BryophyteBiology

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 11
Preface......Page 13
1.1 Introduction......Page 17
1.2.1 Apical cells and gametophyte growth......Page 19
1.2.2 Oil bodies......Page 22
Variation in leafy morphologies......Page 25
Variation in simple thalloid morphologies......Page 36
Variation in complex thalloid morphologies......Page 39
1.2.4 Sporophytes and associated structures......Page 41
1.2.5 Spore germination and sporeling patterns......Page 47
1.3 Morphology, molecules, and classification......Page 48
SUBCLASS TREUBIIDAE Stotler & Crand.-Stotl.......Page 49
SUBCLASS BLASIIDAE He-Nygrén, Juslén, Ahonen, Glenny & Piippo......Page 50
SUBCLASS MARCHANTIIDAE Engl.......Page 51
SUBCLASS PELLIIDAE He-Nygrén, Juslén, Ahonen, Glenny & Piippo......Page 53
SUBCLASS METZGERIIDAE Barthol.-Began......Page 55
SUBCLASS JUNGERMANNIIDAE Engl.......Page 56
References......Page 63
2.1 Introduction......Page 71
2.2 Modular architecture of the vegetative plant body......Page 72
2.3.1 Rhizoids......Page 73
2.3.2 Stems......Page 74
2.3.3 Modifications of the stem......Page 79
2.3.4 Leaves......Page 80
2.4 Branching in mosses......Page 87
2.5 Sex organs: distribution, development and dehiscence......Page 90
2.6 Asexual reproduction......Page 93
2.7.1 Early embryogenesis......Page 95
2.7.3 Protection of the developing embryo......Page 96
2.7.4 Architecture of the mature sporophyte......Page 98
2.7.5 Sporogenesis and spores......Page 103
2.8 Fundamental peristome types......Page 104
2.9 Spore dispersal......Page 107
2.10 Early gametophyte development......Page 109
2.11 Apogamy and apospory: a life cycle without sex and meiosis......Page 111
2.12 Origin and evolution of the Bryophyta......Page 112
2.13 Classification of the Bryophyta......Page 114
Classification of mosses......Page 116
References......Page 142
3.1 Introduction......Page 155
3.3 Classification......Page 156
3.4 Anatomy and development......Page 161
3.5 Evolution......Page 179
3.5.1 Stomata......Page 180
3.5.2 Chloroplast evolution......Page 181
3.5.4 Spermatogenesis......Page 182
References......Page 183
4.1 Introduction......Page 189
4.2 The uses of comparative genomics in functional studies......Page 191
4.3 The uses of comparative genomics in phylogenetic reconstruction......Page 195
4.4 A new example of the use of characters from comparative chloroplast genomics......Page 197
4.4.1 Materials and methods......Page 198
4.4.2 Results......Page 200
Discussion......Page 202
4.5 Summary......Page 204
References......Page 206
Appendix 4.1 Description of genomic characters......Page 212
5.1 Introduction......Page 215
5.2 Physcomitrella patens: a twenty-first century model......Page 216
5.3 Physcomitrella: life cycle and development......Page 218
5.4 The molecular biology of Physcomitrella: sequencing the genome......Page 221
5.5 The discovery of homologous recombination......Page 223
5.6 Homologous recombination and DNA repair......Page 229
5.8 Requirements for efficient gene targeting......Page 234
5.8.2 DNA delivery......Page 235
5.8.3 Identification of gene-targeted mutants......Page 236
5.8.4 Confirmation that a targeted mutation causes a mutant phenotype......Page 238
5.8.5 Analysis of a multigene family......Page 239
5.8.6 Is gene targeting generally applicable?......Page 241
5.9 Mosses and the study of development......Page 242
5.10 The evolution of transcriptional networks......Page 244
References......Page 246
6.1 Introduction......Page 253
6.2 Water relations......Page 255
6.3 Bryophyte shoots as photosynthetic systems......Page 261
6.4 Desiccation tolerance......Page 268
6.5 Overview......Page 276
References......Page 277
7.1 Introduction......Page 285
7.2 Phenotypic considerations......Page 286
7.3 General aspects of desiccation tolerance as they relate to bryophytes......Page 287
7.4.1 Constitutive cellular protection......Page 289
7.4.2 Reactive oxygen scavenging pathways......Page 293
7.5 Induced desiccation tolerance in bryophytes......Page 295
7.6 Cellular recovery......Page 296
7.7 Biochemical and molecular aspects of recovery......Page 299
7.8 Genomic approach to desiccation tolerance......Page 302
7.9 Final comments......Page 304
References......Page 306
8.1 Introduction......Page 315
Aquaporins......Page 316
Transfer cells......Page 317
Growth on defined media......Page 318
Kinetics of ion uptake......Page 319
Cation exchange......Page 320
Element location within the tissues......Page 322
8.2.4 Nutrient inputs in nature......Page 324
Analytical studies......Page 325
Nutrient application experiments......Page 327
8.2.5 Desiccation effects on nutrient retention......Page 330
8.2.6 Evidence for internal recycling of nutrients......Page 331
8.2.7 Role of bryophytes in ecosystem nutrient dynamics......Page 332
8.2.8 Effects of nutrient scarcity and nutrient excess......Page 334
Nitrogen......Page 335
Phosphorus......Page 337
8.2.9 Biomonitoring of mineral deposition......Page 338
Monitoring heavy metal deposition......Page 339
Monitoring with aquatics......Page 341
8.3.1 Range of substrata occupied......Page 342
8.3.2 Longevity of substrata......Page 343
Epiphytes......Page 344
Epiphylls......Page 346
Litter species......Page 347
Fire mosses......Page 348
Dung and cadaver mosses......Page 350
Calcicoles and calcifuges......Page 352
Halophytes......Page 355
References......Page 357
9.1 Introduction......Page 373
9.2.1 Hydrology......Page 374
9.2.2 Chemistry......Page 375
9.2.3 Vegetation and flora......Page 377
9.3 Function and ecological importance of the moss layer......Page 380
9.3.1 Nutrient uptake and the consequences of atmospheric deposition......Page 381
9.3.2 Water-holding capacity......Page 382
9.3.3 Decomposition......Page 385
9.3.4 Acidification......Page 390
9.4 Responses to environmental change and disturbance......Page 392
9.4.1 Permafrost melt......Page 393
9.4.2 Wildfire......Page 395
9.4.3 Climatic cycles......Page 396
Upper Pinto Fen (UPF), Western Alberta, Canada......Page 398
Acknowledgments......Page 400
References......Page 401
10.1 Introduction......Page 409
10.2 Population patterns and processes......Page 411
10.2.1 Spore production......Page 412
10.2.2 Cost of reproduction......Page 414
10.2.3 Dispersal......Page 415
10.2.5 Diaspore banks......Page 418
10.2.6 Clonal expansion and population persistence......Page 419
10.2.7 Density-dependence in bryophyte populations......Page 420
10.2.8 Population dynamics in Hylocomium splendens: a case study using matrix modeling......Page 423
10.3 Metapopulation patterns and processes......Page 426
10.3.1 Bryophytes on dung: patch quality, local interactions, and metapopulation processes......Page 429
10.3.2 Epiphytes: local environment, connectivity and tree dynamics......Page 431
10.3.3 Bryophyte metapopulations: a synthesis......Page 434
10.4.1 Niche differentiation and coexistence patterns......Page 435
10.4.2 Regeneration processes and the role of disturbance......Page 436
10.4.3 Competition studies......Page 439
10.4.4 Interactions with vascular plants......Page 440
10.5 Species richness on patchy substrates and islands......Page 443
10.5.1 Species richness on true islands......Page 444
10.5.2 Species richness in epiphytes......Page 445
10.5.4 Species richness on decaying wood......Page 447
10.6 Species composition and richness at different temporal and spatial scales......Page 448
References......Page 450
11.1 Introduction......Page 461
11.2.1 Morphological definitions......Page 463
11.2.2 Biological and phylogenetic species concepts......Page 464
11.3.1 Isozyme-based studies......Page 467
11.3.2 DNA-based studies......Page 472
11.4 Speciation mechanisms in bryophytes......Page 478
11.4.1 Allopolyploidy in liverworts......Page 481
11.4.2 Allopolyploidy in mosses......Page 484
11.5 Tempo and mode of allopolyploid evolution......Page 487
11.6 Reconciling evolutionary inferences from molecular data with species concepts......Page 488
References......Page 489
12.1 Introduction......Page 503
The IUCN classification system......Page 504
Application of the IUCN 2001 red listing system to bryophytes......Page 505
12.2.3 Implementation of threat levels in legislation......Page 509
Dispersal......Page 511
Ecological range......Page 512
Competitive ability......Page 513
Scientific collecting......Page 514
Indirect threats: habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation......Page 515
12.4.1 Specificity of bryophyte patterns of diversity......Page 521
12.4.2 Circumscription of key areas for bryophyte conservation......Page 524
12.4.3 Strategies for implementing a network of protected areas......Page 526
12.5.1 Management of protected areas......Page 527
12.5.2 Integrated management measures in the context of sustainability......Page 528
Bryophyte conservation and sustainable forest management......Page 529
Bryophyte conservation and sustainable agriculture......Page 531
12.6 Ex situ conservation and reintroduction......Page 532
12.7 Conclusion, issues, and perspectives......Page 533
References......Page 536
Index......Page 551