 524
Controls for electric night storage space heaters......Page 529
Construction site electricity......Page 530
Light sources, lamps and luminaires......Page 532
Lighting controls......Page 541
Extra-low-voltage lighting......Page 543
Lighting design......Page 545
Daylighting......Page 547
Telecommunications installation......Page 552
Part Twelve: Mechanical Conveyors – Lifts, Escalators and Travelators......Page 554
Planning lift installations......Page 555
Roping systems for electric lifts......Page 557
Controls......Page 559
Lift doors......Page 562
Lift machine room and equipment......Page 563
Lift safety features......Page 564
Installation details......Page 565
Typical single lift dimensions......Page 566
Paternoster lifts......Page 567
Oil-hydraulic lifts......Page 568
Lift performance......Page 571
Estimating the number of lifts required......Page 572
Firefighting lifts......Page 573
Vertical transportation for the disabled......Page 575
Builders' and electricians' work......Page 577
Escalators......Page 579
Travelators......Page 581
Stair lifts......Page 582
Part Thirteen: Fire Prevention and Control Services......Page 584
Sprinklers......Page 585
Drenchers......Page 597
Hose reel installations......Page 598
Hydrants......Page 599
Foam installations......Page 602
Gas extinguishers......Page 603
Fire alarms......Page 606
Smoke, fire and heat detectors......Page 608
Fire detection electrical circuits......Page 612
Fire prevention in ventilating systems......Page 614
Fire dampers in ductwork......Page 615
Pressurisation of escape routes......Page 616
Smoke extraction, ventilation and control......Page 617
Portable fire extinguishers......Page 620
Carbon monoxide detectors......Page 624
Part Fourteen: Security Installations......Page 628
Physical security......Page 629
Intruder alarms......Page 630
Micro-switch and magnetic reed......Page 633
Radio sensor, pressure mat and taut wiring......Page 634
Acoustic, vibration and inertia detectors......Page 635
Ultrasonic and microwave detectors......Page 636
Active infra-red detector......Page 637
Passive infra-red detector......Page 638
Lightning protection systems......Page 640
Part Fifteen: Accommodation for Building Services......Page 644
Ducts for engineering services......Page 645
Notching and holing joists......Page 646
Floor and skirting ducts......Page 648
Medium and large vertical ducts......Page 649
Medium and large horizontal ducts......Page 650
Subways or walkways......Page 651
Penetration of fire structure by pipes......Page 652
Raised access floors......Page 653
Suspended and false ceilings......Page 654
Part Sixteen: Alternative and Renewable Energy......Page 656
Energy production......Page 657
Alternative energy......Page 658
Renewable energy......Page 659
Anaerobic digestion......Page 660
Biogas......Page 661
Wind power......Page 662
Wind power and fuel cells......Page 664
Water power......Page 665
Geothermal power......Page 666
Micro-combined heat and power......Page 668
Solar power......Page 669
Photovoltaic systems......Page 671
Biomass or biofuel......Page 673
Underground coal gasification......Page 674
Part Seventeen: Appendices......Page 676
Appendix 1 – Glossary of common abbreviations......Page 677
Appendix 2 – Abbreviations for pipework......Page 679
Appendix 3 – Abbreviations for pipework components......Page 680
Appendix 4 – Abbreviations used for drainage systems......Page 681
Appendix 5 – Abbreviations used for sanitation systems......Page 682
Appendix 6 – Graphical symbols for pipework......Page 683
Appendix 7 – Identification of pipework......Page 684
Appendix 8 – Graphical symbols for electrical installation work......Page 686
Appendix 9 – Metric units......Page 687
Appendix 10 – Water pressure and head – Comparison of units......Page 690
Appendix 11 – Conversion of common imperial units to metric......Page 691
Index......Page 694