Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 13
Preface......Page 19
I Introductory Chapters......Page 25
Morphology and physiology......Page 27
Bryophytes as Air Pollution Monitors......Page 29
Desiccation tolerance......Page 30
Ecosystem functions of bryophytes......Page 32
References......Page 34
2 Bryophyte Physiological Processes in a Changing Climate: an Overview......Page 37
Effects of temperature increase......Page 38
Elevated carbon dioxide effects......Page 41
Effects of increased light intensity and ozone depletion......Page 42
Effect of drying and desiccation tolerance......Page 46
Conclusions......Page 49
References......Page 50
II Ecophysiology......Page 57
Strategies of adaptation to life on land......Page 59
Consequences of scale......Page 60
Climate and microclimate......Page 61
Solar radiation as a driver of climate and microclimate......Page 62
Wind speed and boundary layers......Page 63
Water loss and the heat budget......Page 65
Water relations......Page 66
Desiccation tolerance......Page 67
Light and temperature......Page 69
Light, photosynthesis and CO2......Page 71
Conclusions......Page 73
References......Page 74
Introduction......Page 79
Immediate, short-and medium-term effects of elevated air CO2......Page 81
Long-term responses......Page 85
Conclusions......Page 90
References......Page 91
Introduction......Page 95
Seasonal variability......Page 96
Boreal and sub-arctic (Finland and Sweden)......Page 99
Antarctic (Antarctica and Tierra del Fuego)......Page 101
Laboratory and greenhouse......Page 102
Boreal and Arctic (Finland, Sweden, and Svalbard)......Page 105
Conclusions......Page 108
References......Page 109
III Aquatic Bryophytes......Page 115
Introduction......Page 117
Temperature optima and variation......Page 118
Effects on development......Page 120
Elevated carbon dioxide effects......Page 121
Effects of altered flow......Page 123
Desiccation due to higher temperatures and reduced rainfall......Page 125
Temperature effects on bryophytes in lakes......Page 126
Interaction with pollutants......Page 127
Ecosystem effects......Page 128
New distributions......Page 129
Conclusions......Page 131
References......Page 132
Introduction......Page 139
Bryophytes and ultraviolet radiation......Page 141
Effects of UVR on lake bryophytes......Page 148
Effects of UVR on bog bryophytes......Page 149
Effects of UVR on mountain stream bryophytes......Page 150
Laboratory studies on mountain stream bryophytes: responses of the variables used......Page 152
Laboratory studies on mountain stream bryophytes: responses of UV-absorbing compounds......Page 155
Laboratory studies on mountain stream bryophytes: factors influencing UVR responses......Page 156
Field studies using natural gradients of UVR: stream bryophytes as UVR bioindicators......Page 159
Conclusions......Page 161
References......Page 163
IV Desert and Tropical Ecosystems......Page 171
Introduction......Page 173
Sampling and life history......Page 176
Allocation analyses......Page 178
Statistics......Page 179
Allocation analyses......Page 180
Regeneration experiment......Page 182
Discussion......Page 185
Bryophyte responses......Page 186
Cyanosymbiont responses......Page 188
Acknowledgements......Page 189
References......Page 190
Introduction......Page 193
Field methods......Page 196
Laboratory methods......Page 198
Statistical methods......Page 200
Results......Page 201
Sex expression......Page 203
Stress tolerance......Page 206
Productivity and resource allocation......Page 207
Conclusions......Page 208
References......Page 209
Introduction......Page 215
Research approach and measurements......Page 218
Data analysis......Page 219
Results......Page 221
Discussion......Page 223
Appendix 10.1......Page 226
References......Page 227
V Alpine, Arctic, and Antarctic Ecosystems......Page 233
Tundra vegetation in the changing climate......Page 235
The importance of tundra bryophytes......Page 237
Simulation of increased temperature......Page 239
Methods for studying plant community responses to climate change......Page 241
Temperature increase......Page 242
Increased nutrients......Page 244
Responses to increased UV-B radiation and other environmental factors......Page 245
Snowbed communities......Page 246
The Arctic and Antarctic – are they poles apart?......Page 248
The destiny of tundra bryophytes......Page 250
References......Page 252
Introduction......Page 261
Sampling design......Page 262
Temperature measurements......Page 263
Data analysis with Generalized Linear Models (GLM)......Page 264
Temperature measurements......Page 265
Environmental factors......Page 268
Discussion......Page 269
Conclusions......Page 271
References......Page 272
Introduction......Page 275
Water relations and photosynthetic performance......Page 277
Photosynthesis......Page 278
Nutrient cycling, temperature and freeze–thaw......Page 279
Short-wave ultraviolet radiation......Page 280
Transient events and persistent effects......Page 283
Long-term trends......Page 284
Alien invasions and competitive survival......Page 285
Conclusions: what of the future?......Page 286
References......Page 288
VI Sphagnum and Peatlands......Page 299
Boreal peatlands of Western Canada......Page 301
Bryophytes: foundation species of boreal peatlands......Page 303
Drought as a characteristic of the Canadian Prairie Provinces......Page 307
Methods......Page 309
Results and discussion......Page 310
Methods......Page 313
Results and discussion......Page 314
References......Page 317
Introduction......Page 323
Subjects and methods of research......Page 325
Results and discussion......Page 329
Conclusions......Page 335
References......Page 337
Introduction......Page 341
The investigated mires......Page 342
Methods......Page 343
Degradation of Sphagnum carpet under the willow carr of Bence-tó......Page 344
Size change and decay of Sphagnum cushions......Page 346
The secondary succession of the investigated mires after flooding (Fig. 16.6)......Page 348
Nature conservation management of the mires......Page 351
References......Page 354
VII Changes in Bryophyte Distribution with Climate Change: Data and Models......Page 357
Fossil mosses used as proxies for detecting past climatic changes......Page 359
Material and field and laboratory methods of plant macrofossil studies......Page 363
Phytogeography of peat bogs in the Carpathian Basin......Page 365
Paleoclimate reconstruction from the Nyírjes peat bog......Page 366
Early to Middle Holocene peatland wetness and lake level records in the Carpathian Basin......Page 369
Historical records as related to climate change......Page 371
Conclusions......Page 374
References......Page 375
Introduction......Page 383
Crossidium laxefilamentosum Frey & Kürschner......Page 385
Dicranum tauricum Sapjegin......Page 386
Leptophascum leptophyllum (Müll. Hal.) J. Guerra & M. J. Cano Syn.: Chenia leptophylla (Müll. Hal.) Zander......Page 387
Pterygoneurum squamosum Segarra & Kürschner......Page 388
Changes in bryophyte distribution in relation to climate change......Page 389
Conclusions......Page 390
References......Page 391
Introduction......Page 395
History of recording......Page 396
Phytogeographical groupings in relation to climate......Page 397
Britain’s climate: recent trends and future predictions......Page 400
Other recent environmental changes in Britain......Page 402
Phenology, growth, and temperature......Page 405
Temperature responses......Page 407
What groups would we expect to show increases in range?......Page 408
Cololejeunea minutissima......Page 412
Colura calyptrifolia......Page 414
Ulota phyllantha......Page 417
Didymodon nicholsonii......Page 418
Introduced species......Page 420
Habitat change......Page 421
Community-level changes......Page 422
Lichens......Page 424
Vascular plants......Page 425
References......Page 426
Introduction......Page 433
Distribution data......Page 434
Climate modeling......Page 435
Overlap with protected areas......Page 437
Current conservation provision for rare bryophytes in England......Page 438
Current and future capacity of protected areas in England to provide suitable climate space for bryophytes......Page 440
Conclusions......Page 446
References......Page 447
Introduction......Page 451
Objectives......Page 453
Climate data......Page 454
Results......Page 456
Conclusions......Page 458
References......Page 461
Introduction......Page 465
Carbon dynamics in bryophytes......Page 466
Productivity model structure......Page 467
Parameterizing the productivity model for P. schreberi......Page 470
Dynamics of the productivity model......Page 473
Discussion......Page 476
Conclusions......Page 477
References......Page 478
VIII Conclusions......Page 483
Introduction......Page 485
Bryophytes as predictors of atmospheric greenhouse gas enrichment......Page 487
Bryophytes as predictors of increased temperature and evapotranspiration......Page 489
Expansions and contractions of species ranges as predictors of climate change......Page 492
Changes in species interactions as predictors of climate change and N deposition......Page 494
Changes in bryophyte-dominated ecosystems as predictors of climate change......Page 495
Effectiveness of using bryophytes as predictors of greenhouse gas enrichment and climate change......Page 497
Conclusions......Page 498
References......Page 499
24 Conclusions and Future Research......Page 507
References......Page 512
Index......Page 515