Building Information Modeling for a Smart and Sustainable Urban Space

Cover
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Acronyms
Introduction
Chapter 1. BIM: A New Paradigm
	1.1. Introduction
	1.2. History of BIM
	1.3. BIM: A meta concept
	1.4. BIM: Between technology and process
	1.5. BIM in the lifecycle of a building
		1.5.1. From design to pre-construction
		1.5.2. From construction to operation
	1.6. Some transversal uses of BIM
		1.6.1. Visualization
		1.6.2. Coordination and collaboration
		1.6.3. Construction planning: 4D simulation
		1.6.4. Cost estimation: 5D simulation
		1.6.5. Building management and maintenance
	1.7. BIM dimensions and levels of detail
		1.7.1. The “xDs” of BIM
		1.7.2. Levels of detail
	1.8. BIM maturity and capability
		1.8.1. Level 0: Pre-BIM
		1.8.2. Level 1: Object-oriented modeling
		1.8.3. Level 2: Collaboration based on federated object-oriented models
		1.8.4. Level 3: Collaboration around an integrated object-oriented model
	1.9. Conclusion
	1.10. References
Chapter 2. Which Data Sources for the BIM Model?
	2.1. Introduction
	2.2. Multiple sources for the 3D digitization of urban space
		2.2.1. 3D measurement techniques
		2.2.2. Selection criteria
	2.3. Approaches for 3D data production
		2.3.1. Point cloud-based approaches
		2.3.2. Image-based approaches
		2.3.3. Hybrid approaches
	2.4. Integration of multi-source data
	2.5. General discussion
	2.6. Conclusion
	2.7. References
Chapter 3. Development of the BIM Model
	3.1. Introduction
	3.2. Issues around 3D urban models
	3.3. Semantics of 3D urban models
	3.4. From the point cloud to the 3D model
		3.4.1. Point cloud processing chain
		3.4.2. Geometric modeling
	3.5. 3D reconstruction of the BIM model
		3.5.1. Scan-to-BIM process
		3.5.2. Scan versus BIM process
	3.6. Conclusion
	3.7. References
Chapter 4. Open BIM Standards
	4.1. Standardization bodies
		4.1.1. Open Geospatial Consortium
		4.1.2. ISO TC211
		4.1.3. buildingSMART
	4.2. Data models for multi-scale BIM
		4.2.1. Open BIM
		4.2.2. CityGML
		4.2.3. LandInfra/InfraGML
	4.3. Conclusion
	4.4. References
Chapter 5. GeoBIM: Towards a Convergence of BIM and 3D GIS
	5.1. Introduction
	5.2. The GeoBIM concept
	5.3. Some applications of GeoBIM
	5.4. BIM and GIS: similarities and differences
	5.5. BIM and GIS integration
		5.5.1. Model interoperability
		5.5.2. Integration approaches
	5.6. IFC and CityGML conversion
	5.7. BIM georeferencing
	5.8. Conclusion
	5.9. References
Chapter 6. BIM and 3D GIS Integration for Real Estate Valuation
	6.1. Introduction
	6.2. Real estate valuation: concepts, approaches and standards
		6.2.1. The concept of real estate valuation
		6.2.2. Real estate valuation approaches
		6.2.3. Real estate valuation norms and standards
	6.3. BIM and 3D GIS for real estate valuation
	6.4. BIM-3D GIS integration: a new paradigm for real estate valuation
	6.5. Examples of BIM and 3D GIS simulations for real estate valuation
		6.5.1. Simulation of the internal factors of a property
		6.5.2. Identification of comparable units of the property being appraised
		6.5.3. 3D visibility analysis
		6.5.4. Valuation of tax property elements: 3D cadastre
	6.6. Conclusion
	6.7. References
Chapter 7. Semantic Segmentation of Airborne LiDAR Data for the Development of an Urban 3D Model
	7.1. Introduction
	7.2. From semantic segmentation to 3D modeling
	7.3. Semantic segmentation by Deep Learning
		7.3.1. Semantic segmentation methods by DL
		7.3.2. Discussion
	7.4. Development of an urban 3D model
		7.4.1. Geometric modeling from the 3D point cloud
		7.4.2. Semantic modeling
		7.4.3. Discussion
		7.4.4. Our approach
	7.5. Conclusion
	7.6. References
Chapter 8. BIM for the Renovation of Urban Spaces
	8.1. Introduction
	8.2. Urban space: problems and dysfunctions
	8.3. Urban renewal approaches
	8.4. BIM/CIM for urban renewal
		8.4.1. Methodology
	8.5. Renovation process
	8.6. Conclusion
	8.7. References
Conclusion
List of Authors
Index
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