Building Industries at Sea: 'Blue Growth' and the New Maritime Economy

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RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN RENEWABLE ENERGY
Title Page - Building Industries at Sea: ‘Blue Growth’ and theNew Maritime Economy
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Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
PART I - The Blue Growth Sectors
	Chapter 1- Aquaculture
		1.1 Introduction
			1.1.1 General Overview of the Sector
			1.1.2 Marine Aquaculture as a Blue Growth Sector
		1.2 Sector Industry Structure and Lifecycle
		1.3 Market
			1.3.1 Products and Trade Flows in the World
			1.3.2 Market Trends, Prices and a View of FutureDemand in the EU
			1.3.3 Market Trends, Prices and Supply & Demand Gaps
		1.4 Working Environment
			1.4.1 Economic Indicators for the Aquaculture Sector in the EU
			1.4.2 Driving Forces and Limitations of Aquaculture Sector
			1.4.3 Regulatory Framework of Marine Aquaculturein the European Union
		1.5 Innovation
			1.5.1 Innovation Trends in Coastal and Off the Coast Marine Aquaculture Subsectors
			1.5.2 Recent Technology and Expected New Technologiesin Offshore Mariculture, Opportunities and Challenges
		1.6 Investment
		1.7 Uncertainties and Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 2
		2 Blue Biotechnology
			2.1 Introduction
				2.1.1 Definition of Blue Biotechnology and Marine Biotechnology
				2.1.2 Generic Value Chain of Blue Biotechnology
			2.2 Market
				2.2.1 Market Trends
			2.3 Sector Industry Structure and Lifecycle – Sub-sectors and Segments
				2.3.1 Present and Future Centres of Activity
				2.3.2 Atlantic Sea Basin
					2.3.2.1 Assessment
					2.3.2.2 Main initiatives
					2.3.2.3 Way forward
				2.3.3 Baltic Sea Basin
					2.3.3.1 Assessment
					2.3.3.2 Main initiatives
					2.3.3.3 Way forward
				2.3.4 Mediterranean Sea Basin
					2.3.4.1 Assessment
					2.3.4.2 Main initiatives
				2.3.5 Caribbean Sea Basin
				2.3.6 Business Lifecycle Stage
					2.3.6.1 Overview of sub-sectors
					2.3.6.2 Sub-sector lifecycle stage
				2.3.7 Trend Analysis of Patents
			2.4 Working Environment
				2.4.1 Employment and Skills Availability
				2.4.2 Revenues
				2.4.3 Stakeholders
				2.4.4 Role of SMEs in Blue Biotechnology
				2.4.5 Infrastructure and Clusters
				2.4.6 Public Policy Regulatory Framework
					2.4.6.1 International and regional legal frameworks
					2.4.6.2 European policy framework
			2.5 Innovation
				2.5.1 State of Technology and Trends
			2.6 Investment
			2.7 Uncertainties and Concluding Remarks
				2.7.1 Bottlenecks and Way Forward
			References
	Chapter 3
		3 Seabed Mining
			3.1 Introduction
				3.1.1 Challenges for Offshore Mining
				3.1.2 Definitions and Demarcation
			3.2 Market – Investigating Market Trends
				3.2.1 Market Trends, Product Demand, Prices
					3.2.1.1 Metals
					3.2.1.2 Phosphorite
					3.2.1.3 Natural gas
					3.2.1.4 A general model
				3.2.2 A View of Future Supply and Demand
					3.2.2.1 Metals
					3.2.2.2 Phosphorites
					3.2.2.3 Gas hydrates
					3.2.2.4 Potential influence of offshore mining oreson global markets
			3.3 Sector Industry Structure and Lifecycle
				3.3.1 Worldwide Offshore Resource Distribution
					3.3.1.1 Nodules
					3.3.1.2 SMS deposits
					3.3.1.3 Cobalt crusts
					3.3.1.4 Phosphorites
					3.3.1.5 Gas hydrates
				3.3.2 Centres of Offshore Activity
					3.3.2.1 International areas
					3.3.2.2 National areas
				3.3.3 Ownership
					3.3.3.1 Governmental companies
					3.3.3.2 Private companies
				3.3.4 Integration
					3.3.4.1 Vertical integration
					3.3.4.2 Horizontal integration
					3.3.4.3 Highly specialised operators
					3.3.4.4 Buying in knowledge and reducing risks
			3.4 Working Environment
				3.4.1 Employment and Skills
				3.4.2 Rules and Regulations
					3.4.2.1 International law
					3.4.2.2 Domestic law
				3.4.3 Societal Impacts and Concerns
					3.4.3.1 Possible societal impacts
					3.4.3.2 Societal impact relevant for the EU
					3.4.3.3 Mitigation of societal impacts
					3.4.3.4 Safeguarding financial revenues for the future
					3.4.3.5 Safeguarding scientific revenues for the future
				3.4.4 Ecological Concerns
					3.4.4.1 Potential direct ecological impacts
					3.4.4.2 Potential indirect ecological impacts
					3.4.4.3 Mitigation of ecological impacts
				3.4.5 Comparing the Impacts of Land-based Mining versus Offshore Mining
			3.5 Innovation
				3.5.1 Lifecycle Stages
					3.5.1.1 LCA of nodules, SMS deposits and cobalt crusts
					3.5.1.2 LCA of phosphorites
					3.5.1.3 LCA of gas hydrates
				3.5.2 Resource Assessment
				3.5.3 Extraction
				3.5.4 Vertical Lifting
				3.5.5 On Board Processing
				3.5.6 Final Processing
			3.6 Business Economics and Investment
				3.6.1 Economic Climate for Offshore Mining
					3.6.1.1 Market price for key resources
					3.6.1.2 Costs and revenues of SMS deposit mining
					3.6.1.3 Costs and revenues of nodule mining
					3.6.1.4 Costs and revenues of cobalt crust mining
					3.6.1.5 Costs and revenues of phosphorites
					3.6.1.6 Concerns and uncertainty about economic viability
				3.6.2 Government Support
				3.6.3 Status of Investment in Seabed Mining
				3.6.4 Factors Hampering Further Investment
					3.6.4.1 Operational risks
					3.6.4.2 Financial risks
					3.6.4.3 Regulatory risk
					3.6.4.4 Environmental issues
					3.6.4.5 Product market risk
			3.7 Concluding Remarks
				3.7.1 Moving Forward
					3.7.1.1 Some considerations
			References
	Chapter 4
		4 Ocean Energy – Wave and Tide
			4.1 Introduction
				4.1.1 Policy and EU Strategy Initiatives Overviewfor the Ocean Energy Sector
				4.1.2 Tidal Energy Development Demographics
				4.1.3 Wave Energy Development Demographics
			4.2 Market
				4.2.1 Global Ocean Energy Resources and Potential Economic Return
				4.2.2 Installed Capacity and Consented Capacityfor Wave and Tidal
				4.2.3 Capital Expenditure (Capex/MW or e/MW)
				4.2.4 Prices – Cost of the Product – Levelised Cost of Electricity LCOE
				4.2.5 Funding Support Schemes
					4.2.5.1 History of EU funding programme support schemesfor ocean energy
					4.2.5.2 Pull support schemes – Feed-in Tariff
					4.2.5.3 Push support scheme
			4.3 Sector Industry Structure and Lifecycle
				4.3.1 Wave and Tidal Sectors – Present and Future Centresof Developer Activity
				4.3.2 Supply Chain
				4.3.3 Lifecycle Stage
			4.4 Working Environment
				4.4.1 Job Creation and GVA
					4.4.1.1 Jobs/MW for wave and tidal in comparison to wind
				4.4.2 Skills Required, Workforce Mobility and Availability/Competition for Skills
					4.4.2.1 Population centres versus ocean energy `Hotspot' centres
					4.4.2.2 Construction and fabrication skilled workforce
					4.4.2.3 Installation and operations & maintenance (O&M) skilled workforce
				4.4.3 Availability/Competition for Skills
				4.4.4 Infrastructure and Support Service Requirements
			4.5 Wave Technology Innovation
				4.5.1 Wave Technology Innovation
				4.5.2 Tidal Technology Innovation
			4.6 Concluding Remarks
	Chpater  5
		5 Offshore Wind Energy
			5.1 Introduction
			5.2 Market
				5.2.1 Atlantic and Baltic Basins
				5.2.2 Mediterranean Basin
				5.2.3 Caribbean Basin and Rest of World
			5.3 Sector Industry Structure and Lifecycle
				5.3.1 Lifecycle
				5.3.2 Economics
				5.3.3 Supply Chain
			5.4 Working Environment
			5.5 Innovation
				5.5.1 Atlantic, Baltic and Mediterranean Basins
				5.5.2 Caribbean Basin
			5.6 Investment
			5.7 Uncertainties and Concluding Remarks
PART II The Blue Economy Sectors
	6 Fisheries
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Market
			6.2.1 The Demand for Fish
			6.2.2 Pressures on Price
			6.2.3 Trade across the World
		6.3 Structure and Lifecycle
			6.3.1 Sectors
			6.3.2 Management
		6.4 Working Environment
		6.5 Innovation
		6.6 Investment
		6.7 Uncertainties and Concluding Remarks
	Chapter 7
		7 Offshore Oil and Gas
			7.1 Introduction
				7.1.1 The Offshore Oil and Gas Sector in the Developmentof Blue Growth
			7.2 Market
				7.2.1 Products
				7.2.2 Market Trends
				7.2.3 Prices
				7.2.4 Future Supply and Demand Gaps
			7.3 Sector Industry Structure and Lifecycle
				7.3.1 Lifecycle
				7.3.2 Industry Sectors and Segmentation
				7.3.3 Horizontal and Vertical Integration
				7.3.4 Centres of Activity
				7.3.5 Types of Ownership
				7.3.6 Rules and Regulations
			7.4 Working Environment
				7.4.1 Economic Climate
				7.4.2 Employment, Skills and Migration
				7.4.3 Economic Indicators
					7.4.3.1 Contribution to GDP
					7.4.3.2 Wages
					7.4.3.3 Export potentials
				7.4.4 Infrastructure and Support Services
			7.5 Innovation
				7.5.1 Innovative Aspects and New Technology
				7.5.2 Decommissioning and Cross-Sectoral Opportunities
			7.6 Investment
			7.7 Uncertainties and Concluding Remarks
			References
	Chapter 8
		8 Shipping: Shipbuilding and Maritime Transportation
			8.1 Introduction
				8.1.1 Sector Description: Shipping Cycles
				8.1.2 Importance of the Shipping Industry for the BEand BG Sector
			8.2 Market
				8.2.1 Product Demand and Price
				8.2.2 Market Trends
					8.2.2.1 Shipbuilding
					8.2.2.2 Transport
				8.2.3 Future Supply and Demand Gaps
			8.3 Sector Industry Structure and Lifecycle
				8.3.1 Lifecycle
				8.3.2 Industry Sectors and Segmentation
				8.3.3 Horizontal and Vertical Integration
				8.3.4 Centres of Activity in Europe and Caribbean
				8.3.5 Nature of Ownership
				8.3.6 Rules and Regulations
			8.4 Working Environment
				8.4.1 Economic Climate
				8.4.2 Employment, Skills and Migration
				8.4.3 Economic Indicators
					8.4.3.1 Gross Domestic Product
					8.4.3.2 Wages
					8.4.3.3 Export potentials
				8.4.4 Infrastructure and Support Services
				8.4.5 Cluster and ``Triple Helix'' Features
			8.5 Innovation
			8.6 Investors
			8.7 Uncertainties and Concluding Remarks
			8.8 Conclusions
	Chapter 9
		9 Tourism
			9.1 Introduction
			9.2 Market
				9.2.1 Market Key Facts
				9.2.2 Major Business Models
				9.2.3 Supply Chain Business Models
				9.2.4 Vertical Integration
				9.2.5 Cruise Tourism
			9.3 Sector Industry Structure and Lifecycle
			9.4 Working Environment
				9.4.1 Employment and Skills
				9.4.2 Economic Climate for Small Businesses
				9.4.3 Contribution of Tourism to GVA and Revenues
				9.4.4 Changes to Infrastructure and Support Service Requirements
			9.5 Public Policy Regulatory Framework
			9.6 Innovation
				9.6.1 Cross-Sectoral Opportunities
			9.7 Investment
			9.8 Uncertainties and Concluding Remarks
PART III - Planning by Sea Basin
	Chapter 10 -  Regulation and Planning in SeaBasins – NE Atlantic
		10.1 Introduction and Geography
			10.1.1 Overview of Key Marine Sectors
			10.1.2 Most Promising Marine Sectors
			10.1.3 Key Features Affecting Policy
				10.1.3.1 EU membership
				10.1.3.2 Geography and jurisdiction
				10.1.3.3 Economic and political climate
		10.2 Environmental Policy
			10.2.1 Regional Sea Level
			10.2.2 EU Level
				10.2.2.1 Sea basin strategy
				10.2.2.2 Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)
		10.3 Regulatory Regimes
			10.3.1 Overview
		10.4 Spatial Impact and Planning
			10.4.1 Spatial Considerations
			10.4.2 Maritime Spatial Planning
		10.5 Related Strategies
			10.5.1 Atlantic Strategy
			10.5.2 Existing Maritime Clusters
		10.6 Supporting Blue Growth
		10.7 Key Lessons
			10.7.1 Key Messages and Relevant Research Notes
	Chapter 11
		11 Regulation and Planning in SeaBasins – North and Baltic Seas
			11.1 Introduction and Geography
				11.1.1 Overview of Key Marine Sectors
				11.1.2 Key Features Affecting Maritime Policy
			11.2 Environmental Policy
			11.3 Regulatory Regimes
			11.4 Spatial Impact and Planning
			11.5 Related Strategies
				11.5.1 Maritime Clusters
					11.5.1.1 North Sea
					11.5.1.2 Baltic Sea
			11.6 Supporting Blue Growth
			11.7 Key Lessons
	Chapter 12
		12 Regulation and Planningin the Mediterranean Sea
			12.1 Introduction and Geography
				12.1.1 Overview of Key Marine Sectors
				12.1.2 Key Features Affecting Maritime Policy
			12.2 Environmental Policy
				12.2.1 Regional Sea level
				12.2.2 EU Level
			12.3 Regulatory Regimes
			12.4 Spatial Impact and Planning
			12.5 Related Strategies
				12.5.1 Mediterranean Cooperation Projects and Initiatives
				12.5.2 Maritime Clusters
			12.6 Supporting Blue Growth
			12.7 Key Considerations
	Chapter 13
		13 Regulation and Planning in the SeaBasins – The Caribbean Basin
			13.1 Introduction and Geography
			13.2 Current and Planned Environmental Policies
			13.3 Regulatory Requirements
			13.4 Spatial Requirements, Conflicts and Planning/Policy
			13.5 Support Schemes
				13.5.1 Support Programmes
				13.5.2 Subsidies
			13.6 Key Considerations
	Appendix_1
		1 Master Document of Globaland Basin-Specific Regulations
PART IV Combining uses
	Chapter 14 - Multi Use Platforms (MUPs)and Multi Use of Space (MUS)
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 A Methodology for the Selection of a Promising Combination of Blue Growth Sectors
		14.3 Case Study Description Methodology
			14.3.1 Technical Brief Methodology
			14.3.2 Business Plan Using Business Model Canvas
		14.4 Case Study 1 – Floating Wind and Wave – Floating Power Plant
			14.4.1 How Floating Power Plant Was Selected by Maribe
			14.4.2 Company Description
			14.4.3 Technical Specification of Technology
				14.4.3.1 Current status
				14.4.3.2 Advantages of floating power plant combination
			14.4.4 Business Section
				14.4.4.1 Competition
				14.4.4.2 Value proposition
				14.4.4.3 Business model
				14.4.4.4 Market capture
		14.5 Case Study 2 – Floating Wind and Aquaculture – Besmar and Cobra/ACS
			14.5.1 How Besmar Cobra/ACS Was Selected by Maribe
			14.5.2 Company Description
			14.5.3 Technical Specification of Technology
				14.5.3.1 Phase 1: TRL 7/8 pre-commercial pilot
				14.5.3.2 Phase 2: TRL 9 commercial
				14.5.3.3 Advantage of floating wind and aquaculture combination
					14.5.3.3.1 General for both sectors
					14.5.3.3.2 Aquaculture farm
					14.5.3.3.3 Offshore platform wind farm
			14.5.4 Business Section
				14.5.4.1 Competition
				14.5.4.2 Value proposition
				14.5.4.3 Business model
				14.5.4.4 Market capture
		14.6 Case Study 3 – Mussel Aquaculture in Borssele Offshore Wind Parks
			14.6.1 How Mussel and Offshore Wind Farm Case StudyWas Selected by Maribe
			14.6.2 Project Background and Description
			14.6.3 Technical Specification of Technology
				14.6.3.1 Phase 1: TRL 7/8 per-commercial pilot
				14.6.3.2 Phase 2: TRL 9 commercial
				14.6.3.3 Advantage of floating wind and aquaculture combination
					14.6.3.3.1 Aquaculture farm
					14.6.3.3.2 Offshore platform wind farm
			14.6.4 Business Section
				14.6.4.1 Competition
				14.6.4.2 Value proposition
				14.6.4.3 Business model
				14.6.4.4 Market capture
		14.7 Conclusion
Endwords
Index
About_the_Editors
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