BRS Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Genetics, Fifth Edition (Board Review Series)

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Preface......Page 7
Publisher’s Preface......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Contents......Page 13
II. ACIDS, BASES, AND BUFFERS......Page 19
III. CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE......Page 22
IV. PROTEOGLYCANS, GLYCOPROTEINS, AND GLYCOLIPIDS......Page 27
V. AMINO ACIDS......Page 29
VI. LIPIDS......Page 32
VII. MEMBRANES......Page 34
VIII. NUCLEOTIDES......Page 36
Review Test......Page 37
Answers and Explanations......Page 39
I. GENERAL ASPECTS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE (FIGURE 1-1)......Page 41
II. EXAMPLES OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT PROTEINS......Page 46
Review Test......Page 52
Answers and Explanations......Page 54
I. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES......Page 56
II. DEPENDENCE OF VELOCITY ON ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATIONS, TEMPERATURE, AND PH......Page 57
III. THE MICHAELIS-MENTEN EQUATION......Page 58
V. INHIBITORS......Page 59
VI. ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES......Page 61
VIII. REGULATION BY PROTEIN–PROTEIN INTERACTIONS......Page 62
IX. ISOENZYMES......Page 63
Review Test......Page 64
Answers and Explanations......Page 66
I. DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES......Page 68
II. DIGESTION OF DIETARY TRIACYLGLYCEROL......Page 69
III. PROTEIN DIGESTION AND AMINO ACID ABSORPTION......Page 72
Review Test......Page 75
Answers and Explanations......Page 78
II. TRANSPORT OF GLUCOSE INTO CELLS......Page 81
III. REACTIONS OF GLYCOLYSIS (FIGURE 4-1)......Page 82
V. REGULATORY ENZYMES OF GLYCOLYSIS (FIGURE 4-2)......Page 84
VI. THE FATE OF PYRUVATE (FIGURE 4-4)......Page 86
VII. GENERATION OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE BY GLYCOLYSIS......Page 87
Review Test......Page 90
Answers and Explanations......Page 93
I. THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE......Page 95
II. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION......Page 103
III. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES......Page 108
Review Test......Page 111
Answers and Explanations......Page 113
III. GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS......Page 115
IV. GLYCOGEN DEGRADATION (FIGURE 6-4B)......Page 118
V. LYSOSOMAL DEGRADATION OF GLYCOGEN......Page 119
VI. REGULATION OF GLYCOGEN DEGRADATION (FIGURE 6-5)......Page 120
VII. REGULATION OF GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS (FIGURE 6-5)......Page 122
Review Test......Page 123
Answers and Explanations......Page 125
II. REACTIONS OF GLUCONEOGENESIS......Page 127
III. MAINTENANCE OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS......Page 132
Review Test......Page 137
Answers and Explanations......Page 139
I. FRUCTOSE AND GALACTOSE METABOLISM......Page 141
II. PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY......Page 144
III. PROTEOGLYCANS, GLYCOPROTEINS, AND GLYCOLIPIDS......Page 147
Review Test......Page 151
Answers and Explanations......Page 153
I. FATTY ACID AND TRIACYLGLYCEROL SYNTHESIS......Page 155
II. FORMATION OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL STORES IN ADIPOSE TISSUE......Page 159
III. FATTY ACID OXIDATION......Page 160
IV. HIGH YIELD COMPARISON FROM FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS AND OXIDATION (TABLE 9-1)......Page 164
Review Test......Page 165
Answers and Explanations......Page 167
I. CHOLESTEROL AND BILE SALT METABOLISM......Page 169
II. BLOOD LIPOPROTEINS......Page 173
Review Test......Page 177
Answers and Explanations......Page 179
I. KETONE BODY SYNTHESIS AND UTILIZATION (FIGURE 11-1)......Page 181
II. PHOSPHOLIPID AND SPHINGOLIPID METABOLISM......Page 183
III. METABOLISM OF THE EICOSANOIDS......Page 184
IV. SYNTHESIS OF THE STEROID HORMONES......Page 187
Review Test......Page 190
Answers and Explanations......Page 192
I. ADDITION AND REMOVAL OF AMINO ACID NITROGEN......Page 194
II. UREA CYCLE......Page 195
III. SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION OF AMINO ACIDS......Page 198
Review Test......Page 205
Answers and Explanations......Page 207
I. SPECIAL PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS......Page 209
II. TETRAHYDROFOLATE AND S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE: THE ONE-CARBON CARRIERS......Page 216
Review Test......Page 219
Answers and Explanations......Page 220
I. PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM......Page 221
II. HEME METABOLISM......Page 226
Review Test......Page 229
Answers and Explanations......Page 231
I. METABOLIC FUELS AND DIETARY REQUIREMENTS......Page 233
II. METABOLISM DURING THE FED OR ABSORPTIVE STATE (FIGURE 15-5)......Page 237
III. FASTING (FIGURE 15-6)......Page 239
IV. PROLONGED FASTING (STARVATION) (FIGURE 15-7)......Page 242
V. BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS OF TISSUES......Page 243
Review Test......Page 247
Answers and Explanations......Page 249
I. GENERAL MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION......Page 251
II. REGULATION OF HORMONE LEVELS......Page 254
III. ACTIONS OF SPECIFIC HORMONES......Page 255
Review Test......Page 265
Answers and Explanations......Page 267
I. NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE......Page 269
II. SYNTHESIS OF DNA (REPLICATION)......Page 274
III. SYNTHESIS OF RNA (TRANSCRIPTION)......Page 280
Review Test......Page 285
Answers and Explanations......Page 287
I. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (TRANSLATION OF MESSENGER RNA)......Page 289
II. REGULATION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS......Page 294
Review Test......Page 300
Answers and Explanations......Page 302
II. CELL CYCLE......Page 304
III. CONTROL OF THE CELL CYCLE......Page 306
IV. MEIOSIS (FIGURE 19-4)......Page 307
V. GENE DOSAGE......Page 310
VI. FUNDAMENTALS OF MENDELIAN GENETICS......Page 311
VIII. MODES OF INHERITANCE (FIGURE 19-6)......Page 312
X. HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE......Page 314
XI. GENETIC TESTING......Page 315
Review Test......Page 318
Answers and Explanations......Page 320
I. ONCOGENES......Page 323
II. TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES......Page 325
III. APOPTOSIS......Page 326
IV. MECHANISM OF ONCOGENESIS......Page 327
V. MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS......Page 329
VI. DNA REPAIR AND CARCINOGENESIS......Page 331
VII. MOLECULAR PROGRESSION OF CANCER......Page 332
VIII. MOLECULAR MARKERS IN CANCER BIOLOGY......Page 333
Review Test......Page 334
Answers and Explanations......Page 335
I. BIOTECHNOLOGY INVOLVING RECOMBINANT DNA......Page 337
II. TECHNOLOGY INVOLVING PROTEINS......Page 347
Review Test......Page 350
Answers and Explanations......Page 352
Comprehensive Examination......Page 354
Answers and Explanations......Page 366
Index......Page 379