BRS Physiology

Physiology, Fifth Edition......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Contents......Page 13
C. Intercellular connections......Page 17
A. Simple diffusion......Page 18
D. Primary active transport......Page 19
E. Secondary active transport......Page 20
B. Osmosis and osmotic pressure......Page 21
B. Diffusion and equilibrium potentials......Page 23
D. Action potentials......Page 25
B. Neuromuscular junction (Figure 1-9 and Table 1.2)......Page 28
C. Synaptic transmission......Page 30
A. Muscle structure and filaments (Figure 1-11)......Page 32
B. Steps in excitation–contraction coupling in skeletal muscle (Figures 1-12 and 1-13)......Page 34
C. Length–tension and force–velocity relationships in muscle......Page 35
A. Types of smooth muscle......Page 36
B. Steps in excitation–contraction coupling in smooth muscle (Figure 1-16)......Page 37
VIII. COMPARISON OF SKELETAL MUSCLE, SMOOTH MUSCLE, AND CARDIAC MUSCLE......Page 38
Review Test......Page 39
Answers and Explanations......Page 43
B. Neurotransmitters of the ANS......Page 47
C. Receptor types in the ANS (Table 2-2)......Page 49
D. Effects of the ANS on various organ systems (Table 2-4)......Page 50
A. Sensory receptors—general......Page 51
B. Somatosensory system......Page 54
C. Vision......Page 55
D. Audition......Page 59
E. Vestibular system......Page 60
G. Taste......Page 62
B. Muscle sensors......Page 63
C. Muscle reflexes (Table 2-8)......Page 65
E. Brain stem control of posture......Page 66
F. Cerebellum—central control of movement......Page 67
G. Basal ganglia—control of movement......Page 68
A. Electroencephalographic (EEG) findings......Page 69
B. Formation of CSF by the choroid plexus epithelium......Page 70
A. Sources of heat gain and heat loss from the body......Page 71
F. Malignant hyperthermia......Page 72
Review Test......Page 73
Answers and Explanations......Page 77
A. Components of the vasculature......Page 80
B. Velocity of blood flow......Page 81
D. Resistance......Page 82
F. Pressure profile in blood vessels......Page 83
G. Arterial pressure (Figure 3-2)......Page 84
A. Electrocardiogram (ECG) (Figure 3-3)......Page 85
B. Cardiac action potentials (see Table 1-3)......Page 86
D. Excitability......Page 88
E. Autonomic effects on heart rate and conduction velocity (Table 3-1)......Page 89
A. Myocardial cell structure......Page 90
C. Contractility......Page 91
D. Length–tension relationship in the ventricles (Figure 3-8)......Page 92
E. Ventricular pressure–volume loops (Figure 3-9)......Page 93
F. Cardiac and vascular function curves (Figure 3-11)......Page 95
I. Cardiac oxygen (O2) consumption......Page 98
B. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction......Page 99
VI. REGULATION OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE......Page 101
A. Baroreceptor reflex......Page 102
B. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system......Page 103
A. Structure of capillary beds......Page 105
C. Fluid exchange across capillaries......Page 106
VIII. SPECIAL CIRCULATIONS (TABLE 3-3)......Page 108
B. Hormonal (extrinsic) control of blood flow......Page 109
E. Skeletal muscle......Page 110
A. Changes in gravitational forces (Table 3-4 and Figure 3-19)......Page 111
B. Exercise (Table 3-5 and Figure 3-20)......Page 112
C. Hemorrhage (Table 3-6 and Figure 3-21)......Page 114
Review Test......Page 116
Answers and Explanations......Page 123
A. Lung volumes (Figure 4-1)......Page 129
B. Lung capacities (see Figure 4-1)......Page 130
B. Muscles of expiration......Page 131
C. Compliance of the respiratory system......Page 132
D. Surface tension of alveoli and surfactant......Page 133
E. Relationships between pressure, airflow, and resistance......Page 134
F. Breathing cycle—description of pressures and airflow (Figure 4-6)......Page 136
G. Lung diseases (Table 4-1)......Page 137
E. Perfusion-limited and diffusion-limited gas exchange (Table 4-3)......Page 138
A. Hemoglobin......Page 139
B. Hemoglobin–O2 dissociation curve (Figure 4-7)......Page 140
C. Changes in the hemoglobin–O2 dissociation curve (Figure 4-8)......Page 141
D. Causes of hypoxemia and hypoxia (Table 4-4 and Table 4-5)......Page 143
A. Forms of CO2 in blood......Page 144
A. Pressures and cardiac output in the pulmonary circulation......Page 145
D. Shunts......Page 146
C. Changes in V/Q ratio (Figure 4-12)......Page 147
VIII. CONTROL OF BREATHING......Page 148
B. Chemoreceptors for CO2, H+, and O2 (Table 4-7)......Page 149
A. Exercise (Table 4-8)......Page 150
B. Adaptation to high altitude (Table 4-9)......Page 151
Review Test......Page 152
Answers and Explanations......Page 156
B. Measuring the volumes of the fluid compartments (see Table 5-1)......Page 160
C. Shifts of water between compartments......Page 162
A. Clearance equation......Page 164
B. RBF......Page 165
C. GFR......Page 166
A. Calculation of reabsorption and secretion rates......Page 168
B. Transport maximum (Tm) curve for glucose—a reabsorbed substance (Figure 5-5)......Page 169
D. Relative clearances of substances......Page 170
A. Single nephron terminology......Page 171
C. Na+ reabsorption along the nephron (Figure 5-7)......Page 172
B. Renal regulation of K+ balance (Figure 5-12)......Page 175
A. Urea......Page 178
B. Production of concentrated urine (Figure 5-16)......Page 179
C. Production of dilute urine (Figure 5-17)......Page 182
D. Free-water clearance (CH2O)......Page 183
A. Acid production......Page 184
B. Buffers......Page 185
C. Renal acid–base......Page 186
D. Acid–base disorders (Tables 5-8 and 5-9 and Figure 5-22)......Page 189
A. Hypoaldosteronism......Page 193
C. Diarrhea......Page 194
Review Test......Page 196
Answers and Explanations......Page 201
B. Innervation of the GI tract......Page 206
A. GI hormones (Table 6-1)......Page 207
C. Neurocrines......Page 210
A. Slow waves (Figure 6-3)......Page 211
B. Chewing, swallowing, and esophageal peristalsis......Page 212
D. Small intestinal motility......Page 213
E. Large intestinal motility......Page 214
A. Salivary secretion......Page 215
B. Gastric secretion......Page 218
C. Pancreatic secretion......Page 222
D. Bile secretion and gallbladder function (Figure 6-12)......Page 224
A. Carbohydrates......Page 225
B. Proteins......Page 227
C. Lipids......Page 228
D. Absorption and secretion of electrolytes and H2O......Page 229
C. Metabolic functions of the liver......Page 230
D. Detoxification......Page 231
Review Test......Page 232
Answers and Explanations......Page 235
C. Regulation of hormone secretion......Page 238
B. Adenylate cyclase mechanism (Figure 7-1)......Page 240
D. Ca2+–calmodulin mechanism (Figure 7-3)......Page 241
A. Hypothalamic–pituitary relationships......Page 243
B. Hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary......Page 244
C. Hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary......Page 247
A. Synthesis of thyroid hormones (Figure 7-8)......Page 248
C. Actions of thyroid hormone......Page 250
A. Adrenal cortex......Page 251
A. Organization of the endocrine pancreas......Page 258
C. Insulin......Page 259
A. Overall Ca2+ homeostasis (Figure 7-13)......Page 261
B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)......Page 262
C. Vitamin D......Page 264
VIII. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION (FIGURE 7-15)......Page 265
A. Synthesis of testosterone (Figure 7-16)......Page 266
C. Actions of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone......Page 267
E. Variation in FSH and LH levels over the life span (male and female)......Page 268
C. Actions of estrogen......Page 269
E. Menstrual cycle (Figure 7-19)......Page 270
F. Pregnancy (Figure 7-20)......Page 271
Review Test......Page 273
Answers and Explanations......Page 277
Comprehensive Examination......Page 281
Answers and Explanations......Page 292
Index......Page 303