Building Decentralized Trust: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Design of Blockchains and Distributed Ledgers

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction: Theorizing from Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Design of Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Sys...
	1.1 A Comprehensive Perspective: The Opportunity and Need for Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology Systems Integrated ...
	1.2 Blockchain and DLT Systems´ Interacting Trust Layers
	1.3 The Design Approach: Introducing Strategic Design as a Guiding Collaborative Framework
	1.4 Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Underpinnings, and the Design of the Collaborative Experience
	1.5 The PWIAS RT Experience and Follow-Up Collaborative Work
	1.6 Applied Reflection, Lessons Learned from the Process, and Future Applications
	Annex 1: Participants by Last Name
		Teamwork Facilitators
		Pedagogical Facilitators
	Annex 2: Agenda of Roundtable
		June 11th, 2019
		June 12th, 2019
	References
Chapter 2: Blockchain Governance: De Facto (x)or Designed?
	2.1 Introduction: De Facto Governance in Blockchains
	2.2 The Case for a Grounded Theory of Blockchain Governance
	2.3 Situating Blockchain Governance in Existing Power Structures
	2.4 Blockchain Governance Analysis Framework
		2.4.1 Within the Cloud: Internal Governance
			2.4.1.1 Why: Values and Use Cases
			2.4.1.2 Who: Actors and Stakeholders
			2.4.1.3 When: Temporality and Change Over Time
			2.4.1.4 What: Data, Records, and Protocols
			2.4.1.5 Where: Geography of Instantiation
			2.4.1.6 How: Instantiation
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Incentives to Engage Blockchain and Ecosystem Actors
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The Blockchain Ecosystem
		3.2.1 Enterprise Ecosystems and Incentives for Assimilation of Blockchain Technology
			3.2.1.1 Incentives, Motivation, and Information
			3.2.1.2 Information Relevance to Support Awareness and Assess Capabilities
			3.2.1.3 Information Relevance to Motivate Change Behaviour
			3.2.1.4 Enterprise Ecosystems and Platform for Distributed Data Sharing
			3.2.1.5 Incentives to Engage Stakeholders in Enterprise Ecosystem
			3.2.1.6 Business Model Exploration
			3.2.1.7 Overcoming Resistance
	3.3 Incentives and the Business Model of Blockchain Developer/Administrator Ecosystem
		3.3.1 Designing Incentive Mechanisms
		3.3.2 Bitcoin Blockchain Incentive Challenges
			3.3.2.1 Selfish Mining
			3.3.2.2 Recentralization/Pool Mining
			3.3.2.3 Token Incentives
		3.3.3 Permissioned Blockchains
	3.4 Trade-offs
	3.5 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
		3.5.1 Conclusions
		3.5.2 Future Research
	References
Chapter 4: Balancing Security: A Moving Target
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Security
		4.1.2 Trust in an Untrusted Environment
		4.1.3 Privacy on Blockchains
		4.1.4 Security as a Moving Target
	4.2 Security Landscape
		4.2.1 Attack Surfaces and Adversarial Goals
			4.2.1.1 Network-Based Attacks
			4.2.1.2 Software-Based Attacks
			4.2.1.3 User-Based Attacks
		4.2.2 Technical Weak Points
			4.2.2.1 Attacks on the Application Layer
			4.2.2.2 Attacks on the Transaction Layer
			4.2.2.3 Attacks on the Consensus Layer
			4.2.2.4 Attacks on the Block Data Layer
			4.2.2.5 Attacks on the Network Layer
		4.2.3 Records Weak Points
		4.2.4 Social Weak Points
		4.2.5 Failure in Governance: Regulations and Regulatory Goals
	4.3 The Moving Target: Open Security Challenges of Blockchains
		4.3.1 Longevity Requirements for Security of Blockchains
		4.3.2 Regulation, Operation and Security
		4.3.3 Trade-off Between Security and Usability
		4.3.4 Decentralizing Responsibility for Data Security
		4.3.5 More Complexity Means Less Security
			4.3.5.1 Social Layer/Dimension
			4.3.5.2 Data Records Layer/Dimension
			4.3.5.3 Technological Layer/Dimension
	4.4 The Constant
		4.4.1 Designing for the Future
		4.4.2 The Weakest Link
	References
Chapter 5: Distributing and Democratizing Institutional Power Through Decentralization
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Concept Ambiguity
		5.2.1 The Spectrum of Centralization and Decentralization
		5.2.2 The Distinction Between Decentralization and Distribution
	5.3 Influence of Decentralization in Blockchain
		5.3.1 Influence on Data Layer: Improving Security and Disruptive Power of Data Decentralization
		5.3.2 Influence Technical Layer: The Disruptive Power of System Decentralization
		5.3.3 Influence Social Layer: The Disruptive Power of Transaction Decentralization
			5.3.3.1 Decentralization from a Socio-Technical Perspective
			5.3.3.2 Decentralization and Distributed Trust
		5.3.4 Resistance to the Decentralization Process
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Blockchains and Provenance: How a Technical System for Tracing Origins, Ownership and Authenticity Can Transform So...
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Conceptualizations and Recent Applications of Provenance
	6.3 Token Economics in Real-Life: Cryptocurrency and Incentives Design to Improve the Accuracy and Reliability of Data and Rec...
	6.4 Blockchain and the Authenticity of Digital Records: The Concept of Digital Originals
	6.5 Preservation of Provenance
	6.6 The Use Case in Health
	6.7 The Use Case in Banking and Finance
	6.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Conclusion: Theorizing from Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Design of Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Syste...
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Ontological Foundations
	7.3 Refining the ``Three-Layer´´ Model as Description of DLT Systems
	7.4 The Three Layer Model as a Framework for Design Alternatives
		7.4.1 Governance
		7.4.2 Incentives
		7.4.3 Security
		7.4.4 Decentralization
		7.4.5 Provenance
		7.4.6 Temporality
	7.5 Using the Three Layer Model in the Design of DLT Systems
	7.6 Towards a Mathematical Foundation for the Design of DLT Systems
	7.7 Conclusion
	References