Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law

Contents
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
Outline contents
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
Contents
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
Preface
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
	Footnotes:
Acknowledgements
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
New in this edition
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
Table of treaties and other international instruments
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
UK Legislation
Table of legislation
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. xxxiii) Other legislation (including EU)
	Argentina
	Australia
	Belgium
	Canada
	China
	EU
	France
	Germany
	Israel
	Italy
	Japan
	Mexico
	Netherlands
	Pakistan
	Russian Federation
	Singapore
	South Africa
	Spain
	Sweden
	US
Table of cases
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
Abbreviations
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
Glossary
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
Part I Preliminary topics, 1 Introduction
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 3) 1  Introduction
1.  Development of the Law of Nations
2.  International Law as Law
	(A)  Natural law origins
	(B)  From positivism to the present day
	(C)  The basis of obligation
(p. 12) 3.  The Reality and Trajectory of International Law
	(A)  The state and sovereignty
	(B)  The institutional structure
	(C)  A system of international laws
	(D)  The trajectory of international law
	(E)  Scepticism, idealism, and reaction against international law
	Footnotes:
Part I Preliminary topics, 2 The sources of international law
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 18) 2  The sources of international law
1.  Introduction
2.  The Statute of the International Court of Justice
3.  International Custom
	(A)  The concept of custom
	(B)  The elements of custom
		(i)  Duration and consistency of practice
		(ii)  Generality of practice
		(iii)  ‘Accepted as law’: Opinio juris sive necessitatis
	(C)  The relativity of custom
		(i)  The persistent objector
		(p. 27) (ii)  The subsequent objector
		(iii)  Bilateral relations and local custom
4.  Treaties
	(A)  ‘Law-making’ treaties
	(B)  Relation of treaties to custom
5.  General Principles of Law
	(A)  General principles of law in the practice of tribunals
		(i)  Arbitral tribunals
		(ii)  The International Court and general principles
	(B)  General principles of international law
(p. 35) 6.  Judicial Decisions
	(A)  Judicial decisions and precedent in international law
	(p. 37) (B)  Decisions of international tribunals
	(C)  Decisions of the international court and its predecessor
	(D)  Decisions of national courts
7.  Other Material Sources
	(A)  Conclusions of international conferences
	(B)  Resolutions of the general assembly
	(C)  The writings of publicists
	(p. 41) (D)  Codification and the work of the international law commission
8.  Other Considerations Applicable in Judicial Reasoning
	(A)  Equity in the jurisprudence of the international court
	(B)  Considerations of humanity
	(C)  ‘Legitimate interests’
9.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part I Preliminary topics, 3 The relations of international and national law
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 45) 3  The relations of international and national law
1.  Theoretical Approaches
(p. 48) 2.  Relations of international and national law: An overview
	(A)  International law’s approach to national law
		(i)  In general
		(ii)  National laws as ‘facts’ before international tribunals
		(p. 51) (iii)  Treatment of national law by international tribunals
	(B)  International law before national courts: General considerations
		(i)  Establishing international law before national courts
		(ii)  International law as the applicable law in national courts
	(C)  Res judicata as between international and national law
		(i)  National res judicata before international courts
		(ii)  International res judicata before national courts
		(iii)  Res judicata and third parties
3.  International law in the common law tradition
	(A)  Development of the common law approach
	(B)  Treaties in English law
		(i)  Unincorporated treaties
		(ii)  Incorporated treaties
		(iii)  Treaties and the interpretation of statutes
		(p. 63) (iv)  Treaties and the determination of the common law
	(C)  Customary international law
		(i)  ‘Incorporation’
		(ii)  The process and limits of ‘incorporation’
	(D)  Non-justiciability and act of state
		(i)  Non-justiciability
		(ii)  Judicial restraint and foreign acts of state
	(E)  The common law tradition in the united states
		(i)  Treaties
		(ii)  Customary international law
		(iii)  The Alien Tort Statute (ATS)
		(iv)  Non-justiciability of political questions and acts of state
4.  International law in the civil law tradition
	(A)  Customary international law in the European tradition
		(i)  France
		(ii)  Germany
		(iii)  Italy
		(iv)  Russian Federation
		(v)  The Netherlands
	(B)  Treaties and national law in the European tradition
		(i)  France
		(ii)  Germany
		(iii)  Italy
		(iv)  Russian Federation
		(v)  The Netherlands
	(p. 94) (C)  Non-justiciability in the European tradition
		(i)  France
		(ii)  Germany
		(p. 98) (iii)  Italy
		(iv)  Russian Federation
		(p. 100) (v)  The Netherlands
5.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part I Preliminary topics, 2 The sources of international law
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 18) 2  The sources of international law
1.  Introduction
2.  The Statute of the International Court of Justice
3.  International Custom
	(A)  The concept of custom
	(B)  The elements of custom
		(i)  Duration and consistency of practice
		(ii)  Generality of practice
		(iii)  ‘Accepted as law’: Opinio juris sive necessitatis
	(C)  The relativity of custom
		(i)  The persistent objector
		(p. 27) (ii)  The subsequent objector
		(iii)  Bilateral relations and local custom
4.  Treaties
	(A)  ‘Law-making’ treaties
	(B)  Relation of treaties to custom
5.  General Principles of Law
	(A)  General principles of law in the practice of tribunals
		(i)  Arbitral tribunals
		(ii)  The International Court and general principles
	(B)  General principles of international law
(p. 35) 6.  Judicial Decisions
	(A)  Judicial decisions and precedent in international law
	(p. 37) (B)  Decisions of international tribunals
	(C)  Decisions of the international court and its predecessor
	(D)  Decisions of national courts
7.  Other Material Sources
	(A)  Conclusions of international conferences
	(B)  Resolutions of the general assembly
	(C)  The writings of publicists
	(p. 41) (D)  Codification and the work of the international law commission
8.  Other Considerations Applicable in Judicial Reasoning
	(A)  Equity in the jurisprudence of the international court
	(B)  Considerations of humanity
	(C)  ‘Legitimate interests’
9.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part I Preliminary topics, 3 The relations of international and national law
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 45) 3  The relations of international and national law
1.  Theoretical Approaches
(p. 48) 2.  Relations of international and national law: An overview
	(A)  International law’s approach to national law
		(i)  In general
		(ii)  National laws as ‘facts’ before international tribunals
		(p. 51) (iii)  Treatment of national law by international tribunals
	(B)  International law before national courts: General considerations
		(i)  Establishing international law before national courts
		(ii)  International law as the applicable law in national courts
	(C)  Res judicata as between international and national law
		(i)  National res judicata before international courts
		(ii)  International res judicata before national courts
		(iii)  Res judicata and third parties
3.  International law in the common law tradition
	(A)  Development of the common law approach
	(B)  Treaties in English law
		(i)  Unincorporated treaties
		(ii)  Incorporated treaties
		(iii)  Treaties and the interpretation of statutes
		(p. 63) (iv)  Treaties and the determination of the common law
	(C)  Customary international law
		(i)  ‘Incorporation’
		(ii)  The process and limits of ‘incorporation’
	(D)  Non-justiciability and act of state
		(i)  Non-justiciability
		(ii)  Judicial restraint and foreign acts of state
	(E)  The common law tradition in the united states
		(i)  Treaties
		(ii)  Customary international law
		(iii)  The Alien Tort Statute (ATS)
		(iv)  Non-justiciability of political questions and acts of state
4.  International law in the civil law tradition
	(A)  Customary international law in the European tradition
		(i)  France
		(ii)  Germany
		(iii)  Italy
		(iv)  Russian Federation
		(v)  The Netherlands
	(B)  Treaties and national law in the European tradition
		(i)  France
		(ii)  Germany
		(iii)  Italy
		(iv)  Russian Federation
		(v)  The Netherlands
	(p. 94) (C)  Non-justiciability in the European tradition
		(i)  France
		(ii)  Germany
		(p. 98) (iii)  Italy
		(iv)  Russian Federation
		(p. 100) (v)  The Netherlands
5.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part II Personality and recognition, 4 Subjects of international law
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 105) 4  Subjects of international law
1.  Introduction
2.  Established Legal Persons
	(A)  States
	(B)  Entities legally proximate to states
	(C)  Entities recognized as belligerents
	(D)  International Administration of territories prior to independence
	(E)  International organizations
	(p. 111) (F)  Individuals
3.  Special Types of Personality
	(A)  Corporations, public and private
	(B)  Non-self-governing peoples
	(C)  Entities sui generis
4.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part II Personality and recognition, 5 Creation and incidence of statehood
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 117) 5  Creation and incidence of statehood
1.  Introduction
2.  The Criteria for Statehood
	(A)  Population
	(B)  Defined territory
	(C)  Government
	(D)  Independence
		(i)  ‘Dependent states’
		(ii)  Associations of states
	(E)  A Degree of permanence
	(p. 124) (F)  Willingness to observe international law
	(G)  Sovereignty
	(H)  Function as a state
		(i)  States in statu nascendi
3.  Some Issues of Statehood
	(A)  Germany since 1945
	(B)  Palestine
	(C)  Kosovo
4.  Achieving Independence: Secession and Self-Determination
5.  Identity and Continuity of States
6.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part II Personality and recognition, 6 Recognition of states and governments
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 134) 6  Recognition of states and governments
1.  Recognition as a General Category
2.  Recognition of States
	(A)  Theoretical overlay
	(B)  The varied legal consequences of recognition and non-recognition
	(C)  The ‘duty to recognize’
	(D)  Implied recognition
	(E)  Retroactivity of recognition
	(F)  Recognition and membership of international organizations
3.  Recognition of Governments
	(p. 143) (A)  De jure and de facto recognition
	(p. 144) (B)  Recognition of governments in abeyance
	(C)  Credentials and representation in international organizations
4.  Collective Non-Recognition and Sanctions
5.  Issues of Recognition Before National Courts
	(A)  Overview
	(p. 148) (B)  The position of the UK courts
	(C)  The position of the US courts
	(D)  The position in Europe
		(i)  A ‘pan-European’ approach
		(ii)  Expanding the Namibia exception
6.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part II Personality and recognition, 7 International organizations
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 156) 7  International organizations
1.  Introduction
2.  Legal Personality
	(A)  International organizations as subjects of international law
	(B)  Indicia of international legal personality
	(C)  Objective personality and third states
(p. 161) 3.  Privileges and Immunities
	(A)  Sources of privileges and immunities
		(i)  Treaty law
		(ii)  National law
		(iii)  Customary international law
	(p. 164) (B)  Privileges and immunities attaching to the organization
	(C)  Privileges and immunities attaching to personnel
		(i)  Immunity attaching to organization officials
		(ii)  Immunity attaching to state representatives
4.  Performance of Acts in the Law
	(A)  Treaty-making power
	(B)  Capacity to espouse international claims
	(C)  Standing before international tribunals
	(D)  Capacity to own property
	(E)  Responsibility
5.  Interpretation of the Constituent Instrument
	(A)  Identity of the interpreter
		(i)  Self-interpretation within international organizations
		(ii)  Judicial and other third party interpretation
	(B)  Principles of interpretation
		(i)  Subsequent practice within the organization
		(ii)  Implied powers
(p. 178) 6.  Relations of International Organizations
	(A)  Relations with members
		(i)  Decision-making
		(p. 179) (ii)  Domestic jurisdiction
		(iii)  Agency
		(p. 180) (iv)  Applicable law
	(B)  Relations with non-member states
	(p. 181) (C)  Relation to municipal law
7.  Law-Making Through Organizations
	(A)  Forums for state practice
	(B)  Prescriptive resolutions
	(C)  Channels for expert opinion
	(D)  The practice of political organs
	(E)  External practice of organizations
	(F)  Internal law-making
8.  Control of Acts of Organizations
	(A)  Responsibility under general international law
	(B)  Internal political and judicial control
(p. 187) 9.  Conclusion: The Rule of Law and International Organizations
	Footnotes:
Part III Territorial sovereignty, 8 Forms of governmental authority over territory
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 191) 8  Forms of governmental authority over territory
1.  The Concept of Territory
2.  Key Terms and Distinctions
	(A)  Sovereignty and jurisdiction
	(B)  Sovereignty and ownership
	(C)  Sovereignty and administration
	(D)  ‘Sovereign rights’ beyond state territory
3.  Territorial Administration Separated from State Sovereignty
	(A)  Terminable and reversionary rights
	(B)  Residual sovereignty
	(C)  International leases
	(D)  Demilitarized and neutralized territory
	(E)  Vassalage, suzerainty, and protection
4.  Restrictions on Disposition of Territory
	(A)  Treaty provisions
	(B)  The principle of appurtenance
5.  Conclusion
	(A)  The concept of title
	(B)  Title, delimitation, demarcation
	(C)  Nemo dat quod non habet
	Footnotes:
Part III Territorial sovereignty, 9 Acquisition and transfer of territorial sovereignty
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 203) 9  Acquisition and transfer of territorial sovereignty
1.  Introduction
(p. 204) 2.  Determining Title
	(A)  The centrality of title
	(p. 206) (B)  The intertemporal law
	(C)  The critical date
	(p. 208) (D)  Terra nullius
3.  The ‘Modes’ of Acquisition
	(A)  Basic principles
	(B)  Original and historic title
	(C)  Effective occupation
		(i)  Discovery
		(p. 212) (ii)  Symbolic annexation
		(iii)  Effective and continuous display of state authority
		(iv)  The intention to act as sovereign
	(D)  Cession
		(i)  Agreements concluded with indigenous rulers
		(ii)  Renunciation or relinquishment
	(E)  Adjudication
4.  Displacement of Title
	(A)  The concept of ‘prescription’
		(i)  The place of prescription in the law
		(ii)  The role of private law analogies
	(B)  The requirements of prescription
		(i)  Conduct on the part of the usurping party
		(p. 219) (ii)  The importance of acquiescence
		(iii)  Estoppel
	(C)  ‘Negative prescription’
	(D)  Historical consolidation of title: an epitaph
5.  Extent of Sovereignty: Territorial Disputes
	(A)  The principle of contiguity
	(p. 224) (B)  The uti possidetis principle
	(C)  Accretion
	(D)  Hydraulic boundaries
		(i)  Boundary rivers
		(p. 227) (ii)  Boundary lakes
	(E)  The polar regions: the sector principle
6.  Territorial Sovereignty and Peremptory Norms
	(A)  Transfer by an aggressor
	(B)  The principle of self-determination and territorial transfers
(p. 230) 7.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part III Territorial sovereignty, 10 Status of territory: further problems
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 231) 10  Status of territory: further problems
1.  International Procedures of Territorial Disposition
	(A)  Agreement between the states concerned
	(p. 232) (B)  Joint decision of the principal powers
	(C)  Action by UN organs
2.  Sovereignty Displaced or in Abeyance
	(A)  Territory sub judice
	(B)  Territory title to which is undetermined
	(C)  Terra nullius
	(D)  Res communis
	(E)  Territorial entities (other than states) enjoying legal personality
	(F)  Antarctica
	Footnotes:
Part IV Law of the sea, 11 The territorial sea and other maritime zones
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 241) 11  The territorial sea and other maritime zones
1.  The Territorial Sea
	(A)  Introduction
	(B)  The baseline for measurement of the territorial sea
	(C)  Breadth of the territorial sea
	(D)  Bays
		(i)  Bays the coasts of which belong to a single state
		(ii)  Bays bounded by the territory of two or more states
	(E)  Islands, rocks, and low-tide elevations
		(i)  Definition of ‘island’
		(ii)  Low-tide elevations
		(iii)  Groups of islands: archipelagos
	(F)  Legal regime of the territorial sea
2.  The Contiguous Zone
	(p. 251) (A)  The concept of the contiguous zone
	(B)  Functional jurisdiction in the contiguous zone
		(i)  Customs
		(ii)  Immigration
		(iii)  Sanitary purposes
	(C)  Issues of enforcement
3.  The Continental Shelf
	(p. 255) (A)  Origins of the continental shelf
	(B)  Rights of the coastal state in the shelf
	(C)  Natural resources of the shelf
	(D)  Artificial islands and installations on the shelf
	(E)  Regime of the subsoil
	(F)  Outer limit of the shelf
4.  The Exclusive Economic Zone/Fisheries Zone
	(A)  Introduction
	(B)  Fishery zones
	(C)  The EEZ as an established zone
	(D)  The EEZ and continental shelf compared
5.  Other Zones for Special Purposes
	(A)  Security zones
	(B)  Other miscellaneous claims
6.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part IV Law of the sea, 12 Maritime delimitation and associated questions
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 267) 12  Maritime delimitation and associated questions
1.  Introduction
2.  The Distinction Between Entitlement and Delimitation
3.  Delimitation by Agreement
4.  Territorial Sea Delimitation
5.  Continental Shelf Delimitation
	(A)  Sources
	(B)  The established approach
	(C)  The equitable principles
	(D)  Relevant circumstances
	(E)  Proportionality
	(F)  Continental shelf delimitation beyond 200nm
6.  Exclusive Economic Zone Delimitation
7.  The Effect of Islands Upon Delimitation
8.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part IV Law of the sea, 13 Maritime transit and the regime of the high seas
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 280) 13  Maritime transit and the regime of the high seas
1.  Introduction
2.  Freedom of the High Seas
	(A)  Historical and jurisprudential origins
	(B)  Unclos and the freedom of the high seas
	(C)  Jurisdictional aspects of the high seas regime
	(p. 286) (D)  Piracy
		(i)  The definition of piracy
		(p. 289) (ii)  Other illegal acts committed on the high seas
		(iii)  Actions by insurgents at sea
		(iv)  Acts committed with the authority of a lawful government
		(v)  Politically motivated acts by organized groups
		(vi)  Unrestricted submarine warfare
	(p. 291) (E)  Other exceptions to the principle of the freedom of the high seas
		(i)  The right of approach in time of peace
		(ii)  Visit, search, and seizure in time of peace
		(iii)  The right of self-defence
		(iv)  Blockade and contraband
		(v)  The right of hot pursuit
	(F)  Restrictions by treaty
3.  Jurisdiction over Ships on the High Seas
	(A)  The decision in the lotus
	(B)  Jurisdiction over oil pollution casualties
	(p. 297) (C)  Unauthorized broadcasting
	(D)  Drug interdiction
	(E)  Migrant smuggling
	(F)  Human trafficking
	(G)  Suppression of terrorism and the maritime transport of weapons
4.  Regimes of Transit to and from the High Seas
	(A)  Innocent passage
	(B)  Criminal jurisdiction during innocent passage
	(C)  Transit passage through international straits
	(D)  Passage through the EEZ
	(E)  Archipelagic sea lanes passage
	(F)  Compulsory pilotage
5.  Regulation of High Seas Fisheries
	(A)  Historical overview
	(p. 305) (B)  Freedom of fisheries and its limitations
		(i)  The obligation of conservation and cooperation
		(ii)  Regional fisheries management organizations
		(iii)  Straddling and highly migratory stocks
		(iv)  The role of the WTO
	(p. 310) (C)  Regulation of whaling
6.  The Seabed and Ocean Floor Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction
	(A)  The pre-existing seabed regime
	(B)  Unclos and the international seabed authority
	(C)  The amended seabed regime
		(i)  The Deep Seabed Agreement and the Mining Code
		(ii)  State liability for sponsored entities and contractors
(p. 314) 7.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part V The environment and natural resources, 14 Common spaces and cooperation in the use of natural resources
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 317) 14  Common spaces and cooperation in the use of natural resources
1.  Introduction
2.  Cooperation in the Generation and Use of Energy
	(A)  Nuclear energy and the non-proliferation treaty
	(B)  The Energy Charter Treaty
	(C)  Other cases
3.  Transboundary Water Resources
	(A)  Shared freshwater and canals
		(i)  Shared freshwater resources
		(ii)  International canals
	(p. 327) (B)  Joint boundary commissions
	(C)  Joint development zones
	(D)  Landlocked states and enclaves
4.  The Polar Regions
	(A)  Antarctica
	(B)  The Arctic
5.  Outer Space
6.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part V The environment and natural resources, 15 Legal aspects of the protection of the environment
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 336) 15  Legal aspects of the protection of the environment
1.  The Role of International Law in Addressing Environmental Problems
	(A)  Environmental issues under general international law
	(B)  Deficiencies in the adversarial system of responsibility
	(p. 339) (C)  The Rio conference 1992 and the development of international environmental law
2.  Emergent Legal Principles
	(p. 340) (A)  The preventive principle
	(p. 341) (B)  The precautionary principle
	(C)  The concept of sustainable development
	(D)  The polluter-pays principle
	(E)  The sic utere tuo principle
	(F)  Environmental impact assessment
	(G)  Quantification of environmental damages
3.  Development of Multilateral Standard-Setting Conventions
	(A)  Traffic in endangered species
	(B)  Protection of the ozone layer
	(p. 347) (C)  Transboundary movement of hazardous waste
	(D)  Climate change
	(E)  Protection of the marine environment
	(F)  Other conventions and institutions
4.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part VI International transactions, 16 The law of treaties
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 353) 16  The law of treaties
1.  Introduction
	(A)  Definition of ‘treaty’
	(B)  The functions of treaties
	(C)  Participation in treaties
2.  Conclusion of Treaties
	(A)  Form and intention
	(B)  Full powers and signature
	(C)  Provisional application
	(D)  Ratification
	(E)  Accession, acceptance, and approval
	(F)  Entry into force, deposit, and registration
3.  Reservations
	(A)  Historical background
	(B)  Impermissible reservations
	(C)  The ILC Guide (2011)
4.  Observance, Application, and Interpretation of Treaties
	(A)  Pacta sunt servanda
	(B)  Application of treaties
	(C)  Interpretation of treaties
		(i)  Competence to interpret
		(p. 365) (ii)  The ‘rules’ of interpretation
		(iii)  The general rule: VCLT Article 31
		(iv)  Supplementary means of interpretation: VCLT Article 32
	(D)  Obligations and rights for third states
5.  Amendment and Modification of Treaties
6.  Invalidity, Termination, and Suspension of Treaties
	(A)  Invalidity
		(p. 373) (i)  Violations of internal law
		(ii)  Defects of authority
		(iii)  Error
		(p. 374) (iv)  Fraud
		(v)  Coercion
		(p. 375) (vi)  Conflict with a peremptory norm
	(B)  Termination and suspension
		(p. 376) (i)  War and armed conflict
		(ii)  Denunciation and termination by agreement
		(iii)  Material breach
		(iv)  Supervening impossibility of performance
		(v)  Fundamental change of circumstances
	(C)  Procedure and consequences
7.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part VI International transactions, 17 Diplomatic and consular relations
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 381) 17  Diplomatic and consular relations
1.  Modalities of Interstate Relations
2.  General Legal Aspects of Diplomatic Relations
	(A)  Incidence
	(B)  Relation to recognition
	(C)  Rationale of privileges and immunities
	(D)  Fulfilment of duties by the receiving state
	(E)  Functions of missions
	(F)  Abuse of diplomatic immunities
3.  Staff, Premises, and Facilities of Missions
	(A)  Classification of personnel
	(B)  Heads of mission
		(i)  Accreditation and agrément
		(ii)  Classes and precedence
	(C)  Appointment of members other than the head of mission
	(D)  Termination of functions
	(E)  Premises and facilities
4.  Inviolability of Missions
	(A)  Premises
	(B)  Diplomatic asylum
	(C)  Archives, documents, and official correspondence
	(D)  Other property
5.  Diplomatic Agents
	(A)  Inviolability
	(B)  The concept of immunity
	(p. 392) (C)  Immunity of serving agents from criminal jurisdiction
	(D)  Immunity from civil and administrative jurisdiction
	(E)  Immunity ratione personae
	(F)  Application of certain local laws
	(G)  Beneficiaries of immunities
	(H)  Duration of privileges and immunities
	(I)  Waiver
6.  Other Matters
	(A)  Consular relations
	(B)  Special missions
	(C)  Crimes against internationally protected persons
7.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part VI International transactions, 18 Unilateral acts, acquiescence, and estoppel
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 401) 18  Unilateral acts, acquiescence, and estoppel
1.  Introduction
(p. 402) 2.  Unilateral Acts
	(A)  In general
	(p. 403) (B)  Formal unilateral declarations
	(C)  Revocation of unilateral commitments
(p. 405) 3.  Acquiescence
	(A)  Legal basis
	(B)  Evidence of inconsistent rights
4.  Estoppel
	(A)  The place of estoppel in international law
	(p. 408) (B)  Relation between unilateral acts and estoppel
5.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part VI International transactions, 19 Succession to rights and duties
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 409) 19  Succession to rights and duties
1.  Introduction and Overview
	(A)  State succession as a category
	(B)  The pre-emption of issues by agreement
2.  The Forms of Territorial Change
	(A)  The distinction between continuity and succession
	(B)  Dismemberment of federal states
	(C)  The doctrine of reversion
3.  State Succession and Municipal Legal Relations
	(p. 416) (A)  State property
	(B)  Public law claims and public debts
	(p. 418) (C)  State contracts and concessions
	(D)  Nationality
		(i)  Nationality as a consequence of territorial transfer
		(ii)  Diplomatic claims and the principle of continuous nationality
4.  State Succession: Fields of Operation
	(A)  Succession to treaties: in general
		(i)  Boundary treaties
		(ii)  ‘Objective regimes’ and localized treaties in general
		(iii)  Other categories
		(iv)  Succession to signature, ratification, and reservations
	(B)  Succession to responsibility
	(C)  Membership of international organizations
5.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part VII State jurisdiction, 20 Sovereignty and equality of states
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 431) 20  Sovereignty and equality of states
1.  The Concept of Sovereignty
2.  Some Uses of ‘Sovereignty’
	(A)  The competence of states
	(B)  Sovereignty as equality
(p. 434) 3.  The Interaction of States with International Law
	(A)  Sovereignty and the application of rules
		(i)  The performance of obligations arising from treaties
		(ii)  Interpretation of treaties
		(p. 436) (iii)  Presumptions and burdens
	(B)  Sovereignty and international organizations
	(C)  Article 2(7) of the UN Charter: domestic jurisdiction
		(i)  Original intent
		(ii)  The practice of the political organs
	Footnotes:
Part VII State jurisdiction, 21 Jurisdictional competence
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 440) 21  Jurisdictional competence
1.  Overview
2.  Prescriptive Jurisdiction over Crimes
	(A)  General bases of jurisdiction
		(i)  The territorial principle
		(ii)  The nationality principle
		(iii)  The passive personality principle
		(iv)  The protective or security principle
		(p. 447) (v)  The effects doctrine
	(B)  Jurisdiction over ships and aircraft
	(p. 451) (C)  Universal jurisdiction
		(i)  Defining universal jurisdiction
		(ii)  The content of universal jurisdiction
		(iii)  Universal jurisdiction in absentia?
		(p. 454) (iv)  Treaty-based quasi-universal jurisdiction
3.  Civil Prescriptive Jurisdiction
	(A)  The basis of civil jurisdiction in different legal traditions
	(B)  Jurisdiction and the conflict of laws
	(p. 459) (C)  The alien tort statute and cognate legislation
4.  The Separateness of the Grounds of Jurisdiction
	(A)  The relationship between the separate grounds
	(B)  Consequences of excess of prescriptive jurisdiction
		(i)  The legal position
		(ii)  Practical consequences
(p. 462) 5.  Enforcement Jurisdiction
	(A)  The basic principle
	(B)  Enforcement with respect to extraterritorial activities
	(C)  Recognition and enforcement abroad
		(i)  Criminal jurisdiction
		(ii)  Civil and administrative jurisdiction
6.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part VII State jurisdiction, 22 Privileges and immunities of foreign states
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 470) 22  Privileges and immunities of foreign states
1.  Evolution of the International Law of Immunity
	(A)  The law in context
	(B)  Rationales for state immunity
	(C)  Current state of the law
(p. 475) 2.  The Modalities of Granting Immunity
	(A)  Definitional issues
		(i)  The sovereign act
		(ii)  Constituent units and political subdivisions
		(iii)  Separate entities
		(iv)  Individuals
	(B)  Foreign states as claimants
	(C)  Foreign states as respondents
		(i)  Commercial transactions
		(ii)  Local employment
		(iii)  Other local private law claims
	(D)  Criminal jurisdiction
	(E)  Waiver of immunity
3.  Attachment and Seizure in Execution
4.  Further Concerns and Issues
	(A)  Defendant state concerns
	(B)  State immunity and peremptory norms
5.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part VIII Nationality and related concepts, 23 The relations of nationality
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 495) 23  The relations of nationality
1.  Introduction
	(A)  The doctrine of the freedom of states in matters of nationality
	(B)  The structural problem
	(C)  Common criteria for nationality
	(D)  Legal status of the ‘general principles’
2.  The Effective Link Principle and Nottebohm
	(A)  Precursors of nottebohm
	(B)  The decision and its critics
	(p. 503) (C)  The ilc’s work on diplomatic protection
3.  The Application of Rules of International Law
	(A)  Limits of state authority in the matter of nationality
	(B)  State responsibility and the doctrine of the genuine link
	(C)  Nationality by estoppel
	(p. 508) (D)  Compulsory change of nationality
	(E)  Nationality of the european union
(p. 511) 4.  Conclusion: A Functional Approach to Nationality
	Footnotes:
Part VIII Nationality and related concepts, 24 Nationality of corporations and assets
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 512) 24  Nationality of corporations and assets
1.  General Aspects
2.  Nationality of Corporations
3.  Nationality of Ships
4.  Other Rules of Allocation
	(A)  Nationality of aircraft
	(B)  Nationality of space objects
	(C)  State property in general
(p. 520) 5.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part IX The law of responsibility, 25 The conditions for international responsibility
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 523) 25  The conditions for international responsibility
1.  Configuring the Law of Responsibility
2.  The Basis and Character of State Responsibility
	(A)  Origins
	(B)  The classification of international wrongs
3.  Attribution to the State
	(A)  General aspects
	(B)  State organs
		(i)  Executive and administration
		(ii)  Armed forces
		(iii)  Federal units, provinces, and other internal divisions
		(p. 532) (iv)  The legislature
		(v)  The judicature
	(C)  Ultra vires or unauthorized acts
	(D)  Mob violence, insurrection, revolution, and civil war
	(p. 537) (E)  Joint responsibility
	(F)  Complicity
	(G)  Approval or adoption by a state of wrongful acts
4.  Breach of an International Obligation
	(A)  ‘Vicarious responsibility’
	(B)  ‘Objective responsibility’
	(C)  The problem of state motive or intent
	(D)  The individuality of issues
	(E)  Liability for lawful acts
	(F)  ‘Abuse of rights’
5.  Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness
	(A)  Consent
	(B)  Self-defence
	(C)  Countermeasures
	(p. 549) (D)  Force majeure
	(E)  Distress
	(F)  Necessity
6.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part IX The law of responsibility, 26 Consequences of an internationally wrongful act
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 552) 26  Consequences of an internationally wrongful act
1.  Introduction
(p. 553) 2.  Cessation, Reparation, Invocation
3.  The Forms of Reparation
	(A)  Restitution in kind and restitutio in integrum
	(B)  Compensation, damages
	(p. 561) (C)  Satisfaction
		(i)  The role of satisfaction
		(ii)  Declaratory judgments
	(D)  Interest
	(E)  Serious breaches of peremptory norms: ARSIWA Articles 40 and 41
4.  Invocation of Responsibility
	(A)  Evolution of the law
	(B)  Arsiwa Articles 42 and 48
	(C)  Countermeasures
(p. 576) 5.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part IX The law of responsibility, 27 Multilateral public order and issues of responsibility
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 577) 27  Multilateral public order and issues of responsibility
1.  The Varying Content of Illegality
2.  Objective Consequences of Illegal Acts
	(p. 581) (A)  Peremptory norms (jus cogens)
	(B)  The obligation not to recognize a situation as lawful
	(C)  The obligation of putting an end to an unlawful situation
3.  Conclusion: An Emerging System of Multilateral Public Order?
	Footnotes:
Part X The protection of individuals and groups, 28 The international minimum standard: Diplomatic protection and protection of investments
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 591) 28  The international minimum standard: Diplomatic protection and protection of investments
1.  State and Individual: The Search for Standards
2.  Admission, Expulsion, and Liabilities of Aliens
3.  Requirements for and Standards of Diplomatic Protection
	(A)  Overview
	(B)  The national treatment standard
	(p. 598) (C)  The international minimum standard
	(D)  The two standards in perspective
	(E)  Standards of treatment
		(p. 600) (i)  Fair and equitable treatment
		(ii)  Denial of justice
		(iii)  Expropriation of foreign property
4.  Breach and Annulment of State Contracts
	(A)  General principles
	(B)  Stabilization clauses
	(C)  The ‘umbrella clause’
	(D)  The relevance of forum clauses
5.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part X The protection of individuals and groups, 29 International human rights
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 610) 29  International human rights
1.  Introduction
(p. 611) 2.  Historical Perspectives
	(A)  The equivocal experience of the League of nations
	(B)  The International Labour Organization (ILO)
	(C)  The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
	(p. 613) (D)  The Helsinki Final Act, 1975
	(E)  Subsequent declarations
3.  Sources of Human Rights Standards
	(A)  Multilateral conventions
		(p. 614) (i)  The International Covenants of 1966
		(ii)  Regional human rights treaties
		(iii)  Treaties dealing with specific rights
		(iv)  Treaties protecting particular categories or groups
	(p. 618) (B)  Customary international law
	(C)  Summary
	Table 29.1  Key human rights protected
4.  Non-Discrimination and Collective Rights
	(A)  Non-discrimination
	(B)  Self-determination
	(C)  Rights of minorities
	(D)  Rights of Indigenous Peoples
	(E)  Other collective rights
5.  Scope of Human Rights Standards: Some General Issues
	(A)  Territorial and personal scope of human rights treaties
	(B)  Human rights and humanitarian law
	(C)  Human rights in the private domain: issues of ‘horizontal application’
6.  Protection and Enforcement of Human Rights
	(A)  Protection and enforcement under the un system
		(i)  Action under the Charter
		(ii)  Treaty bodies
		Table 29.2  Implementation of international human rights treaties
		(p. 634) (iii)  The High Commissioner for Human Rights
	(B)  Regional machinery
		(i)  Europe
		(ii)  The Americas
		(iii)  Africa
	(C)  Supervision: key legal issues
		(i)  Exhaustion of local remedies
		(p. 638) (ii)  Restrictions on freedoms ‘necessary in a democratic society’
		(p. 639) (iii)  Proportionality: the balance between the general interest and the interests of the individual
		(iv)  Derogation ‘in time of national emergency’
		(v)  The margin of appreciation
		(vi)  Complaints and proceedings at national level
7.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part X The protection of individuals and groups, 30 International criminal justice
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 645) 30  International criminal justice
1.  Introduction
2.  Development of International Criminal Law and Institutions
	(A)  Pre-1945 aspirations
	(B)  The Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals
	(C)  Normative developments following the Second World War
3.  International Criminal Courts and Tribunals
	(A)  The ad hoc tribunals
		(i)  The Yugoslav Tribunal
		(ii)  The Rwanda Tribunal
		(iii)  The ad hoc tribunals: an evaluation
	(B)  The International Criminal Court
		(i)  The work of the ILC
		(ii)  The Rome Statute (1998)
		(iii)  The United States and the ICC
		(p. 656) (iv)  The crime of aggression
		(v)  Interim evaluation
	(C)  Internationalized or hybrid tribunals
		(p. 658) (i)  The Special Court for Sierra Leone
		(ii)  Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
		(iii)  The Special Tribunal for Lebanon
4.  International Criminal Justice in National Courts
	(A)  Historical background
	(B)  Universal jurisdiction
	(C)  Domestic trials and the principle of complementarity
	(D)  Immunity from criminal jurisdiction
	(E)  Substantive criminal law and procedure
5.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part XI Disputes, 31 The claims process
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 667) 31  The claims process
1.  Jurisdiction and Admissibility Distinguished
2.  Interstate Claims: Prior Negotiations and the Requirement of a Dispute
	(A)  The existence of a dispute
	(B)  ‘Concerning the interpretation or application of a treaty’
	(C)  Not settled by negotiation
	(D)  General jurisdiction clauses: article 36(2)
3.  Interstate Claims: Grounds of Inadmissibility
	(A)  Legal interest
	(B)  Necessary third parties: the monetary gold rule
	(C)  Mootness
	(D)  Extinctive prescription
	(E)  Waiver
	(p. 675) (F)  Other grounds of inadmissibility
4.  Diplomatic Protection
	(p. 676) (A)  Nationality of claims
		(i)  Formulation of the nationality rule
		(ii)  Succession on death
		(iii)  Assignment of claims
		(iv)  Beneficial owners
		(p. 679) (v)  Insurers and subrogation
		(vi)  Partnership claims
		(vii)  Corporations
		(viii)  Shareholder claims
		(p. 683) (ix)  Dual or multiple nationality
	(p. 684) (B)  Exhaustion of local remedies
		(i)  Function of the local remedies rule
		(ii)  Distinction between direct and indirect claims
		(iii)  Remedies required to be exhausted
		(iv)  What constitutes exhaustion
		(v)  Waiver and exclusion of local remedies
5.  Mixed Claims: Private Persons versus States
	(A)  Availability of mixed claims jurisdictions
		(i)  Human rights litigation
		(ii)  Investor–state arbitration
	(p. 690) (B)  Issues of jurisdiction and admissibility in mixed claims
(p. 691) 6.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part XI Disputes, 32 Third party settlement of international disputes
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 692) 32  Third party settlement of international disputes
1.  Peaceful Settlement in General
(p. 693) 2.  Development of International Dispute Settlement
	(A)  Arbitration and the origins of international dispute settlement
	(B)  The idea of judicial settlement of international disputes
(p. 695) 3.  The International Court of Justice
	(A)  Historical overview: the permanent court of international justice
	(B)  Organization of the court
	(C)  Jurisdiction in contentious cases
		(i)  Matters specially provided for in the Charter
		(ii)  Transferred jurisdiction: Articles 36(5), 37
		(iii)  Consent ad hoc: jurisdiction by special agreement
		(iv)  Advance consent: treaties and conventions
		(p. 701) (v)  Advance consent: declarations under the optional clause
		(vi)  Consent post hoc: forum prorogatum
		(vii)  Jurisdiction to decide ex aequo et bono
	(D)  Jurisdictional exceptions and reservations
		(i)  Matters of domestic jurisdiction
		(ii)  Time limits and reservations ratione temporis
		(iii)  Reservation of past disputes
	(E)  The advisory jurisdiction
	(F)  An evaluation of the court
4.  Other International Courts and Tribunals
	(A)  Interstate arbitration
		(i)  The Permanent Court of Arbitration
		(ii)  International claims and compensation bodies
	(B)  Dispute settlement under UNCLOS
		(i)  The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
		(ii)  UNCLOS Annex VII arbitration
		(iii)  Extent of subject matter jurisdiction
		(iv)  The Seabed Disputes Chamber
	(C)  The WTO dispute settlement body
		(i)  The origins of WTO dispute settlement: the GATT
		(ii)  Dispute settlement under the DSU
		(iii)  Remedies and implementation
		(iv)  International law and the DSB
		(p. 713) (v)  The DSB and Regional Trading Agreements
	(D)  International investment tribunals
		(i)  International investment arbitration
		(ii)  Structure and features of investment treaties
		(iii)  Jurisdiction of tribunals
		(iv)  Challenge and annulment
		(v)  Remedies and enforcement
(p. 716) 5.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Part XI Disputes, 33 Use or threat of force by states
	James Crawford SC, FBA
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford
(p. 717) 33  Use or threat of force by states
1.  Historical Overview 1815–1945
2.  The Charter Prohibition on Use or Threat of Force
	(A)  Article 2 in context
	(B)  The right of self-defence
		(i)  Collective self-defence
		(ii)  Anticipatory or pre-emptive self-defence
		(p. 726) (iii)  Humanitarian intervention
		(iv)  Intervention to rescue nationals
		(v)  The ‘responsibility to protect’
3.  Authorizing the Use of Force: The Security Council
	(A)  The role of the security council
	(B)  Determination prior to the authorization of force: article 39
		(p. 734) (i)  ‘Threat to the peace’
		(ii)  ‘Breach of the peace’
		(iii)  ‘Act of aggression’
	(C)  Responses to threats to or breaches of the peace
		(i)  Provisional measures: Article 40
		(ii)  Non-forcible measures: Article 41
		(p. 739) (iii)  Forcible measures: Article 42
	(p. 741) (D)  Regional arrangements: chapter viii of the charter
4.  Continuing Sources of Controversy under the Charter
	(A)  Hegemonic intervention on the basis of regional arrangements
	(B)  Forcible intervention in a state on the basis of consent
	(C)  Forcible intervention in support of national liberation movements
	(D)  Terrorism, non-state actors, and article 51 of the charter
5.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
(p. 749) Index
Index
	From: Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition)
	James Crawford