Building a Cyber Risk Management Program: Evolving Security for the Digital Age

Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
Preface
	Why I Wrote This Book
	Who This Book Is For
	Evolving Design Methods: A Different Approach
	How This Book Is Organized
	Conventions Used in This Book
	O’Reilly Online Learning
	How to Contact Us
	Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Essential Concepts
	Basic Electronics
	Ideal Simplifications of Academia
	Interconnections
	Basic Components
		Capacitors
		Resistors
		Inductors
		Voltage Sources and Batteries
		Current Sources
		Switches and Relays
		Operational Amplifiers
		Voltage Comparators
	Nonideal Digital Devices
	Signal Integrity
	Summary and Conclusions
	Further Reading
Chapter 2. Architecting the System
	Preliminary Ideas
		Simulate or Build
		Through-Hole/Leaded Components (Obsolete)
		Discrete Gate Logic (Obsolete)
	Modern Design Strategies
		Mostly Digital Design
		DSP Methods: Versatility and Limits
		Digital Control Methods: DCU, MCU, MPU, FPGA, CPLD, and ASIC
	Terminology in MCU and MPU Specifications
	Hardware Controllers
	Software Controllers
	Computers Versus Controllers
		Raspberry Pi (MPU) Versus Arduino (MCU)
		Multipurpose and Specialty MCUs
	Chip Set Methods
	System Architecture Options
		Determine Peripherals and Interconnects
		Avoid Serial Communication Bottlenecks
		Use Direct Memory Access for Data Transfer
		Determine DSP Methods
		Check for DSP Bottlenecks
		Improve DSP Speed
		Determine DCU Internal Features
	Physical Package Considerations
	Off-Chip Features and Support
	Pulling It All Together
	Picking a DCU Configuration and Your MCU/MPU
		Specialized Niche Function or Feature
		Multi-MCU Systems
		General-Use MCU Systems
		Picking a Specific MCU
	Summary and Conclusions
	Further Reading
Chapter 3. Robust Digital Communication
	Digital Signals, Physical Considerations, and Connections
		Limitations of Ground-Referenced Digital Signals
		Low-Voltage Differential Signaling
		Organizing Interconnects for Speed and Signal Integrity
		Lumped Versus Distributed Networks
		Clock Distribution
	Digital Communication: Parallel Versus Serial Ports
	Clocking Methods for Serial Ports
		Starting Edge Synchronization
		Parallel Clock
		Manchester Code Self-Clocking
		Embedded Clock and Run Length Limited Codes
	Digital Communication: Features and Definitions
	Serial Data: Shared Ground, Low Speed
		Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
		Inter-Integrated Circuit and System Management Bus
		Serial Peripheral Interface
		Single-Wire Interfaces
	Serial Data: Shared Ground, High Speed
	Data Between Boards or Between Systems: Wired Methods
		RS-232: Serial Data over Cable
		RS-485: Differential Serial Data over Cable
		Controller Area Network
	Serial Data for Computer Systems
		Universal Serial Bus
		Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
		Peripheral Component Interconnect Express
		Ethernet
	Wireless Serial Interfaces
		WiFi
		Bluetooth
		Bluetooth Low Energy
		ZigBee
		Z-Wave
		Adaptive Network Topology
	Other Data Communication Methods
		Infrared
		Fiber-Optic Data: Go Fast, Go Far
		JTAG: PCB Access for Test and Configuration
	Summary and Conclusions
	Further Reading
Chapter 4. Power Systems
	Split Phase AC Mains Power
	AC Power Safety: Defining the Problem
		High-Voltage and Low-Voltage Partitioning
		Safe Failure Methods and Single Fault Safe Scenarios
		Overcurrent Protection Methods and the Weakest Link
	AC/DC Conversion
		The Classic Approach: 60 Hz Transformers
		Off-line Switchers
	Multi-PCB Systems: The Need for Local Power Regulation
	DC/DC Conversion: Linear Versus Switching
		Linear Regulators: Conceptual
		Emitter Follower Regulators Versus LDO
		Switching Step-Down (Buck) Converter
		Switching Step-Up (Boost) Converter
		Switching Buck-Boost Converter
	Picking Regulators and Configuring a Power System
		Including Power Supply Monitors
		Power Bypass, Decoupling, and Filtering
		Radiated Noise Reduction: RC Snubbers, Ferrites, and Filters
		Power Output Noise Reduction: Damped LPF Networks and Cascaded Regulators
	Power Grid Current Surges Due to Digital Logic
		Low-Impedance Power and Ground Planes
		Power Supply Bypass Filtering: Distributed Stabilization
		Bypass Capacitors at High Frequencies
		Power Bypass Capacitor Value and Distribution
	Summary and Conclusions
	Further Reading
Chapter 5. Battery Power
	Battery Basics: Definitions
		Decision Guidelines for Rechargeable or Single-Use Batteries
		Defining Power Requirements
		Battery Discharge Versus Functional Voltage Range
		Battery Types by Chemistry
		Discharging Behavior of Batteries
	Designing a Battery Set: Single Use and Multiple Cells
	Designing a Rechargeable Custom Battery Pack
	Charging Batteries
	Smart Batteries
	Regulations and Safety for Batteries
	Other Energy Storage and Access Methods
		Supercapacitors
		Hydrogen Fuel Cells
		Flow Batteries
		Wireless Power
		Solid State Batteries
	Summary and Conclusions
	Further Reading
Chapter 6. Electromagnetic Interference and Electrostatic Discharge
	Preliminary Ideas
		Intrinsic Noise
		General Strategy Dealing with EMI
		Regulations and Requirements
		Visualizations of Noise Coupling
		Frequency Domain Analysis of EMI
	Grounding
	Reducing Conducted Emissions to AC Power Mains
	Cable Interconnect Strategies
	Reducing Noise Generation at the Source
		Slower Clocks and Softer Transitions
		LVDS for Digital Data to Reduce EMI
		Spread Spectrum Clocks to Reduce EMI
		EMI Reduction for Switched-Mode Power Supplies
		Unintentional EMI Antennas
		EMI Suppression on Motors
	Reducing Noise Coupling Between On-Board Devices
		Identifying the Big Talkers and Sensitive Listeners
		Floor-Planning the PCB for Noise
		Faraday Cage Methods to Contain or Protect from EMI
	Making Circuits Less Noise Sensitive
		Noise-Sensitive High-Impedance Nodes
		Noise Immunity of Differential Signals
		Noise Immunity Through Bandwidth Limiting
	Suppressing Noise into and Out of the System: Faraday Cage Techniques
	Electrostatic Discharge Protection
	Summary and Conclusions
	Further Reading
Chapter 7. Data Converters: ADCs and DACs
	DAC Performance Basics
	ADC Performance Basics
	Antialiasing Filters for ADC Inputs
	Pulse Width Modulation DACs
	Arbitrary Waveform Generation by Direct Digital Synthesis
	Summary and Conclusions
	Further Reading
Chapter 8. Driving Peripheral Devices
	Switched Driver Circuits
		High- and Low-Side Switching
		High-Power Load Isolation
		Drive Signal Strategies
		Power Transistor Selection
		Power Transistor Thermal Performance
		Driving LEDs and Buzzers
	Selection of Static Displays
	Streaming Video Output
	Driving Inductive Loads
		Transient Current in a Switched Inductor
		Driving Solenoids and Relays
	H-Bridge Drive Circuits
	Driving DC Motors
		Motor Selection
		Brushed DC Motor Driver Circuit
		Brushless DC Motors: Single and Three Phase
		Motors with Integrated Control Electronics
		Stepper Motors
		Voice Coil Motors
		Stall Currents and Protecting from Self-Destruction
	Audio Outputs
	Summary and Conclusions
	Further Reading
Chapter 9. Sensing Peripheral Devices
	Sensors for Everything
	Sensor Output Types
	Sensor Data Capture and Calibration
		Data Capture Method
		Sensor Calibration
		Sensor Response Time
	Two-State Devices: Switches, Optical Interrupters, and Hall Sensors
	Position and Rotation Encoders
	Analog-Linear Sensors: A Closer Look
		Characteristics of Analog Sensors
		Signal Processing for Analog Sensors
		Sensor Calibration
		Current Sensing Methods
		Voltage Sensing
	Specific Sensor Applications
		Pressure Sensors
		Temperature Sensors
		Strain Gauges
		Sound and Microphones
		Image Sensors and Video Cameras
		Touch Panels
	Summary and Conclusions
	Further Reading
Chapter 10. Digital Feedback Control
	Overview of Sequence and Feedback Control
	Digital Versus Analog Circuit Methods
	Preliminary Definitions and Concepts
		Transfer Functions, Block Diagrams, and Basic Feedback
		Transient Response Terminology
	DUC Performance Selection
	Sequence Control
	Select Topics in Analog Control Systems
		Linear Systems and Approximations
		Bode Plots for Stable Control Loops
		Bode Plots for Gain and Phase Response
		Bode Plots for Gain and Phase of a Control Loop
		Bode Plots for Integral and Derivative Response
		Bode Plots of Fixed Time Delays
	Transition to Digital Control
		Determine DUC Stability
		DAC Performance Requirements
		Accuracy of Control Math
		ADC Performance Requirements
		ADC Sampling Rate Determination
		Final Selection of ADC and DAC
		Dual-Clock Strategy for Improved Phase Margin
		Digital Trapezoid Integration
		Digital Integration: Limit Windup and Avoid Saturation
		Digital Derivative by Adjacent Samples
		Additive Time Delays in the DSP
	PID Control Implementation
		Response Variants: P, I, PI, and PID
		Typical Effects of Gain Adjustments
		Ziegler Nichols Tuning
		Chien–Hrones–Reswick Tuning
	Component Variance and Control Tuning
	Adaptive Control Methods
	Trajectory Control Methods
	Summary and Conclusions
	Further Reading
Chapter 11. Schematic to PCB
	PCB Terminology
	PCB Design (EDA) Tools
	Getting Started
	Component Selection
		Selecting RLC Components
		Picking Connectors for Off-Board Wires
		Selecting IC Packages
		Checking Component End of Life and High-Quantity Availability
	Including Test Access and Interface Ports
	Schematics
		Schematic Sheets and General Organization
		Symbol Organization for Integrated Circuits
		Placeholders and “Do Not Populate” Components
		Provide Generous Commentary
		Avoid Ambiguity
		Call Out Items Requiring Special Attention
	Bill of Materials
	Defining Physical, Control, and Data Layers
	Defining a Component Footprint
	Mechanical Definition of a PCB
		Metric Versus Imperial Measurements
		PCB Mounting
		Electrical Grounding Through Mechanical Mounts
		Drilled Hole Spacing and Keep-Outs
		Cables to the PCB
		PCB Alignment References
		Conformal Coating
		Test Fixture Using Bed of Nails
	Defining the PCB Layer Stack-Up
	Interplane Capacitance
	Physical Design Rules
		High-Voltage Spacing Rules
	Component Placement Strategy
	General Interconnection Methods
		Easy Estimations of RLC Parasitics
		Maximum Trace Currents
		Determine Minimum Geometry Trace Requirements
	Vias and Micro-Vias
	Vias for Thermal Conduction
	Specialized Interconnection Methods
		Differential Signal Routing
		Microstrip Transmission Lines
		Stripline Transmission Lines
		Differential Microstrips and Striplines
		Kelvin Connections
	EMI and ESD Strategies
		Solid Ground Plane for Less EMI
		Flooded Signal Layer Grounds for Less EMI
		ESD Interconnect
		High-Frequency Power Bypass Methods
	Features for Manufacture and Assembly
		Consistent Copper Coverage
		Panelization and Break-Apart Methods
		Fabrication Notes
		Manufacturing (Gerber) Files
	Summary and Conclusions
	Further Reading
Chapter 12. Software and Coding
	Coding Languages
	Operating Systems
		Picking an RTOS
		Additional RTOS Considerations
	Configuring Ports and Processors
	Device Drivers
		Problematic Portability
		Peripheral Communication
		Initiating Peripheral Communication
		Device Driver Features
		Modularity/Hierarchy for DD Code
		Testing the DD
	Defensive Coding Methods
		Preprocess Data Inputs (Invalid Data)
		Preprocess Data Inputs (Bandwidth Restrictions)
		Preprocess Data (Human Input)
		Background Reinitialization
		Watchdog Timers
		Multicontroller Coding
	Suggestions for Well-Organized Code
	Summary and Conclusions
	Further Reading
Chapter 13. Special Systems and Applications
	Different Electronics for Different Priorities
	Design Priorities
		Product Cost
		Quality and Reliability
		Power Consumption
		Safety
		Backward Compatibility
		Ruggedness and User Abuse
		Capability for Repair
	Navigating the Regulatory Maze
	Risk Analysis
	Aviation Electronics (Avionics)
		Design Priorities
		Special Needs
		Regulations, Certifications, and Approvals
	Satellites and Spacecraft (Astrionics)
		Radiation
		Thermal Extremes
		Vibration, Shock, and Acceleration
		Vacuum Environments
		Component Selection and NASA-Approved Parts
		PCB Materials and Layout
		Limited Life of Spacecraft
		Regulations, Certifications, and Approvals
	Military Electronics
		Design Priorities and Unique Requirements
		Regulations, Certifications, and Approvals
	Medical Devices
		Regulations, Certifications, and Approvals
		Clean Functionality Throughout EMC Tests
		Special Needs
		Regulatory Requirements for Software and Firmware
	Automotive
		Typical Electronic Control Units
		Design Priorities and Special Needs
		Regulations, Certifications, and Approvals
	Consumer Electronics
		Design Priorities
		Special Interest Groups, Technology Coalitions, and Technical Standards
		Regulations, Certifications, and Approvals
		Restriction of Hazardous Substances
		Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)
	Industrial Automation
	Summary and Conclusions
	Further Reading
Chapter 14. Creating Great Products
	Create Products That Solve Problems or Fulfill a Need
	Identify the Target Market
	Identify What the Customer Wants
	Examine Competing Products
	Define the Value Proposition
	Determine Viable Pricing
	Determine a Properly Timed Market Window
	Establish Coalitions and Strategic Partners
	Focus on Ease of Use
	Determine the Needed Resources
	Get Design Specification Consensus
	Minimal Design and Feature Creep
	Identify Obstacles Early
	Get User Feedback on Prototype Builds
	Make It Easy to Manufacture
	Summary and Conclusions
	Further Reading
Glossary of Acronyms
	0–9
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Z
Index
About the Author
Colophon