Building Services Handbook

Front Cover......Page 1
Building Services Handbook......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
Part One: Cold Water and Supply System......Page 14
Rain cycle – sources of water supply......Page 16
Filtration of water......Page 17
Sterilisation and softening......Page 18
Storage and distribution of water......Page 19
Valves and taps......Page 20
Joints on water pipes......Page 23
Water mains......Page 24
Direct system of cold water supply......Page 27
Indirect system of cold water supply......Page 28
Backflow protection......Page 29
Secondary backflow protection......Page 30
Cold water storage cisterns......Page 31
Cold water storage calculations......Page 32
Boosted cold water systems......Page 33
Delayed action float valve......Page 36
Pipe sizing by formula......Page 37
Pipe sizes and resistances......Page 38
Part Two: Hot Water Supply......Page 42
Direct system of hot water supply......Page 44
Indirect system of hot water supply......Page 45
Unvented hot water storage system......Page 46
Hot water storage cylinders......Page 47
Primatic hot water storage cylinder......Page 48
Medium and high rise building supply systems......Page 49
Types of boiler......Page 51
Secondary circulation......Page 54
Duplication of plant......Page 55
Electric and gas water heaters......Page 56
Solar heating of water......Page 62
Hot water storage capacity......Page 63
Boiler rating......Page 64
Pipe sizing......Page 65
Circulation pump rating......Page 67
Legionnaire\'s disease in hot water systems......Page 68
Part Three: Heating Systems......Page 70
Heat emitters......Page 72
Low temperature, hot water heating systems......Page 75
Panel heating......Page 79
Expansion facilities in heating systems......Page 80
Expansion vessels......Page 81
Solar space heating......Page 82
High temperature pressurised hot water systems......Page 83
Steam heating systems......Page 85
District heating......Page 89
Combined heat and power......Page 92
Thermostatic control of heating systems......Page 93
Timed control of heating systems......Page 94
Energy management systems......Page 95
Warm air heating system......Page 97
Heating design......Page 98
Part Four: Fuel Characteristics and Storage......Page 106
Fuels – factors affecting choice......Page 108
Solid fuel – properties and storage......Page 109
Domestic solid fuel boilers......Page 111
Oil – properties......Page 112
Oil – storage and supply......Page 113
Oil-fired burners......Page 115
Natural gas – properties......Page 117
Liquid petroleum gas – properties and storage......Page 118
Electricity – electrode boiler......Page 119
Part Five: Ventilation Systems......Page 120
Ventilation requirements......Page 122
Guide to ventilation rates......Page 123
Domestic accommodation......Page 124
Non-domestic buildings......Page 126
Mechanical ventilation......Page 132
Types of fan......Page 134
Fan laws......Page 135
Sound attenuation in ductwork......Page 136
Air filters......Page 137
Ventilation design......Page 139
Resistances to air flow......Page 146
Part Six: Air Conditioning......Page 148
Air conditioning – principles and applications......Page 150
Central plant system......Page 151
Air processing unit......Page 152
Humidifiers......Page 153
Variable air volume......Page 154
Induction (air/water) system......Page 155
Fan coil (air/water) unit and induction diffuser......Page 156
Dual duct system......Page 157
Cooling systems......Page 158
Packaged air conditioning systems......Page 162
Psychrometrics – processes and applications......Page 164
Heat pumps......Page 171
Heat recovery devices......Page 173
Health considerations and building related illnesses......Page 174
Part Seven: Drainage Systems, Sewage Treatment and Refuse Disposal......Page 176
Combined and separate systems......Page 178
Partially separate system......Page 179
Rodding point system......Page 180
Sewer connection......Page 181
Drainage ventilation......Page 182
Drain laying......Page 185
Means of access......Page 186
Bedding of drains......Page 191
Drains under or near buildings......Page 193
Joints used on drain pipes......Page 194
Anti-flood devices......Page 195
Garage drainage......Page 196
Drainage Pumping......Page 197
Subsoil drainage......Page 200
Tests on drains......Page 203
Soakaways......Page 204
Cesspools and septic tanks......Page 205
Drainage design......Page 210
Waste and refuse processing......Page 218
Part Eight: Sanitary Fitments and Appliances: Discharge and Waste Systems......Page 224
Flushing cisterns, troughs and valves......Page 226
Water closets......Page 230
Bidets......Page 232
Showers......Page 233
Baths......Page 237
Sinks......Page 238
Wash basins and troughs......Page 240
Urinals......Page 242
Hospital sanitary appliances......Page 243
Sanitary conveniences......Page 244
Traps......Page 246
Single stack system and variations......Page 249
One- and two-pipe systems......Page 253
Pumped waste system......Page 255
Wash basins – waste arrangements......Page 256
Waste pipes from washing machines and dishwashers......Page 257
Air test......Page 258
Sanitation – data......Page 259
Offsets......Page 261
Ground floor appliances – high rise buildings......Page 262
Fire stops and seals......Page 263
Flow rates and discharge units......Page 264
Sanitation design – discharge stack sizing......Page 265
Part Nine: Gas Installation, Components and Controls......Page 268
Natural gas – combustion......Page 270
Main gas supply and installation......Page 271
Gas service pipe intake......Page 273
Meters......Page 277
Gas controls and safety features......Page 279
Gas ignition devices and burners......Page 285
Purging and testing......Page 286
Gas appliances......Page 289
Balanced flue appliances......Page 292
Open flue appliances......Page 295
Flue blocks......Page 298
Flue terminals......Page 299
Flue lining......Page 301
Shared flues......Page 302
Fan assisted gas flues......Page 305
Ventilation requirements......Page 306
Flue gas analysis......Page 308
Gas consumption......Page 309
Gas pipe sizing......Page 310
Part Ten: Electrical Supply and Installations......Page 312
Three-phase generation and supply......Page 314
Electricity distribution......Page 315
Intake to a building......Page 317
Earthing systems and bonding......Page 318
Consumer unit......Page 321
Power and lighting circuits......Page 322
Overload protection......Page 328
Electric wiring......Page 331
Testing completed installation......Page 334
Cable rating......Page 336
Diversity......Page 337
Domestic and industrial installations......Page 338
Electric space heating......Page 341
Construction site electricity......Page 345
Light sources, lamps and luminaries......Page 347
Extra-low-voltage lighting......Page 354
Lighting design......Page 355
Daylighting......Page 357
Telecommunications installation......Page 362
Part Eleven: Mechanical – Conveyors Lifts, Escalators and Travelators......Page 364
Planning lift installations......Page 366
Electric lifts......Page 368
Oil-hydrauli lifts......Page 378
Estimating the number of lifts required......Page 381
Firefighting lifts......Page 383
Builder\'s and electrician\'s work......Page 385
Escalators......Page 387
Travelators......Page 389
Stair lifts......Page 390
Part Twelve: Fire Prevention and Control Services......Page 392
Sprinklers......Page 394
Drenchers......Page 403
Hose reels......Page 404
Hydrants......Page 405
Foam installations......Page 407
Gas extinguishers......Page 409
Smoke, fire and heat detectors......Page 411
Electrical alarm circuits......Page 415
Fire dampers in ductwork......Page 418
Pressurisation of escape routes......Page 419
Smoke extraction, ventilation and control......Page 420
Portable fire extinguishers......Page 423
Part Thirteen: Security Installations......Page 426
Intruder alarms......Page 428
Micro-switch and magnetic reed......Page 429
Radio sensor, pressure mat and taut wiring......Page 430
Acoustic, vibration and inertia detectors......Page 431
Ultrasonic and microwave detectors......Page 432
Active infra-red detector......Page 433
Passive infra-red detector......Page 434
Lightning protection systems......Page 435
Part Fourteen: Accommodation for Building Services......Page 438
Ducts for engineering services......Page 440
Floor and skirting ducts......Page 441
Medium and large vertical ducts......Page 442
Medium and large horizantal ducts......Page 443
Subways or walkways......Page 444
Penetration of fire structure by pipes......Page 445
Raised access floors......Page 446
Suspended and false ceilings......Page 447
Part Fifteen: Alternative and Renewable Energy......Page 448
Alternative energy......Page 450
Wind power......Page 451
Fuel cells......Page 453
Water power......Page 454
Geothermal power......Page 455
Solar power......Page 456
Biomass or biofuel......Page 457
Part Sixteen: Appendices......Page 458
Appendix 1. Glossary of common abbreviations......Page 460
Appendix 2. Graphical symbol for pipework......Page 462
Appendix 3. Identification of pipework......Page 463
Appendix 4. Graphical symbols for electrical installation work......Page 465
Appendix 5. Metric units......Page 466
Appendix 6. Conversion of common imperial units to metric......Page 469
Index......Page 471