BRS Neuroanatomy, 4th Edition

Cover......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Preface......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Contents......Page 13
II. Divisions of the Brain......Page 19
III. Atlas of the Brain and Brainstem (Figures 1-8 through 1-18)......Page 28
REVIEW TEST......Page 40
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 41
I. Meninges (Figure 2-1)......Page 42
II. Ventricles (Figure 2-4; see Figure 2-3)......Page 46
IV. Hydrocephalus......Page 48
V. Meningitis (pl. meningitides)......Page 49
VII. Circumventricular Organs......Page 50
REVIEW TEST......Page 54
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 56
II. Venous Drainage of the Spinal Cord......Page 58
III. Arteries of the Brain (Figures 3-2 through 3-6)......Page 59
VI. Veins of the Brain......Page 64
VII. Venous Dural Sinuses (Figure 3-7)......Page 65
VIII. Angiography......Page 66
IX. Intracranial Hemorrhage......Page 71
REVIEW TEST......Page 73
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 75
II. Development of the Neural Tube (Figures 4-1 and 4-2)......Page 77
III. Neural Crest (see Figure 4-2)......Page 78
IV. Placodes......Page 79
V. Stages of Neural Tube Development......Page 80
VI. Spinal Cord (Medulla Spinalis) (Figure 4-4)......Page 82
VII. Medulla Oblongata (Myelencephalon) (Figure 4-5)......Page 83
VIII. Metencephalon (Figure 4-7; see Figure 4-3)......Page 85
IX. Mesencephalon (Midbrain) (Figure 4-8; see Figure 4-3)......Page 86
X. Development of the Diencephalon, Optic Structures, and Hypophysis......Page 87
XI. Development of the Telencephalon......Page 89
XII. Congenital Malformations of the Central Nervous System (CNS)......Page 90
REVIEW TEST......Page 96
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 97
II. Neurons......Page 98
III. Neuroglia......Page 101
IV. Nerve Cell Degeneration and Regeneration (see Figure 5-2)......Page 104
V. Axonal Transport......Page 106
VII. Sensory Receptors......Page 108
REVIEW TEST......Page 112
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 113
II. External Morphology......Page 114
III. Internal Morphology (see Figure 6-5)......Page 119
IV. Myotatic Reflex (see Figure 6-3)......Page 121
REVIEW TEST......Page 123
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 124
II. Ascending Spinal Tracts......Page 125
III. Descending Spinal Tracts (Figures 7-4 and 7-5)......Page 129
IV. Clinical Correlations......Page 133
REVIEW TEST......Page 135
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 136
II. Lower Motor Neuron Lesions (Figure 8-2A)......Page 138
III. Upper Motor Neuron Lesions......Page 139
V. Peripheral Nervous System Lesions......Page 141
VII. Combined Motor and Sensory Lesions......Page 142
VIII. Intervertebral Disk Herniation......Page 145
REVIEW TEST......Page 147
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 149
II. Medullar Oblongata (Myelencephalon)......Page 151
III. Pons......Page 156
IV. Mesencephalon (Midbrain) (see Figures 9-8 and 9-9)......Page 158
V. Corticobulbar (Corticonuclear) Fibers (Figure 9-10; see Figure 13-5)......Page 164
REVIEW TEST......Page 165
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 166
I. Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) (Figure 10-1; see Figures 1-1, 9-1, and 9-7)......Page 167
II. Ascending Trigeminothalamic Tracts......Page 168
III. Trigeminal Sensory Nuclei (see Figures 9-1, 9-7 to 9-9, and 10-2)......Page 170
IV. Trigeminocerebellar Fibers......Page 171
VI. Clinical Correlations......Page 172
REVIEW TEST......Page 175
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 176
II. Outer, Middle, and Inner Ear......Page 177
III. Auditory Pathway (see Figure 11-1)......Page 179
IV. Efferent Cochlear (Olivocochlear) Bundle......Page 180
VI. Tuning Fork Tests......Page 181
VII. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) (Figure 11-2)......Page 183
REVIEW TEST......Page 184
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 185
II. Labyrinth (Figure 12-1)......Page 186
III. Vestibular Pathways (Figure 12-2; see Figure 12-1)......Page 188
VI. Vestibulo-ocular Reflexes......Page 189
VIII. Clinical Correlations......Page 191
REVIEW TEST......Page 193
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 194
III. Optic Nerve (CN II) (see Figures 1-2, 17-2, and 17-4; see Chapter 17 III B)......Page 195
IV. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) (see Figures 1-1, 1-7, and 13-3; Chapter 17)......Page 196
V. Trochlear nerve (CN IV) (see Figures 1-7 and 13-3)......Page 199
VII. Abducent Nerve (CN VI) (see Figures 1-1, 1-7, and 13-3)......Page 200
VIII. Facial Nerve (CN VII) (see Figures 1-1, 1-7, 13-2, 13-3, and 13-5)......Page 201
IX. Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) (see Figures 1-1, 1-7, and 13-2)......Page 203
X. Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) (see Figures 1-1, 1-7, 13-2, and 13-3)......Page 204
XI. Vagal Nerve (CN X) (see Figures 1-1, 1-7, 13-2, and 13-3)......Page 205
XII. Accessory Nerve (CN XI) (Figure 13-8; see Figures 1-1, 1-7, and 13-3)......Page 206
XIII. Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) (see Figures 1-1, 1-7, and 13-3)......Page 207
REVIEW TEST......Page 209
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 210
II. Vascular Lesions of the Medulla......Page 211
III. Vascular Lesions of the Pons......Page 212
IV. Lesions of the Midbrain......Page 214
V. Acoustic Neuroma (Schwannoma) (Figure 14-4)......Page 215
VII. Jugular Foramen (Vernet) Syndrome......Page 216
VIII. Subclavian Steal Syndrome (Figure 14-5)......Page 217
REVIEW TEST......Page 218
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 220
II. Major Divisions of the Cerebellum......Page 222
III. Cerebellar Cortex......Page 224
IV. Major Cerebellar Pathways (Figure 15-4)......Page 226
VI. Cerebellar Lesions (Figure 15-6)......Page 228
REVIEW TEST......Page 232
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 233
III. Primary Thalamic Nuclei and Their Major Connections (Figures 16-1 and 16-2)......Page 234
VI. Blood Supply of the Internal Capsule (see Figure 3-6)......Page 238
VII. Clinical Correlations......Page 239
REVIEW TEST......Page 240
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 241
II. The Retina......Page 242
III. Visual Pathway (see Figures 1-2 and 17-2)......Page 245
IV. Pupillary Light Reflexes and Pathway (Figure 17-4)......Page 247
V. Pupillary Dilation Pathway......Page 248
VI. The Convergence-Accommodation Reaction (see Figure 17-5)......Page 249
VIII. Clinical Correlations......Page 250
REVIEW TEST......Page 254
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 256
II. Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 258
III. Visceral Afferent Fibers and Pain......Page 262
IV. Autonomic Innervation of Selected Organs (see Table 18-1)......Page 263
V. Clinical Correlations......Page 265
REVIEW TEST......Page 266
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 267
III. Hypothalamic Regions and Nuclei......Page 268
IV. Major Hypothalamic Connections (Figures 19-3 and 19-4)......Page 271
V. Major Fiber Systems......Page 273
VI. Functional Considerations......Page 274
VII. Clinical Correlations......Page 276
REVIEW TEST......Page 277
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 278
I. Olfactory System......Page 280
II. Gustatory System......Page 281
III. Limbic System......Page 283
REVIEW TEST......Page 289
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 290
II. Striatal Motor System (see Figure 21-1)......Page 292
REVIEW TEST......Page 299
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 300
I. Introduction......Page 301
II. Acetylcholine......Page 302
III. Dopamine......Page 303
IV. Norepinephrine (Noradrenalin)......Page 304
V. Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine [5-HT])......Page 305
VI. Opioid Peptides......Page 306
VIII. Amino Acids......Page 307
X. Functional and Clinical Correlations......Page 310
REVIEW TEST......Page 312
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 314
II. Six Layers of the Neocortex (Figure 23-1)......Page 316
III. Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex (Figure 23-2)......Page 317
IV. Cerebral Dominance......Page 322
V. Split-Brain Syndrome (Figures 23-7 and 23-8)......Page 324
VI. Blood Supply to the Major Functional Cortical Areas......Page 325
REVIEW TEST......Page 328
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 330
II. Aphasia......Page 332
III. Dysprosodies......Page 334
REVIEW TEST......Page 335
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 336
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION......Page 337
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 352
Appendix......Page 367
Glossary......Page 371
Index......Page 383